Basics in Amino Acid Metabolism in Humans in Health and Disease summarizes the significance of amino acids and their metabolism. This book provides a single source of information bringing together a wide variety of research on the subject, explaining the rationality and risks of using some amino acids as dietary supplements. The first chapters describe amino acids' structure, classification, and transport across cell membranes and their role in protein synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis. The central part of the book is focused on the role of individual amino acids in the synthesis of various biologically essential substances and their metabolism in acquired and hereditary diseases. The following chapters are dedicated to the role of particular organs, such as the small intestine, intestinal microbiota, liver, muscle, kidneys, brain, adipose tissue, and lungs. The next sections are focused on amino acid metabolism under various physiological (food intake, starvation, exercise, and elderly) and pathological (systemic inflammatory response, cirrhosis, diabetes, chronic renal insufficiency, and cancer) conditions. The last chapter summarizes the benefits and potential adverse effects of increased intake of individual amino acids. The author, Professor Milan Holeček, has been studying and researching in the area for over 40+ years. "Basics in Amino Acid Metabolism in Humans in Health and Disease" is written for healthcare professionals, primarily nutritionists, specialists in intensive metabolic care, clinical nutrition, diabetology, hepatology, gerontology, gastroenterology, nephrology, and oncology.
1. Chapter 1. Introduction - p. 1 2. Chapter 2. Structure and classification of amino acids - p. 5 3. Chapter 3. Amino acid transport through cell membranes - p. 13 4. Chapter 4. Basic chemical reactions - p. 25 5. Chapter 5. Amino acids and proteins in food - p. 37 6. Chapter 6. Ammonia - p. 51 7. Chapter 7. Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids - p. 59 8. Chapter 8. Protein synthesis, proteolysis, and protein turnover - p. 67 9. Chapter 9. Metabolism of individual amino acids in health and disease - p. 85 10. Subchapter 9.1 Alanine - p. 86 11. l-Alanine - p. 86 12. d-Alanine - p. 90 13. β-Alanine - p. 91 14. Subchapter 9.2 Glutamic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) - p. 92 15. Glutamic acid - p. 93 16. GABA - p. 98 17. Clinical notes - p. 100 18. Subchapter 9.3 Glutamine - p. 103 19. Sources - p. 104 20. Metabolism - p. 104 21. Glutamine turnover and physiological role - p. 105 22. Clinical notes - p. 108 23. Glutamine as a dietary supplement - p. 109 24. Subchapter 9.4 Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) - p. 110 25. Sources - p. 111 26. BCAA catabolism - p. 111 27. Physiological significance of BCAA (Fig. 9.4.5) - p. 115 28. Clinical notes - p. 116 29. BCAAs and their metabolites as a dietary supplement - p. 117 30. Subchapter 9.5 Sulfur-containing amino acids - p. 120 31. Methionine - p. 121 32. Cysteine - p. 123 33. Taurine - p. 126 34. Glutathione - p. 127 35. Clinical notes - p. 130 36. Sulfur-containing amino acids as drugs and dietary supplements - p. 132 37. Subchapter 9.6 Arginine, ornithine, and citrulline - p. 134 38. Arginine - p. 136 39. Ornithine - p. 141 40. Citrulline - p. 143 41. Clinical notes - p. 144 42. Arginine, ornithine, and citrulline as dietary supplements - p. 145 43. Subchapter 9.7 Phenylalanine and tyrosine - p. 146 44. Sources - p. 146 45. Metabolism and physiological importance - p. 148 46. Clinical notes - p. 153 47. Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and their metabolites as dietary supplements - p. 156 48. Subchapter 9.8 Tryptophan - p. 157 49. Sources - p. 157 50. Metabolism and physiological importance - p. 157 51. Clinical notes - p. 161 52. Tryptophan and its metabolites as supplements - p. 163 53. Subchapter 9.9 Histidine - p. 165 54. Sources and dietary requirements - p. 165 55. Metabolism and physiological importance - p. 167 56. Clinical notes - p. 169 57. Histidine as a dietary supplement - p. 171 58. Subchapter 9.10 Threonine - p. 172 59. Sources - p. 173 60. Metabolism and physiological importance - p. 173 61. Threonine as a dietary supplement - p. 174 62. Subchapter 9.11 Glycine - p. 175 63. Glycine sources - p. 175 64. Glycine catabolism - p. 177 65. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase is a key player in glycine metabolism - p. 178 66. Physiological importance of glycine - p. 179 67. Clinical notes - p. 183 68. Glycine and its derivatives as a dietary supplement - p. 185 69. Subchapter 9.12 Serine - p. 186 70. Sources - p. 186 71. Catabolism - p. 189 72. Physiological importance - p. 189 73. d-serine - p. 193 74. Clinical notes - p. 193 75. Serine and its derivatives as dietary supplements - p. 194 76. Subchapter 9.13 Aspartic acid - p. 196 77. Sources - p. 197 78. Metabolism and physiological importance - p. 197 79. Clinical notes - p. 202 80. Aspartic acid as a dietary supplement - p. 204 81. Subchapter 9.14 Asparagine - p. 205 82. Sources - p. 205 83. Metabolism and physiological importance - p. 205 84. Clinical notes - p. 207 85. Asparagine as a dietary supplement - p. 208 86. Subchapter 9.15 Lysine - p. 208 87. Sources - p. 208 88. Metabolism and physiological importance - p. 208 89. Clinical notes - p. 215 90. Lysine and its derivatives as a dietary supplement - p. 216 91. Subchapter 9.16 Proline and hydroxyproline - p. 217 92. Dietary sources - p. 217 93. Metabolism and physiological importance - p. 217 94. Clinical notes - p. 221 95. Proline as a dietary supplement - p. 222 96. Chapter 10. Peptides, purines, and pyrimidines - p. 225 97. Chapter 11. Notes on the specific role of individual organs in amino acid metabolism - p. 241 98. Chapter 12. Amino acid metabolism under various physiological conditions - p. 297 99. Chapter 13. Amino acid metabolism in disease - p. 319 100. Chapter 14. Adverse effects of amino acids used as a dietary supplement - p. 359 101. Appendix - p. 375 102. Index - p. 385
Basics in Amino Acid Metabolism in Humans in Health and Disease summarizes the significance of amino acids and their metabolism. This book provides a single source of information bringing together a wide variety of research on the subject, explaining the rationality and risks of using some amino acids as dietary supplements. The first chapters describe amino acids' structure, classification, and transport across cell membranes and their role in protein synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis. The central part of the book is focused on the role of individual amino acids in the synthesis of various biologically essential substances and their metabolism in acquired and hereditary diseases. The following chapters are dedicated to the role of particular organs, such as the small intestine, intestinal microbiota, liver, muscle, kidneys, brain, adipose tissue, and lungs. The next sections are focused on amino acid metabolism under various physiological (food intake, starvation, exercise, and elderly) and pathological (systemic inflammatory response, cirrhosis, diabetes, chronic renal insufficiency, and cancer) conditions. The last chapter summarizes the benefits and potential adverse effects of increased intake of individual amino acids. The author, Professor Milan Holeček, has been studying and researching in the area for over 40+ years. "Basics in Amino Acid Metabolism in Humans in Health and Disease" is written for healthcare professionals, primarily nutritionists, specialists in intensive metabolic care, clinical nutrition, diabetology, hepatology, gerontology, gastroenterology, nephrology, and oncology.
1. Chapter 1. Introduction - p. 1 2. Chapter 2. Structure and classification of amino acids - p. 5 3. Chapter 3. Amino acid transport through cell membranes - p. 13 4. Chapter 4. Basic chemical reactions - p. 25 5. Chapter 5. Amino acids and proteins in food - p. 37 6. Chapter 6. Ammonia - p. 51 7. Chapter 7. Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids - p. 59 8. Chapter 8. Protein synthesis, proteolysis, and protein turnover - p. 67 9. Chapter 9. Metabolism of individual amino acids in health and disease - p. 85 10. Subchapter 9.1 Alanine - p. 86 11. l-Alanine - p. 86 12. d-Alanine - p. 90 13. β-Alanine - p. 91 14. Subchapter 9.2 Glutamic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) - p. 92 15. Glutamic acid - p. 93 16. GABA - p. 98 17. Clinical notes - p. 100 18. Subchapter 9.3 Glutamine - p. 103 19. Sources - p. 104 20. Metabolism - p. 104 21. Glutamine turnover and physiological role - p. 105 22. Clinical notes - p. 108 23. Glutamine as a dietary supplement - p. 109 24. Subchapter 9.4 Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) - p. 110 25. Sources - p. 111 26. BCAA catabolism - p. 111 27. Physiological significance of BCAA (Fig. 9.4.5) - p. 115 28. Clinical notes - p. 116 29. BCAAs and their metabolites as a dietary supplement - p. 117 30. Subchapter 9.5 Sulfur-containing amino acids - p. 120 31. Methionine - p. 121 32. Cysteine - p. 123 33. Taurine - p. 126 34. Glutathione - p. 127 35. Clinical notes - p. 130 36. Sulfur-containing amino acids as drugs and dietary supplements - p. 132 37. Subchapter 9.6 Arginine, ornithine, and citrulline - p. 134 38. Arginine - p. 136 39. Ornithine - p. 141 40. Citrulline - p. 143 41. Clinical notes - p. 144 42. Arginine, ornithine, and citrulline as dietary supplements - p. 145 43. Subchapter 9.7 Phenylalanine and tyrosine - p. 146 44. Sources - p. 146 45. Metabolism and physiological importance - p. 148 46. Clinical notes - p. 153 47. Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and their metabolites as dietary supplements - p. 156 48. Subchapter 9.8 Tryptophan - p. 157 49. Sources - p. 157 50. Metabolism and physiological importance - p. 157 51. Clinical notes - p. 161 52. Tryptophan and its metabolites as supplements - p. 163 53. Subchapter 9.9 Histidine - p. 165 54. Sources and dietary requirements - p. 165 55. Metabolism and physiological importance - p. 167 56. Clinical notes - p. 169 57. Histidine as a dietary supplement - p. 171 58. Subchapter 9.10 Threonine - p. 172 59. Sources - p. 173 60. Metabolism and physiological importance - p. 173 61. Threonine as a dietary supplement - p. 174 62. Subchapter 9.11 Glycine - p. 175 63. Glycine sources - p. 175 64. Glycine catabolism - p. 177 65. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase is a key player in glycine metabolism - p. 178 66. Physiological importance of glycine - p. 179 67. Clinical notes - p. 183 68. Glycine and its derivatives as a dietary supplement - p. 185 69. Subchapter 9.12 Serine - p. 186 70. Sources - p. 186 71. Catabolism - p. 189 72. Physiological importance - p. 189 73. d-serine - p. 193 74. Clinical notes - p. 193 75. Serine and its derivatives as dietary supplements - p. 194 76. Subchapter 9.13 Aspartic acid - p. 196 77. Sources - p. 197 78. Metabolism and physiological importance - p. 197 79. Clinical notes - p. 202 80. Aspartic acid as a dietary supplement - p. 204 81. Subchapter 9.14 Asparagine - p. 205 82. Sources - p. 205 83. Metabolism and physiological importance - p. 205 84. Clinical notes - p. 207 85. Asparagine as a dietary supplement - p. 208 86. Subchapter 9.15 Lysine - p. 208 87. Sources - p. 208 88. Metabolism and physiological importance - p. 208 89. Clinical notes - p. 215 90. Lysine and its derivatives as a dietary supplement - p. 216 91. Subchapter 9.16 Proline and hydroxyproline - p. 217 92. Dietary sources - p. 217 93. Metabolism and physiological importance - p. 217 94. Clinical notes - p. 221 95. Proline as a dietary supplement - p. 222 96. Chapter 10. Peptides, purines, and pyrimidines - p. 225 97. Chapter 11. Notes on the specific role of individual organs in amino acid metabolism - p. 241 98. Chapter 12. Amino acid metabolism under various physiological conditions - p. 297 99. Chapter 13. Amino acid metabolism in disease - p. 319 100. Chapter 14. Adverse effects of amino acids used as a dietary supplement - p. 359 101. Appendix - p. 375 102. Index - p. 385
