Chemical Fate and Transport in the Environment, Fourth Edition explains the fundamental principles of mass transport, chemical partitioning, and chemical/biological transformations of pollutants and naturally occurring chemicals in surface waters, in the subsurface (which includes soil and groundwater), and in the atmosphere. Each of these three major environmental media is introduced by a descriptive overview, followed by presentations of the governing physical, chemical, and biological processes. The text emphasizes intuitively based mathematical models for chemical equilibria, transformations, and transport in the environment. This book serves as a primary text for graduate and senior undergraduate courses in environmental science and engineering, provides relevant scientific knowledge for students of public health and environmental policy, and is a useful reference for environmental practitioners.
This fourth edition builds on the third edition, which won a 2015 Textbook Excellence Award (Texty) from The Text and Academic Authors Association. This updated textbook expands the discussion of global climate change, presents concepts of stationarity and sustainability, provides additional coverage of wastewater treatment and air pollution abatement technologies, and includes information on additional anthropogenic pollutants such as plastics, PFAS, and nanoparticles. Tables, figures, and references are updated, and worked examples and practice exercises are included for each chapter.
1. 1.1 Introduction - p. 1 2. 1.2 Chemical Concentration - p. 4 3. 1.3 Mass Balance and Units - p. 7 4. 1.4 Physical Transport of Chemicals - p. 12 5. 1.5 Mass Balance in an Infinitely Small Control Volume: The Advection-Dispersion-Reaction Equation - p. 19 6. 1.6 Basic Environmental Chemistry - p. 20 7. 1.7 Chemical Distribution Among Phases at Equilibrium - p. 44 8. 1.8 Analytical Chemistry and Measurement Error - p. 62 9. 1.9 Significance of Fate and Transport Knowledge - p. 70 10. 1.10 Conclusion - p. 71 11. Exercises - p. 71 12. References - p. 76 13. Chapter 2 Surface Waters - p. 81 14. Keywords - p. 81 15. 2.1 Introduction - p. 81 16. 2.2 Physical Transport in Surface Waters - p. 86 17. 2.3 Air-Water Exchange - p. 119 18. 2.4 Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Surface Waters - p. 131 19. 2.5 Dissolved Oxygen Modeling in Surface Waters - p. 160 20. 2.6 Biotransformation and Biodegradation - p. 164 21. 2.7 Abiotic Chemical Transformations - p. 183 22. 2.8 Conclusion - p. 198 23. Exercises - p. 198 24. References - p. 217 25. Chapter 3 The Subsurface Environment - p. 223 26. Keywords - p. 223 27. 3.1 Introduction - p. 223 28. 3.2 Physics of Groundwater Movement - p. 230 29. 3.3 Flow in the Unsaturated (Vadose) Zone - p. 263 30. 3.4 Nonaqueous Phase Liquids - p. 270 31. 3.5 Retardation - p. 276 32. 3.6 Biodegradation in the Subsurface Environment - p. 284 33. 3.7 Subsurface Remediation - p. 289 34. 3.8 Conclusion - p. 296 35. Exercises - p. 296 36. References - p. 313 37. Chapter 4 The Atmosphere - p. 317 38. Keywords - p. 317 39. 4.1 Introduction - p. 317 40. 4.2 Atmospheric Stability - p. 332 41. 4.3 Circulation of the Atmosphere - p. 343 42. 4.4 Transport of Chemicals in the Atmosphere - p. 364 43. 4.5 Physical Removal of Chemicals from the Atmosphere - p. 393 44. 4.6 Atmospheric Chemical Reactions - p. 403 45. 4.7 Air Pollution Control - p. 423 46. 4.8 Greenhouse Gases, Global Climate Change, and the Habitability of Earth - p. 428 47. 4.9 Conclusion - p. 455 48. Exercises - p. 455 49. References - p. 470 50. Appendix A Dimensions and Units for Environmental Quantities - p. 479 51. Appendix B Models for Chemical Equilibrium, Surface Waters, Groundwater, the Atmosphere, and Global Climate - p. 491 52. Index - p. 497
Chemical Fate and Transport in the Environment, Fourth Edition explains the fundamental principles of mass transport, chemical partitioning, and chemical/biological transformations of pollutants and naturally occurring chemicals in surface waters, in the subsurface (which includes soil and groundwater), and in the atmosphere. Each of these three major environmental media is introduced by a descriptive overview, followed by presentations of the governing physical, chemical, and biological processes. The text emphasizes intuitively based mathematical models for chemical equilibria, transformations, and transport in the environment. This book serves as a primary text for graduate and senior undergraduate courses in environmental science and engineering, provides relevant scientific knowledge for students of public health and environmental policy, and is a useful reference for environmental practitioners.
This fourth edition builds on the third edition, which won a 2015 Textbook Excellence Award (Texty) from The Text and Academic Authors Association. This updated textbook expands the discussion of global climate change, presents concepts of stationarity and sustainability, provides additional coverage of wastewater treatment and air pollution abatement technologies, and includes information on additional anthropogenic pollutants such as plastics, PFAS, and nanoparticles. Tables, figures, and references are updated, and worked examples and practice exercises are included for each chapter.
1. 1.1 Introduction - p. 1 2. 1.2 Chemical Concentration - p. 4 3. 1.3 Mass Balance and Units - p. 7 4. 1.4 Physical Transport of Chemicals - p. 12 5. 1.5 Mass Balance in an Infinitely Small Control Volume: The Advection-Dispersion-Reaction Equation - p. 19 6. 1.6 Basic Environmental Chemistry - p. 20 7. 1.7 Chemical Distribution Among Phases at Equilibrium - p. 44 8. 1.8 Analytical Chemistry and Measurement Error - p. 62 9. 1.9 Significance of Fate and Transport Knowledge - p. 70 10. 1.10 Conclusion - p. 71 11. Exercises - p. 71 12. References - p. 76 13. Chapter 2 Surface Waters - p. 81 14. Keywords - p. 81 15. 2.1 Introduction - p. 81 16. 2.2 Physical Transport in Surface Waters - p. 86 17. 2.3 Air-Water Exchange - p. 119 18. 2.4 Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Surface Waters - p. 131 19. 2.5 Dissolved Oxygen Modeling in Surface Waters - p. 160 20. 2.6 Biotransformation and Biodegradation - p. 164 21. 2.7 Abiotic Chemical Transformations - p. 183 22. 2.8 Conclusion - p. 198 23. Exercises - p. 198 24. References - p. 217 25. Chapter 3 The Subsurface Environment - p. 223 26. Keywords - p. 223 27. 3.1 Introduction - p. 223 28. 3.2 Physics of Groundwater Movement - p. 230 29. 3.3 Flow in the Unsaturated (Vadose) Zone - p. 263 30. 3.4 Nonaqueous Phase Liquids - p. 270 31. 3.5 Retardation - p. 276 32. 3.6 Biodegradation in the Subsurface Environment - p. 284 33. 3.7 Subsurface Remediation - p. 289 34. 3.8 Conclusion - p. 296 35. Exercises - p. 296 36. References - p. 313 37. Chapter 4 The Atmosphere - p. 317 38. Keywords - p. 317 39. 4.1 Introduction - p. 317 40. 4.2 Atmospheric Stability - p. 332 41. 4.3 Circulation of the Atmosphere - p. 343 42. 4.4 Transport of Chemicals in the Atmosphere - p. 364 43. 4.5 Physical Removal of Chemicals from the Atmosphere - p. 393 44. 4.6 Atmospheric Chemical Reactions - p. 403 45. 4.7 Air Pollution Control - p. 423 46. 4.8 Greenhouse Gases, Global Climate Change, and the Habitability of Earth - p. 428 47. 4.9 Conclusion - p. 455 48. Exercises - p. 455 49. References - p. 470 50. Appendix A Dimensions and Units for Environmental Quantities - p. 479 51. Appendix B Models for Chemical Equilibrium, Surface Waters, Groundwater, the Atmosphere, and Global Climate - p. 491 52. Index - p. 497
