Practical and concise, this manual is a quick, go-to reference for up-to-date clinical material on today’s diagnostic testing and laboratory tests. Three convenient sections provide quick access to key information on clinical laboratory testing, diagnostic imaging, and diagnostic algorithms. Experienced author Dr. Fred Ferri uses a unique, easy-to-follow format to simplify complex information and help you choose the best test to supplement your clinical diagnostic skills.
1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Preface - p. v 6. Acknowledgments - p. vi 7. Section I. Diagnostic Imaging - p. 1 8. A. Abdominal and Gastrointestinal (GI) Imaging - p. 3 9. B. Breast Imaging - p. 40 10. C. Cardiac Imaging - p. 47 11. D. Chest Imaging - p. 64 12. E. Endocrine Imaging - p. 70 13. F. Genitourinary Imaging - p. 74 14. G. Musculoskeletal and Spinal Cord Imaging - p. 85 15. H. Neuroimaging of Brain - p. 100 16. I. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) - p. 104 17. J. Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) - p. 106 18. K. Vascular Imaging - p. 107 19. L. Oncology - p. 125 20. Section II. Laboratory Values and Interpretation of Results - p. 129 21. ACE Level - p. 138 22. Acetone (Serum or Plasma) - p. 190 23. Acetylcholine Receptor (AChR) Antibody - p. 190 24. Acid Phosphatase (Serum) - p. 190 25. Acid Serum Test - p. 190 26. Activated Clotting Time (ACT) - p. 190 27. Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) - p. 190 28. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) - p. 190 29. Alanine Aminopeptidase - p. 190 30. Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT, formerly serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase [SGPT]) - p. 139 31. Albumin (Serum) - p. 139 32. Alcohol Dehydrogenase - p. 139 33. Aldolase (Serum) - p. 139 34. Aldosterone (Plasma) - p. 139 35. Alkaline Phosphatase (Serum) - p. 140 36. Alpha-1-Antitrypsin (Serum) - p. 140 37. Alpha-1-Fetoprotein (Serum) - p. 140 38. ALT - p. 141 39. Aluminum (Serum) - p. 141 40. AMA - p. 141 41. Amebiasis Serologic Test - p. 141 42. Aminolevulinic Acid (d-ALA) (24-Hour Urine Collection) - p. 141 43. Ammonia (Serum) - p. 141 44. Amylase (Serum) - p. 142 45. Amylase, Urine - p. 142 46. Amyloid A Protein (Serum) - p. 142 47. ANA - p. 142 48. ANCA - p. 142 49. Androstenedione (Serum) - p. 142 50. Angiotensin II - p. 142 51. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Level - p. 142 52. ANH - p. 143 53. Anion Gap - p. 143 54. Anticardiolipin Antibody (ACA) - p. 143 55. Anticoagulant - p. 144 56. Antidiuretic Hormone - p. 144 57. Anti-DNA - p. 144 58. Anti-ds DNA - p. 144 59. Anti-Globulin Test, Direct - p. 144 60. Anti-Globulin Test, Indirect - p. 144 61. Antiglomerular Basement Antibody - p. 144 62. Anti-HCV - p. 144 63. Antihistone - p. 144 64. Antimitochondrial Antibody (AMA) - p. 144 65. Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA) - p. 144 66. Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) - p. 144 67. Antiphospholipid Antibody - p. 145 68. Anti-RNP Antibody - p. 145 69. Anti-Scl-70 - p. 145 70. Anti-Smith (Anti-Sm) Antibody - p. 146 71. Anti-Smooth Muscle Antibody - p. 146 72. Antistreptolysin O Titer (Streptozyme, ASLO Titer) - p. 146 73. Antithrombin III - p. 146 74. Apolipoprotein A-1 (Apo A-1) - p. 146 75. Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) - p. 146 76. Arterial Blood Gases - p. 146 77. Arthrocentesis Fluid - p. 149 78. ASLO Titer - p. 149 79. Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST, Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase [SGOT]) - p. 149 80. Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH) - p. 150 81. Basophil Count - p. 150 82. Bicarbonate - p. 150 83. Bile Acid Breath Test - p. 150 84. Bile, Urine - p. 150 85. Bilirubin, Direct (Conjugated Bilirubin) - p. 150 86. Bilirubin, Indirect (Unconjugated Bilirubin) - p. 150 87. Bilirubin, Total - p. 150 88. Bilirubin, Urine - p. 152 89. Bladder Tumor–Associated Antigen - p. 152 90. Bleeding Time (Modified IVY Method) - p. 152 91. Blood Volume, Total - p. 152 92. Bordetella pertussis Serology - p. 152 93. BRCA-1, BRCA-2 - p. 152 94. Breath Hydrogen Test - p. 152 95. B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) - p. 153 96. BUN - p. 153 97. C3 - p. 153 98. C4 - p. 153 99. CA 15-3 - p. 153 100. CA 27-29 - p. 153 101. CA 72-4 - p. 153 102. CA 125 - p. 153 103. Calcitonin (Serum) - p. 153 104. Calcium (Serum) - p. 153 105. Calcium, Urine - p. 154 106. Cancer Antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) - p. 154 107. Cancer Antigen 27-29 (CA 27-29) - p. 154 108. Cancer Antigen 72-4 (CA 72-4) - p. 154 109. Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125) - p. 156 110. Captopril Stimulation Test - p. 156 111. Carbamazepine (Tegretol) - p. 156 112. Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 - p. 156 113. Carbon Dioxide, Partial Pressure - p. 156 114. Carbon Monoxide - p. 156 115. Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) - p. 156 116. Cardiac Markers (Serum) - p. 156 117. Cardiac Troponins - p. 156 118. Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) - p. 156 119. Cardio-CRP - p. 157 120. Carotene (Serum) - p. 158 121. Catecholamines, Urine - p. 158 122. CBC - p. 158 123. CCK - p. 158 124. CCK-PZ - p. 158 125. CD4 T-Lymphocyte Count (CD4 T-Cells) - p. 158 126. CD40 Ligand - p. 158 127. CEA - p. 158 128. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) - p. 158 129. Ceruloplasmin (Serum) - p. 159 130. Chlamydia Group Antibody Serologic Test - p. 159 131. Chlamydia Trachomatis Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - p. 159 132. Chloride (Serum) - p. 159 133. Chloride (Sweat) - p. 161 134. Chloride, Urine - p. 161 135. Cholecystokinin-Pancreozymin (CCK, CCK-PZ) - p. 161 136. Cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein - p. 161 137. Cholesterol, High-Density Lipoprotein - p. 161 138. Cholesterol, Total - p. 161 139. Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), Human (Serum) - p. 161 140. Chymotrypsin - p. 161 141. Circulating Anticoagulant (Antiphospholipid Antibody, Lupus Anticoagulant) - p. 162 142. CK - p. 162 143. Clonidine Suppression Test - p. 162 144. Clostridium difficile Toxin Assay (Stool) - p. 162 145. CO - p. 162 146. Coagulation Factors - p. 162 147. Cold Agglutinins Titer - p. 162 148. Complement (C3, C4) - p. 162 149. Complete Blood Cell (CBC) Count - p. 164 150. Conjugated Bilirubin - p. 164 151. Coombs, Direct - p. 164 152. Coombs, Indirect (Antiglobulin, Indirect) - p. 164 153. Copper (Serum) - p. 164 154. Copper, Urine - p. 164 155. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) Stimulation Test - p. 164 156. Cortisol (Plasma) - p. 165 157. C-Peptide - p. 166 158. CPK - p. 166 159. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - p. 166 160. Creatinine Clearance - p. 166 161. Creatine Kinase (CK), Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) - p. 166 162. Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes - p. 167 163. Creatinine (Serum) - p. 168 164. Creatinine, Urine - p. 168 165. Cryoglobulins (Serum) - p. 168 166. Cryptosporidium Antigen by Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) (Stool) - p. 168 167. CSF - p. 168 168. Cystatin C - p. 168 169. Cystic Fibrosis Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - p. 168 170. Cytomegalovirus by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - p. 169 171. DAT - p. 169 172. d-Dimer - p. 169 173. Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate - p. 169 174. Deoxycorticosterone (11-Deoxycorticosterone, DOC), Serum - p. 169 175. Dexamethasone Suppression Test, Overnight - p. 169 176. Dihydrotestosterone, Serum, Urine - p. 170 177. Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT, Coombs Test Direct) - p. 170 178. Disaccharide Absorption Tests - p. 171 179. DOC - p. 171 180. Donath-Landsteiner (D-L) Test for Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria - p. 171 181. Digoxin (Lanoxin) - p. 171 182. Dilantin - p. 171 183. Dopamine - p. 171 184. d-Xylose Absorption Test - p. 171 185. Electrolytes, Urine - p. 171 186. Electrophoresis, Hemoglobin - p. 171 187. Electrophoresis, Protein - p. 171 188. ENA Complex - p. 171 189. Endomysial Antibodies - p. 172 190. Eosinophil Count - p. 172 191. Epinephrine, Plasma - p. 172 192. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Serology - p. 172 193. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) (Westergren) - p. 172 194. Erythropoietin (EP) - p. 173 195. Estradiol (Serum) - p. 173 196. Estrogens, Total - p. 173 197. Ethanol (Blood) - p. 173 198. Extractable Nuclear Antigen (ENA Complex, Anti-RNP Antibody, Anti-SM, Anti-Smith) - p. 174 199. Factor V Leiden - p. 174 200. FDP - p. 174 201. FENA - p. 174 202. Fecal FAT, Qualitative - p. 174 203. Fecal FAT, Quantitative (72-Hour Collection) - p. 174 204. Fecal Globin Immunochemical Test - p. 174 205. Ferritin (Serum) - p. 174 206. Fibrin Degradation Product (FDP) - p. 174 207. Fibrinogen - p. 175 208. 5-Hydroxyindole-Acetic Acid, Urine - p. 175 209. 5′ Nucleotidase - p. 175 210. Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody - p. 175 211. Folate (Folic Acid) - p. 175 212. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - p. 175 213. Fractional Excretion of Sodium (FENA) - p. 175 214. Free T4 - p. 175 215. Free Thyroxine Index - p. 175 216. FSH - p. 176 217. FTA-ABS (Serum) - p. 176 218. Furosemide Stimulation Test - p. 176 219. Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) - p. 176 220. Gastrin (Serum) - p. 177 221. Gastrin Stimulation Test - p. 177 222. Gliadin Antibodies, Immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgG - p. 177 223. Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibody - p. 177 224. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) - p. 177 225. Glucagon - p. 177 226. Glucose, Fasting - p. 177 227. Glucose, Postprandial - p. 178 228. Glucose Tolerance Test - p. 178 229. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Screen (Blood) - p. 179 230. γ-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) - p. 179 231. Glycated (Glycosylated) Hemoglobin (HbAlc) - p. 179 232. Glycohemoglobin - p. 179 233. Growth Hormone - p. 179 234. Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone (GHRH) - p. 179 235. Growth Hormone Suppression Test (After Glucose) - p. 179 236. HAM Test (Acid Serum Test) - p. 180 237. Haptoglobin (Serum) - p. 180 238. HBA1C - p. 180 239. HDL - p. 180 240. Helicobacter pylori (Serology, Stool Antigen) - p. 180 241. Hematocrit - p. 180 242. Hemoglobin - p. 180 243. Hemoglobin (Hb) Electrophoresis - p. 180 244. Hemoglobin, Glycated - p. 181 245. Hemoglobin, Glycosylated - p. 181 246. Hemoglobin H - p. 181 247. Hemoglobin, Urine - p. 181 248. Hemosiderin, Urine - p. 182 249. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Antibodies - p. 182 250. Hepatitis A Antibody - p. 182 251. Hepatitis B Core Antibody - p. 182 252. Hepatitis B DNA - p. 183 253. Hepatitis Be Antigen (HbeAg) and Antibody - p. 183 254. Hepatitis B Surface Antibody - p. 183 255. Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HbsAg) - p. 184 256. Hepatitis C Antibody (Anti-HCV) - p. 184 257. Hepatitis C RNA - p. 184 258. Hepatitis D Antigen and Antibody - p. 184 259. Her-2/nue - p. 184 260. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) - p. 185 261. Heterophil Antibody - p. 185 262. HFE Screen for Hereditary Hemochromatosis - p. 185 263. High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol - p. 185 264. Homocysteine, Plasma - p. 187 265. Hs-CRP - p. 187 266. HSV - p. 187 267. Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV8) - p. 187 268. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antibody, Type 1 (HIV-1) - p. 187 269. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) - p. 187 270. Huntington’s Disease Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - p. 187 271. Immune Complex Assay - p. 187 272. Immunoglobulin (Ig) - p. 187 273. Influenza A and B Tests - p. 189 274. INR - p. 189 275. Insulin Autoantibodies - p. 189 276. Insulin, Free - p. 189 277. Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1), Serum - p. 189 278. Insulin-Like Growth Factor II - p. 191 279. International Normalized Ratio (INR) - p. 191 280. Intrinsic Factor Antibodies - p. 191 281. Iron-Binding Capacity (Total Iron-Binding Capacity [TIBC]) - p. 191 282. Iron Saturation (% Transferrin Saturation) - p. 191 283. Iron, Serum - p. 192 284. Lactate (Blood) - p. 192 285. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) - p. 192 286. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Isoenzymes - p. 192 287. Lactose Tolerance Test (Serum) - p. 192 288. Lanoxin - p. 193 289. Lap Score - p. 193 290. Lead - p. 193 291. LDH - p. 193 292. LDL - p. 193 293. Legionella pneumophila Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - p. 193 294. Legionella Titer - p. 194 295. Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase (LAP) - p. 194 296. LH - p. 194 297. Lipase - p. 194 298. Lipoprotein (A) - p. 194 299. Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Low Density - p. 194 300. Lipoprotein Cholesterol, High Density - p. 194 301. Liver Kidney Microsome Type 1 (LKM1) Antibodies - p. 194 302. Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol - p. 194 303. Lupus Anticoagulant (LA) Test - p. 195 304. Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Blood - p. 195 305. Lymphocytes - p. 195 306. Magnesium (Serum) - p. 195 307. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) - p. 196 308. Metanephrines, Urine - p. 196 309. Methylmalonic Acid, Serum - p. 196 310. Mitochondrial Antibody (Antimitochondrial Antibody [AMA]) - p. 197 311. Monocyte Count - p. 197 312. Mycoplasma pneumoniae Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - p. 197 313. Myelin Basic Protein, Cerebrospinal Fluid - p. 197 314. Myoglobin, Urine - p. 197 315. Natriuretic Peptide - p. 197 316. Neisseria gonorrhoeae Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - p. 197 317. Neutrophil Count - p. 197 318. Norepinephrine - p. 197 319. Osmolality, Serum - p. 197 320. Osmolality, Urine - p. 198 321. Osmotic Fragility Test - p. 198 322. Paracentesis Fluid - p. 198 323. Parathyroid Hormone - p. 198 324. Parietal Cell Antibodies - p. 199 325. Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT), Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) - p. 199 326. Pepsinogen I - p. 199 327. PFA - p. 200 328. pH, Blood - p. 200 329. Phenobarbital - p. 200 330. Phenytoin (Dilantin) - p. 200 331. Phosphatase, Acid - p. 200 332. Phosphatase, Alkaline - p. 200 333. Phosphate (Serum) - p. 200 334. pH, Urine - p. 201 335. Plasminogen - p. 201 336. Platelet Aggregation - p. 201 337. Platelet Antibodies - p. 202 338. Platelet Count - p. 202 339. Platelet Function Analysis (PFA) 100 Assay - p. 202 340. Potassium (Serum) - p. 203 341. Potassium, Urine - p. 204 342. Procainamide - p. 204 343. Progesterone, Serum - p. 204 344. Prolactin - p. 204 345. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) - p. 205 346. Prostatic Acid Phosphatase - p. 205 347. Protein (Serum) - p. 205 348. Protein C Assay - p. 205 349. Protein Electrophoresis (Serum) - p. 205 350. Protein S Assay - p. 207 351. Prothrombin Time (PT) - p. 207 352. Protoporphyrin (Free Erythrocyte) - p. 207 353. PSA - p. 207 354. PT - p. 207 355. PTT - p. 207 356. Rapid Plasma Reagin - p. 207 357. RDW - p. 208 358. Red Blood Cell Count - p. 208 359. Red Blood Cell Distribution Width (RDW) - p. 208 360. Red Blood Cell Folate - p. 208 361. Red Blood Cell Mass (Volume) - p. 208 362. Renin (Serum) - p. 208 363. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Screen - p. 209 364. Reticulocyte Count - p. 209 365. Rheumatoid Factor - p. 209 366. RNP - p. 210 367. RPR - p. 210 368. Schilling Test - p. 211 369. Sedimentation Rate - p. 211 370. Semen Analysis - p. 211 371. SGOT - p. 211 372. SGPT - p. 211 373. Sickle Cell Test - p. 211 374. Smooth Muscle Antibody - p. 211 375. Sodium (Serum) - p. 211 376. Streptozyme - p. 213 377. Sucrose Hemolysis Test (Sugar Water Test) - p. 213 378. Sudan III Stain (Qualitative Screening for Fecal Fat) - p. 213 379. T3 (Triiodothyronine) - p. 213 380. T3 Resin Uptake (T3RU) - p. 214 381. T4, Serum T4, and Free (Free Thyroxine) - p. 214 382. Serum Free T4 - p. 214 383. Tegretol - p. 214 384. Testosterone - p. 214 385. Theophylline - p. 215 386. Thiamine - p. 215 387. Thoracentesis Fluid - p. 215 388. Thrombin Time (TT) - p. 216 389. Thyroglobulin - p. 216 390. Thyroid Binding Globulin (TBG) - p. 216 391. Thyroid Microsomal Antibodies - p. 216 392. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - p. 217 393. Thyrotropin (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone [TSH]) Receptor Antibodies - p. 218 394. Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) Stimulation Test - p. 218 395. TIBC - p. 218 396. Tissue Transglutaminase Antibody - p. 218 397. Transferrin - p. 218 398. Triglycerides - p. 219 399. Triiodothyronine - p. 219 400. Troponins, Serum - p. 219 401. TSH - p. 219 402. TT - p. 219 403. Unconjugated Bilirubin - p. 219 404. Urea Nitrogen - p. 219 405. Uric Acid (Serum) - p. 219 406. Urinalysis - p. 220 407. Urine Amylase - p. 220 408. Urine Bile - p. 221 409. Urine Calcium - p. 221 410. Urine cAMP - p. 221 411. Urine Catecholamines - p. 221 412. Urine Chloride - p. 221 413. Urine Copper - p. 221 414. Urine Cortisol, Free - p. 221 415. Urine Creatinine (24-Hour) - p. 221 416. Urine Crystals - p. 222 417. Urine Eosinophils - p. 222 418. Urine 5-Hydroxyindole-Acetic Acid (Urine 5-HIAA) - p. 222 419. Urine Glucose (Qualitative) - p. 222 420. Urine Hemoglobin, Free - p. 222 421. Urine Hemosiderin - p. 222 422. Urine Indican - p. 222 423. Urine Ketones (Semiquantitative) - p. 222 424. Urine Metanephrines - p. 222 425. Urine Myoglobin - p. 223 426. Urine Nitrite - p. 223 427. Urine Occult Blood - p. 223 428. Urine Osmolality - p. 223 429. Urine pH - p. 223 430. Urine Phosphate - p. 223 431. Urine Potassium - p. 223 432. Urine Protein (Quantitative) - p. 224 433. Urine Sodium (Quantitative) - p. 224 434. Urine Specific Gravity - p. 224 435. Urine Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA) - p. 225 436. Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) Serologic Testing - p. 225 437. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) - p. 225 438. Venereal Disease Research Laboratories (VDRL) - p. 225 439. VIP - p. 225 440. Viscosity (Serum) - p. 225 441. Vitamin B12 - p. 225 442. Vitamin D, 1,25 Dihydroxy Calciferol, Vitamin D 25(OH)D (25-Hydroxyvitamin D) - p. 225 443. Vitamin K - p. 226 444. Von Willebrand’s Factor - p. 226 445. WBCs - p. 226 446. Westergren - p. 226 447. White Blood Cell Count - p. 226 448. Section III. Diseases and Disorders - p. 229 449. Acronyms - p. 232 450. 1. Abdominal Abscess - p. 425 451. 2. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm - p. 236 452. 3. Achalasia - p. 237 453. 4. Acid-Base Disorders - p. 238 454. 5. Acute Kidney Injury - p. 241 455. 6. Addison Disease (Adrenal Insufficiency) - p. 242 456. 7. Adrenal Mass - p. 243 457. 8. Alkaline Phosphatase Elevation - p. 244 458. 9. ALT/AST Elevation - p. 245 459. 10. Amenorrhea, Primary - p. 246 460. 11. Amenorrhea, Secondary - p. 247 461. 12. Anemia, Macrocytic - p. 248 462. 13. Anemia, Microcytic - p. 249 463. 14. Antinuclear Antibody (ANA)–Positive - p. 250 464. 15. Aortic Dissection - p. 252 465. 16. Appendicitis - p. 254 466. 17. Ascites - p. 255 467. 18. Avascular Necrosis - p. 258 468. 19. Back Pain, Acute, Lumbosacral (LS) Area - p. 259 469. 20. Bilirubin Elevation - p. 260 470. 21. Bleeding Disorder, Congenital - p. 260 471. 22. Brain Abscess - p. 260 472. 23. Breast Mass - p. 263 473. 24. Carcinoid Syndrome - p. 265 474. 25. Cardiomegaly on Chest Radiograph - p. 265 475. 26. Cholangitis - p. 267 476. 27. Cholecystitis - p. 269 477. 28. Cholelithiasis - p. 271 478. 29. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy [RSD]) - p. 272 479. 30. Constipation - p. 273 480. 31. Creatinine Phosphokinase (CPK) Elevation - p. 273 481. 32. Cushing’s Syndrome - p. 273 482. 33. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) - p. 278 483. 34. Delayed Puberty - p. 280 484. 35. Delirium - p. 281 485. 36. Diarrhea - p. 282 486. 37. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) - p. 284 487. 38. Diverticulitis - p. 285 488. 39. Dyspepsia - p. 285 489. 40. Dyspnea - p. 287 490. 41. Dysuria - p. 287 491. 42. Ectopic Pregnancy - p. 289 492. 43. Edema, Lower Extremity - p. 291 493. 44. Endocarditis, Infective - p. 293 494. 45. Endometriosis - p. 295 495. 46. Epiglottitis - p. 295 496. 47. Fatigue - p. 298 497. 48. Fever of Undetermined Origin (FUO) - p. 298 498. 49. Galactorrhea - p. 298 499. 50. Genital Lesions/Ulcers - p. 302 500. 51. Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener Granulomatosis) - p. 302 501. 52. Goiter - p. 302 502. 53. Gynecomastia - p. 302 503. 54. Hearing Loss - p. 302 504. 55. Hematochezia - p. 302 505. 56. Hematuria - p. 308 506. 57. Hemochromatosis - p. 310 507. 58. Hemoptysis - p. 310 508. 59. Hepatomegaly - p. 312 509. 60. Hirsutism - p. 312 510. 61. Hyperaldosteronism - p. 312 511. 62. Hypercalcemia - p. 312 512. 63. Hyperkalemia - p. 312 513. 64. Hypermagnesemia - p. 312 514. 65. Hypernatremia - p. 312 515. 66. Hyperphosphatemia - p. 312 516. 67. Hyperthyroidism - p. 312 517. 68. Hypocalcemia - p. 312 518. 69. Hypoglycemia - p. 312 519. 70. Hypogonadism - p. 312 520. 71. Hypokalemia - p. 325 521. 72. Hypomagnesemia - p. 325 522. 73. Hyponatremia - p. 325 523. 74. Hypophosphatemia - p. 325 524. 75. Hypothyroidism - p. 325 525. 76. Immunodeficiency - p. 325 526. 77. Infertility - p. 333 527. 78. Jaundice - p. 335 528. 79. Joint Effusion - p. 337 529. 80. Liver Function Test Elevations - p. 337 530. 81. Liver Mass - p. 340 531. 82. Lymphadenopathy, Generalized - p. 341 532. 83. Malabsorption, Suspected - p. 343 533. 84. Meningioma - p. 347 534. 85. Mesenteric Ischemia - p. 347 535. 86. Mesothelioma - p. 347 536. 87. Metabolic Acidosis - p. 347 537. 88. Metabolic Alkalosis - p. 347 538. 89. Microcytosis - p. 347 539. 90. Multiple Myeloma - p. 347 540. 91. Multiple Sclerosis - p. 347 541. 92. Myalgias - p. 356 542. 93. Muscle Weakness - p. 356 543. 94. Neck Mass - p. 356 544. 95. Neuropathy - p. 356 545. 96. Neutropenia - p. 356 546. 97. Osteomyelitis - p. 356 547. 98. Pancreatic Mass - p. 356 548. 99. Pancreatitis, Acute - p. 356 549. 100. Parapharyngeal Abscess - p. 365 550. 101. Pelvic Mass - p. 365 551. 102. Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) - p. 365 552. 103. Pheochromocytoma - p. 369 553. 104. Pituitary Adenoma - p. 369 554. 105. Pleural Effusion - p. 372 555. 106. Polyarteritis Nodosa - p. 374 556. 107. Polycythemia - p. 374 557. 108. Portal Vein Thrombosis - p. 374 558. 109. Precocious Puberty - p. 378 559. 110. Proteinuria - p. 380 560. 111. Pruritus, Generalized - p. 380 561. 112. Pulmonary Embolism - p. 380 562. 113. Pulmonary Hypertension - p. 384 563. 114. Pulmonary Nodule - p. 386 564. 115. Purpura - p. 386 565. 116. Renal Artery Stenosis - p. 386 566. 117. Renal Mass - p. 391 567. 118. Rotator Cuff Tear - p. 392 568. 119. Sarcoidosis - p. 392 569. 120. Scrotal Mass - p. 392 570. 121. Small-Bowel Obstruction - p. 392 571. 122. Spinal Epidural Abscess - p. 397 572. 123. Splenomegaly - p. 397 573. 124. Stroke - p. 400 574. 125. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - p. 402 575. 126. Subclavian Steal Syndrome - p. 402 576. 127. Subdural Hematoma - p. 402 577. 128. Superior Vena Cava Syndrome - p. 402 578. 129. Syncope - p. 407 579. 130. Testicular Torsion - p. 409 580. 131. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome - p. 409 581. 132. Thrombocytopenia - p. 412 582. 133. Thrombocytosis - p. 412 583. 134. Thyroid Nodule - p. 412 584. 135. Thyroiditis - p. 412 585. 136. Tinnitus - p. 412 586. 137. Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) - p. 412 587. 138. Urethral Discharge - p. 412 588. 139. Urolithiasis - p. 412 589. 140. Urticaria - p. 412 590. 141. Vaginal Discharge - p. 412 591. 142. Vertigo - p. 412 592. 143. Viral Hepatitis - p. 412 593. 144. Weight Gain - p. 412 594. 145. Weight Loss, Involuntary - p. 412 595. Appendix I. General Guidelines for Ordering Computed Tomography - p. 427 596. Appendix II. General Guidelines for Ordering Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) - p. 429 597. Appendix III. General Guidelines for Ordering Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - p. 431 598. Index - p. 433
Practical and concise, this manual is a quick, go-to reference for up-to-date clinical material on today’s diagnostic testing and laboratory tests. Three convenient sections provide quick access to key information on clinical laboratory testing, diagnostic imaging, and diagnostic algorithms. Experienced author Dr. Fred Ferri uses a unique, easy-to-follow format to simplify complex information and help you choose the best test to supplement your clinical diagnostic skills.
1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Preface - p. v 6. Acknowledgments - p. vi 7. Section I. Diagnostic Imaging - p. 1 8. A. Abdominal and Gastrointestinal (GI) Imaging - p. 3 9. B. Breast Imaging - p. 40 10. C. Cardiac Imaging - p. 47 11. D. Chest Imaging - p. 64 12. E. Endocrine Imaging - p. 70 13. F. Genitourinary Imaging - p. 74 14. G. Musculoskeletal and Spinal Cord Imaging - p. 85 15. H. Neuroimaging of Brain - p. 100 16. I. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) - p. 104 17. J. Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) - p. 106 18. K. Vascular Imaging - p. 107 19. L. Oncology - p. 125 20. Section II. Laboratory Values and Interpretation of Results - p. 129 21. ACE Level - p. 138 22. Acetone (Serum or Plasma) - p. 190 23. Acetylcholine Receptor (AChR) Antibody - p. 190 24. Acid Phosphatase (Serum) - p. 190 25. Acid Serum Test - p. 190 26. Activated Clotting Time (ACT) - p. 190 27. Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) - p. 190 28. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) - p. 190 29. Alanine Aminopeptidase - p. 190 30. Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT, formerly serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase [SGPT]) - p. 139 31. Albumin (Serum) - p. 139 32. Alcohol Dehydrogenase - p. 139 33. Aldolase (Serum) - p. 139 34. Aldosterone (Plasma) - p. 139 35. Alkaline Phosphatase (Serum) - p. 140 36. Alpha-1-Antitrypsin (Serum) - p. 140 37. Alpha-1-Fetoprotein (Serum) - p. 140 38. ALT - p. 141 39. Aluminum (Serum) - p. 141 40. AMA - p. 141 41. Amebiasis Serologic Test - p. 141 42. Aminolevulinic Acid (d-ALA) (24-Hour Urine Collection) - p. 141 43. Ammonia (Serum) - p. 141 44. Amylase (Serum) - p. 142 45. Amylase, Urine - p. 142 46. Amyloid A Protein (Serum) - p. 142 47. ANA - p. 142 48. ANCA - p. 142 49. Androstenedione (Serum) - p. 142 50. Angiotensin II - p. 142 51. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Level - p. 142 52. ANH - p. 143 53. Anion Gap - p. 143 54. Anticardiolipin Antibody (ACA) - p. 143 55. Anticoagulant - p. 144 56. Antidiuretic Hormone - p. 144 57. Anti-DNA - p. 144 58. Anti-ds DNA - p. 144 59. Anti-Globulin Test, Direct - p. 144 60. Anti-Globulin Test, Indirect - p. 144 61. Antiglomerular Basement Antibody - p. 144 62. Anti-HCV - p. 144 63. Antihistone - p. 144 64. Antimitochondrial Antibody (AMA) - p. 144 65. Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA) - p. 144 66. Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) - p. 144 67. Antiphospholipid Antibody - p. 145 68. Anti-RNP Antibody - p. 145 69. Anti-Scl-70 - p. 145 70. Anti-Smith (Anti-Sm) Antibody - p. 146 71. Anti-Smooth Muscle Antibody - p. 146 72. Antistreptolysin O Titer (Streptozyme, ASLO Titer) - p. 146 73. Antithrombin III - p. 146 74. Apolipoprotein A-1 (Apo A-1) - p. 146 75. Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) - p. 146 76. Arterial Blood Gases - p. 146 77. Arthrocentesis Fluid - p. 149 78. ASLO Titer - p. 149 79. Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST, Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase [SGOT]) - p. 149 80. Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH) - p. 150 81. Basophil Count - p. 150 82. Bicarbonate - p. 150 83. Bile Acid Breath Test - p. 150 84. Bile, Urine - p. 150 85. Bilirubin, Direct (Conjugated Bilirubin) - p. 150 86. Bilirubin, Indirect (Unconjugated Bilirubin) - p. 150 87. Bilirubin, Total - p. 150 88. Bilirubin, Urine - p. 152 89. Bladder Tumor–Associated Antigen - p. 152 90. Bleeding Time (Modified IVY Method) - p. 152 91. Blood Volume, Total - p. 152 92. Bordetella pertussis Serology - p. 152 93. BRCA-1, BRCA-2 - p. 152 94. Breath Hydrogen Test - p. 152 95. B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) - p. 153 96. BUN - p. 153 97. C3 - p. 153 98. C4 - p. 153 99. CA 15-3 - p. 153 100. CA 27-29 - p. 153 101. CA 72-4 - p. 153 102. CA 125 - p. 153 103. Calcitonin (Serum) - p. 153 104. Calcium (Serum) - p. 153 105. Calcium, Urine - p. 154 106. Cancer Antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) - p. 154 107. Cancer Antigen 27-29 (CA 27-29) - p. 154 108. Cancer Antigen 72-4 (CA 72-4) - p. 154 109. Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125) - p. 156 110. Captopril Stimulation Test - p. 156 111. Carbamazepine (Tegretol) - p. 156 112. Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 - p. 156 113. Carbon Dioxide, Partial Pressure - p. 156 114. Carbon Monoxide - p. 156 115. Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) - p. 156 116. Cardiac Markers (Serum) - p. 156 117. Cardiac Troponins - p. 156 118. Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) - p. 156 119. Cardio-CRP - p. 157 120. Carotene (Serum) - p. 158 121. Catecholamines, Urine - p. 158 122. CBC - p. 158 123. CCK - p. 158 124. CCK-PZ - p. 158 125. CD4 T-Lymphocyte Count (CD4 T-Cells) - p. 158 126. CD40 Ligand - p. 158 127. CEA - p. 158 128. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) - p. 158 129. Ceruloplasmin (Serum) - p. 159 130. Chlamydia Group Antibody Serologic Test - p. 159 131. Chlamydia Trachomatis Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - p. 159 132. Chloride (Serum) - p. 159 133. Chloride (Sweat) - p. 161 134. Chloride, Urine - p. 161 135. Cholecystokinin-Pancreozymin (CCK, CCK-PZ) - p. 161 136. Cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein - p. 161 137. Cholesterol, High-Density Lipoprotein - p. 161 138. Cholesterol, Total - p. 161 139. Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), Human (Serum) - p. 161 140. Chymotrypsin - p. 161 141. Circulating Anticoagulant (Antiphospholipid Antibody, Lupus Anticoagulant) - p. 162 142. CK - p. 162 143. Clonidine Suppression Test - p. 162 144. Clostridium difficile Toxin Assay (Stool) - p. 162 145. CO - p. 162 146. Coagulation Factors - p. 162 147. Cold Agglutinins Titer - p. 162 148. Complement (C3, C4) - p. 162 149. Complete Blood Cell (CBC) Count - p. 164 150. Conjugated Bilirubin - p. 164 151. Coombs, Direct - p. 164 152. Coombs, Indirect (Antiglobulin, Indirect) - p. 164 153. Copper (Serum) - p. 164 154. Copper, Urine - p. 164 155. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) Stimulation Test - p. 164 156. Cortisol (Plasma) - p. 165 157. C-Peptide - p. 166 158. CPK - p. 166 159. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - p. 166 160. Creatinine Clearance - p. 166 161. Creatine Kinase (CK), Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) - p. 166 162. Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes - p. 167 163. Creatinine (Serum) - p. 168 164. Creatinine, Urine - p. 168 165. Cryoglobulins (Serum) - p. 168 166. Cryptosporidium Antigen by Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) (Stool) - p. 168 167. CSF - p. 168 168. Cystatin C - p. 168 169. Cystic Fibrosis Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - p. 168 170. Cytomegalovirus by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - p. 169 171. DAT - p. 169 172. d-Dimer - p. 169 173. Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate - p. 169 174. Deoxycorticosterone (11-Deoxycorticosterone, DOC), Serum - p. 169 175. Dexamethasone Suppression Test, Overnight - p. 169 176. Dihydrotestosterone, Serum, Urine - p. 170 177. Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT, Coombs Test Direct) - p. 170 178. Disaccharide Absorption Tests - p. 171 179. DOC - p. 171 180. Donath-Landsteiner (D-L) Test for Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria - p. 171 181. Digoxin (Lanoxin) - p. 171 182. Dilantin - p. 171 183. Dopamine - p. 171 184. d-Xylose Absorption Test - p. 171 185. Electrolytes, Urine - p. 171 186. Electrophoresis, Hemoglobin - p. 171 187. Electrophoresis, Protein - p. 171 188. ENA Complex - p. 171 189. Endomysial Antibodies - p. 172 190. Eosinophil Count - p. 172 191. Epinephrine, Plasma - p. 172 192. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Serology - p. 172 193. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) (Westergren) - p. 172 194. Erythropoietin (EP) - p. 173 195. Estradiol (Serum) - p. 173 196. Estrogens, Total - p. 173 197. Ethanol (Blood) - p. 173 198. Extractable Nuclear Antigen (ENA Complex, Anti-RNP Antibody, Anti-SM, Anti-Smith) - p. 174 199. Factor V Leiden - p. 174 200. FDP - p. 174 201. FENA - p. 174 202. Fecal FAT, Qualitative - p. 174 203. Fecal FAT, Quantitative (72-Hour Collection) - p. 174 204. Fecal Globin Immunochemical Test - p. 174 205. Ferritin (Serum) - p. 174 206. Fibrin Degradation Product (FDP) - p. 174 207. Fibrinogen - p. 175 208. 5-Hydroxyindole-Acetic Acid, Urine - p. 175 209. 5′ Nucleotidase - p. 175 210. Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody - p. 175 211. Folate (Folic Acid) - p. 175 212. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - p. 175 213. Fractional Excretion of Sodium (FENA) - p. 175 214. Free T4 - p. 175 215. Free Thyroxine Index - p. 175 216. FSH - p. 176 217. FTA-ABS (Serum) - p. 176 218. Furosemide Stimulation Test - p. 176 219. Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) - p. 176 220. Gastrin (Serum) - p. 177 221. Gastrin Stimulation Test - p. 177 222. Gliadin Antibodies, Immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgG - p. 177 223. Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibody - p. 177 224. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) - p. 177 225. Glucagon - p. 177 226. Glucose, Fasting - p. 177 227. Glucose, Postprandial - p. 178 228. Glucose Tolerance Test - p. 178 229. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Screen (Blood) - p. 179 230. γ-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) - p. 179 231. Glycated (Glycosylated) Hemoglobin (HbAlc) - p. 179 232. Glycohemoglobin - p. 179 233. Growth Hormone - p. 179 234. Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone (GHRH) - p. 179 235. Growth Hormone Suppression Test (After Glucose) - p. 179 236. HAM Test (Acid Serum Test) - p. 180 237. Haptoglobin (Serum) - p. 180 238. HBA1C - p. 180 239. HDL - p. 180 240. Helicobacter pylori (Serology, Stool Antigen) - p. 180 241. Hematocrit - p. 180 242. Hemoglobin - p. 180 243. Hemoglobin (Hb) Electrophoresis - p. 180 244. Hemoglobin, Glycated - p. 181 245. Hemoglobin, Glycosylated - p. 181 246. Hemoglobin H - p. 181 247. Hemoglobin, Urine - p. 181 248. Hemosiderin, Urine - p. 182 249. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Antibodies - p. 182 250. Hepatitis A Antibody - p. 182 251. Hepatitis B Core Antibody - p. 182 252. Hepatitis B DNA - p. 183 253. Hepatitis Be Antigen (HbeAg) and Antibody - p. 183 254. Hepatitis B Surface Antibody - p. 183 255. Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HbsAg) - p. 184 256. Hepatitis C Antibody (Anti-HCV) - p. 184 257. Hepatitis C RNA - p. 184 258. Hepatitis D Antigen and Antibody - p. 184 259. Her-2/nue - p. 184 260. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) - p. 185 261. Heterophil Antibody - p. 185 262. HFE Screen for Hereditary Hemochromatosis - p. 185 263. High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol - p. 185 264. Homocysteine, Plasma - p. 187 265. Hs-CRP - p. 187 266. HSV - p. 187 267. Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV8) - p. 187 268. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antibody, Type 1 (HIV-1) - p. 187 269. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) - p. 187 270. Huntington’s Disease Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - p. 187 271. Immune Complex Assay - p. 187 272. Immunoglobulin (Ig) - p. 187 273. Influenza A and B Tests - p. 189 274. INR - p. 189 275. Insulin Autoantibodies - p. 189 276. Insulin, Free - p. 189 277. Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1), Serum - p. 189 278. Insulin-Like Growth Factor II - p. 191 279. International Normalized Ratio (INR) - p. 191 280. Intrinsic Factor Antibodies - p. 191 281. Iron-Binding Capacity (Total Iron-Binding Capacity [TIBC]) - p. 191 282. Iron Saturation (% Transferrin Saturation) - p. 191 283. Iron, Serum - p. 192 284. Lactate (Blood) - p. 192 285. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) - p. 192 286. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Isoenzymes - p. 192 287. Lactose Tolerance Test (Serum) - p. 192 288. Lanoxin - p. 193 289. Lap Score - p. 193 290. Lead - p. 193 291. LDH - p. 193 292. LDL - p. 193 293. Legionella pneumophila Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - p. 193 294. Legionella Titer - p. 194 295. Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase (LAP) - p. 194 296. LH - p. 194 297. Lipase - p. 194 298. Lipoprotein (A) - p. 194 299. Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Low Density - p. 194 300. Lipoprotein Cholesterol, High Density - p. 194 301. Liver Kidney Microsome Type 1 (LKM1) Antibodies - p. 194 302. Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol - p. 194 303. Lupus Anticoagulant (LA) Test - p. 195 304. Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Blood - p. 195 305. Lymphocytes - p. 195 306. Magnesium (Serum) - p. 195 307. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) - p. 196 308. Metanephrines, Urine - p. 196 309. Methylmalonic Acid, Serum - p. 196 310. Mitochondrial Antibody (Antimitochondrial Antibody [AMA]) - p. 197 311. Monocyte Count - p. 197 312. Mycoplasma pneumoniae Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - p. 197 313. Myelin Basic Protein, Cerebrospinal Fluid - p. 197 314. Myoglobin, Urine - p. 197 315. Natriuretic Peptide - p. 197 316. Neisseria gonorrhoeae Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - p. 197 317. Neutrophil Count - p. 197 318. Norepinephrine - p. 197 319. Osmolality, Serum - p. 197 320. Osmolality, Urine - p. 198 321. Osmotic Fragility Test - p. 198 322. Paracentesis Fluid - p. 198 323. Parathyroid Hormone - p. 198 324. Parietal Cell Antibodies - p. 199 325. Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT), Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) - p. 199 326. Pepsinogen I - p. 199 327. PFA - p. 200 328. pH, Blood - p. 200 329. Phenobarbital - p. 200 330. Phenytoin (Dilantin) - p. 200 331. Phosphatase, Acid - p. 200 332. Phosphatase, Alkaline - p. 200 333. Phosphate (Serum) - p. 200 334. pH, Urine - p. 201 335. Plasminogen - p. 201 336. Platelet Aggregation - p. 201 337. Platelet Antibodies - p. 202 338. Platelet Count - p. 202 339. Platelet Function Analysis (PFA) 100 Assay - p. 202 340. Potassium (Serum) - p. 203 341. Potassium, Urine - p. 204 342. Procainamide - p. 204 343. Progesterone, Serum - p. 204 344. Prolactin - p. 204 345. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) - p. 205 346. Prostatic Acid Phosphatase - p. 205 347. Protein (Serum) - p. 205 348. Protein C Assay - p. 205 349. Protein Electrophoresis (Serum) - p. 205 350. Protein S Assay - p. 207 351. Prothrombin Time (PT) - p. 207 352. Protoporphyrin (Free Erythrocyte) - p. 207 353. PSA - p. 207 354. PT - p. 207 355. PTT - p. 207 356. Rapid Plasma Reagin - p. 207 357. RDW - p. 208 358. Red Blood Cell Count - p. 208 359. Red Blood Cell Distribution Width (RDW) - p. 208 360. Red Blood Cell Folate - p. 208 361. Red Blood Cell Mass (Volume) - p. 208 362. Renin (Serum) - p. 208 363. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Screen - p. 209 364. Reticulocyte Count - p. 209 365. Rheumatoid Factor - p. 209 366. RNP - p. 210 367. RPR - p. 210 368. Schilling Test - p. 211 369. Sedimentation Rate - p. 211 370. Semen Analysis - p. 211 371. SGOT - p. 211 372. SGPT - p. 211 373. Sickle Cell Test - p. 211 374. Smooth Muscle Antibody - p. 211 375. Sodium (Serum) - p. 211 376. Streptozyme - p. 213 377. Sucrose Hemolysis Test (Sugar Water Test) - p. 213 378. Sudan III Stain (Qualitative Screening for Fecal Fat) - p. 213 379. T3 (Triiodothyronine) - p. 213 380. T3 Resin Uptake (T3RU) - p. 214 381. T4, Serum T4, and Free (Free Thyroxine) - p. 214 382. Serum Free T4 - p. 214 383. Tegretol - p. 214 384. Testosterone - p. 214 385. Theophylline - p. 215 386. Thiamine - p. 215 387. Thoracentesis Fluid - p. 215 388. Thrombin Time (TT) - p. 216 389. Thyroglobulin - p. 216 390. Thyroid Binding Globulin (TBG) - p. 216 391. Thyroid Microsomal Antibodies - p. 216 392. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - p. 217 393. Thyrotropin (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone [TSH]) Receptor Antibodies - p. 218 394. Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) Stimulation Test - p. 218 395. TIBC - p. 218 396. Tissue Transglutaminase Antibody - p. 218 397. Transferrin - p. 218 398. Triglycerides - p. 219 399. Triiodothyronine - p. 219 400. Troponins, Serum - p. 219 401. TSH - p. 219 402. TT - p. 219 403. Unconjugated Bilirubin - p. 219 404. Urea Nitrogen - p. 219 405. Uric Acid (Serum) - p. 219 406. Urinalysis - p. 220 407. Urine Amylase - p. 220 408. Urine Bile - p. 221 409. Urine Calcium - p. 221 410. Urine cAMP - p. 221 411. Urine Catecholamines - p. 221 412. Urine Chloride - p. 221 413. Urine Copper - p. 221 414. Urine Cortisol, Free - p. 221 415. Urine Creatinine (24-Hour) - p. 221 416. Urine Crystals - p. 222 417. Urine Eosinophils - p. 222 418. Urine 5-Hydroxyindole-Acetic Acid (Urine 5-HIAA) - p. 222 419. Urine Glucose (Qualitative) - p. 222 420. Urine Hemoglobin, Free - p. 222 421. Urine Hemosiderin - p. 222 422. Urine Indican - p. 222 423. Urine Ketones (Semiquantitative) - p. 222 424. Urine Metanephrines - p. 222 425. Urine Myoglobin - p. 223 426. Urine Nitrite - p. 223 427. Urine Occult Blood - p. 223 428. Urine Osmolality - p. 223 429. Urine pH - p. 223 430. Urine Phosphate - p. 223 431. Urine Potassium - p. 223 432. Urine Protein (Quantitative) - p. 224 433. Urine Sodium (Quantitative) - p. 224 434. Urine Specific Gravity - p. 224 435. Urine Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA) - p. 225 436. Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) Serologic Testing - p. 225 437. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) - p. 225 438. Venereal Disease Research Laboratories (VDRL) - p. 225 439. VIP - p. 225 440. Viscosity (Serum) - p. 225 441. Vitamin B12 - p. 225 442. Vitamin D, 1,25 Dihydroxy Calciferol, Vitamin D 25(OH)D (25-Hydroxyvitamin D) - p. 225 443. Vitamin K - p. 226 444. Von Willebrand’s Factor - p. 226 445. WBCs - p. 226 446. Westergren - p. 226 447. White Blood Cell Count - p. 226 448. Section III. Diseases and Disorders - p. 229 449. Acronyms - p. 232 450. 1. Abdominal Abscess - p. 425 451. 2. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm - p. 236 452. 3. Achalasia - p. 237 453. 4. Acid-Base Disorders - p. 238 454. 5. Acute Kidney Injury - p. 241 455. 6. Addison Disease (Adrenal Insufficiency) - p. 242 456. 7. Adrenal Mass - p. 243 457. 8. Alkaline Phosphatase Elevation - p. 244 458. 9. ALT/AST Elevation - p. 245 459. 10. Amenorrhea, Primary - p. 246 460. 11. Amenorrhea, Secondary - p. 247 461. 12. Anemia, Macrocytic - p. 248 462. 13. Anemia, Microcytic - p. 249 463. 14. Antinuclear Antibody (ANA)–Positive - p. 250 464. 15. Aortic Dissection - p. 252 465. 16. Appendicitis - p. 254 466. 17. Ascites - p. 255 467. 18. Avascular Necrosis - p. 258 468. 19. Back Pain, Acute, Lumbosacral (LS) Area - p. 259 469. 20. Bilirubin Elevation - p. 260 470. 21. Bleeding Disorder, Congenital - p. 260 471. 22. Brain Abscess - p. 260 472. 23. Breast Mass - p. 263 473. 24. Carcinoid Syndrome - p. 265 474. 25. Cardiomegaly on Chest Radiograph - p. 265 475. 26. Cholangitis - p. 267 476. 27. Cholecystitis - p. 269 477. 28. Cholelithiasis - p. 271 478. 29. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy [RSD]) - p. 272 479. 30. Constipation - p. 273 480. 31. Creatinine Phosphokinase (CPK) Elevation - p. 273 481. 32. Cushing’s Syndrome - p. 273 482. 33. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) - p. 278 483. 34. Delayed Puberty - p. 280 484. 35. Delirium - p. 281 485. 36. Diarrhea - p. 282 486. 37. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) - p. 284 487. 38. Diverticulitis - p. 285 488. 39. Dyspepsia - p. 285 489. 40. Dyspnea - p. 287 490. 41. Dysuria - p. 287 491. 42. Ectopic Pregnancy - p. 289 492. 43. Edema, Lower Extremity - p. 291 493. 44. Endocarditis, Infective - p. 293 494. 45. Endometriosis - p. 295 495. 46. Epiglottitis - p. 295 496. 47. Fatigue - p. 298 497. 48. Fever of Undetermined Origin (FUO) - p. 298 498. 49. Galactorrhea - p. 298 499. 50. Genital Lesions/Ulcers - p. 302 500. 51. Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener Granulomatosis) - p. 302 501. 52. Goiter - p. 302 502. 53. Gynecomastia - p. 302 503. 54. Hearing Loss - p. 302 504. 55. Hematochezia - p. 302 505. 56. Hematuria - p. 308 506. 57. Hemochromatosis - p. 310 507. 58. Hemoptysis - p. 310 508. 59. Hepatomegaly - p. 312 509. 60. Hirsutism - p. 312 510. 61. Hyperaldosteronism - p. 312 511. 62. Hypercalcemia - p. 312 512. 63. Hyperkalemia - p. 312 513. 64. Hypermagnesemia - p. 312 514. 65. Hypernatremia - p. 312 515. 66. Hyperphosphatemia - p. 312 516. 67. Hyperthyroidism - p. 312 517. 68. Hypocalcemia - p. 312 518. 69. Hypoglycemia - p. 312 519. 70. Hypogonadism - p. 312 520. 71. Hypokalemia - p. 325 521. 72. Hypomagnesemia - p. 325 522. 73. Hyponatremia - p. 325 523. 74. Hypophosphatemia - p. 325 524. 75. Hypothyroidism - p. 325 525. 76. Immunodeficiency - p. 325 526. 77. Infertility - p. 333 527. 78. Jaundice - p. 335 528. 79. Joint Effusion - p. 337 529. 80. Liver Function Test Elevations - p. 337 530. 81. Liver Mass - p. 340 531. 82. Lymphadenopathy, Generalized - p. 341 532. 83. Malabsorption, Suspected - p. 343 533. 84. Meningioma - p. 347 534. 85. Mesenteric Ischemia - p. 347 535. 86. Mesothelioma - p. 347 536. 87. Metabolic Acidosis - p. 347 537. 88. Metabolic Alkalosis - p. 347 538. 89. Microcytosis - p. 347 539. 90. Multiple Myeloma - p. 347 540. 91. Multiple Sclerosis - p. 347 541. 92. Myalgias - p. 356 542. 93. Muscle Weakness - p. 356 543. 94. Neck Mass - p. 356 544. 95. Neuropathy - p. 356 545. 96. Neutropenia - p. 356 546. 97. Osteomyelitis - p. 356 547. 98. Pancreatic Mass - p. 356 548. 99. Pancreatitis, Acute - p. 356 549. 100. Parapharyngeal Abscess - p. 365 550. 101. Pelvic Mass - p. 365 551. 102. Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) - p. 365 552. 103. Pheochromocytoma - p. 369 553. 104. Pituitary Adenoma - p. 369 554. 105. Pleural Effusion - p. 372 555. 106. Polyarteritis Nodosa - p. 374 556. 107. Polycythemia - p. 374 557. 108. Portal Vein Thrombosis - p. 374 558. 109. Precocious Puberty - p. 378 559. 110. Proteinuria - p. 380 560. 111. Pruritus, Generalized - p. 380 561. 112. Pulmonary Embolism - p. 380 562. 113. Pulmonary Hypertension - p. 384 563. 114. Pulmonary Nodule - p. 386 564. 115. Purpura - p. 386 565. 116. Renal Artery Stenosis - p. 386 566. 117. Renal Mass - p. 391 567. 118. Rotator Cuff Tear - p. 392 568. 119. Sarcoidosis - p. 392 569. 120. Scrotal Mass - p. 392 570. 121. Small-Bowel Obstruction - p. 392 571. 122. Spinal Epidural Abscess - p. 397 572. 123. Splenomegaly - p. 397 573. 124. Stroke - p. 400 574. 125. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - p. 402 575. 126. Subclavian Steal Syndrome - p. 402 576. 127. Subdural Hematoma - p. 402 577. 128. Superior Vena Cava Syndrome - p. 402 578. 129. Syncope - p. 407 579. 130. Testicular Torsion - p. 409 580. 131. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome - p. 409 581. 132. Thrombocytopenia - p. 412 582. 133. Thrombocytosis - p. 412 583. 134. Thyroid Nodule - p. 412 584. 135. Thyroiditis - p. 412 585. 136. Tinnitus - p. 412 586. 137. Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) - p. 412 587. 138. Urethral Discharge - p. 412 588. 139. Urolithiasis - p. 412 589. 140. Urticaria - p. 412 590. 141. Vaginal Discharge - p. 412 591. 142. Vertigo - p. 412 592. 143. Viral Hepatitis - p. 412 593. 144. Weight Gain - p. 412 594. 145. Weight Loss, Involuntary - p. 412 595. Appendix I. General Guidelines for Ordering Computed Tomography - p. 427 596. Appendix II. General Guidelines for Ordering Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) - p. 429 597. Appendix III. General Guidelines for Ordering Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - p. 431 598. Index - p. 433
