For 40 years, Fischer’s Mastery of Surgery has provided expert, highly illustrated coverage of the procedures that general surgeons and trainees need to know. The fully revised eighth edition, under the editorial leadership of Drs. E. Christopher Ellison, Gilbert R. Upchurch Jr., Philip A. Efron, Steven D. Wexner, Nancy D. Perrier, V. Suzanne Klimberg, John H. Stewart IV, Valerie W. Rusch, Jon C. Gould, Susan Galandiuk, Timothy M. Pawlik, William C. Chapman, Benjamin K. Poulose, Peter K. Henke, Alicia M. Mohr, Saleem Islam, Anne M.R. Agur, Carol Scott-Conner, and David Renton continues the tradition of excellence with two full-color volumes that include the essentials of diagnosis, anatomy, and pre-operative planning while maintaining a focus on clear, step-by-step depictions and descriptions of procedures.
1. INTRODUCTION - p. 3 2. NEUROENDOCRINE CHANGES DURING TRAUMA AND INFECTION - p. 7 3. ROLE OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DURING TRAUMA AND INFECTION - p. 8 4. AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION - p. 8 5. ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ADRENERGIC STRESS - p. 8 6. OTHER NEUROENDOCRINE ALTERATIONS - p. 9 7. IMMUNE RESPONSE TO INJURY - p. 9 8. OUTCOMES - p. 11 9. CHAPTER 2: Perioperative Management: Practical Principles, Risk Determination and Future Directions - p. 13 10. INTRODUCTION - p. 13 11. GENERAL PRINCIPLES - p. 13 12. PERIOPERATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT - p. 13 13. A SYSTEM-BASED APPROACH TO PERIOPERATIVE EVALUATION - p. 15 14. SPECIAL POPULATIONS - p. 19 15. MEDICATION REVIEW - p. 23 16. FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 23 17. CHAPTER 3: Fluids, Electrolytes, and Renal Replacement Therapy - p. 25 18. INTRODUCTION - p. 25 19. TOTAL BODY WATER AND FLUID COMPOSITION (Fig. 3.1) - p. 25 20. ASSESSMENT OF FLUID STATUS - p. 26 21. INTRAVENOUS FLUIDS - p. 26 22. ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCES AND MANAGEMENT (FIGS. 3.2 AND 3.3) - p. 27 23. MANAGEMENT OF RENAL FAILURE: RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY AND DIALYSIS - p. 30 24. DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE - p. 31 25. PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF EARLY ACUTE RENAL FAILURE - p. 31 26. INDICATIONS FOR RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY - p. 31 27. RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY PRINCIPLES - p. 32 28. INTERMITTENT DIALYSIS (IHD) VERSUS CONTINUOUS RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY (CRRT) - p. 32 29. CHAPTER 4: Enteral Nutrition Support and Gastrointestinal Issues - p. 33 30. INTRODUCTION - p. 33 31. NUTRITION ASSESSMENT - p. 34 32. BIOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT - p. 35 33. METABOLIC RESPONSE TO STARVATION AND TO INJURY - p. 36 34. CALORIE AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS - p. 36 35. MACRONUTRIENTS: ABSORPTION AND UTILIZATION - p. 37 36. ENTERAL NUTRITION - p. 38 37. DISEASE-SPECIFIC FORMULATIONS AND ADDITIVES - p. 40 38. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE ELECTIVE PERIOPERATIVE SETTING - p. 41 39. SUMMARY - p. 42 40. CHAPTER 5: Respiratory Care and Ventilation in the Surgical ICU - p. 44 41. INTRODUCTION - p. 44 42. NORMAL PULMONARY PHYSIOLOGY - p. 44 43. IMPACT OF SURGICAL CARE ON PULMONARY FUNCTION - p. 44 44. RISK FACTORS FOR ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS OR ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE - p. 45 45. PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT FOR POSTOPERATIVE PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS - p. 46 46. PULMONARY PREHABILITATION FOR THE ELECTIVE SURGICAL PATIENT - p. 47 47. INTRAOPERATIVE MECHANICAL VENTILATION - p. 47 48. COMMON APPROACHES TO NONINVASIVE VENTILATION - p. 48 49. RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY DURING POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION - p. 49 50. VENTILATOR PRESCRIPTION ELEMENTS - p. 49 51. CONCLUSIONS - p. 60 52. CHAPTER 6: Cardiovascular Monitoring and Support - p. 62 53. INTRODUCTION - p. 62 54. CARDIOVASCULAR MONITORING - p. 62 55. CARDIOVASCULAR SUPPORT - p. 70 56. MECHANICAL VENTRICULAR ASSISTANCE - p. 72 57. CHAPTER 7: Best Practices in Endocrine Care in the Perioperative Period - p. 74 58. INTRODUCTION - p. 74 59. PINEAL GLAND - p. 74 60. HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY - p. 75 61. PARATHYROID - p. 76 62. THYROID GLAND - p. 77 63. ENDOCRINE PANCREAS - p. 78 64. THE ADRENAL GLAND - p. 80 65. CARCINOID SYNDROME AND OTHER FUNCTIONAL NEUROENDOCRINE TISSUE - p. 81 66. TESTIS AND OVARY - p. 81 67. THYMUS AND ADIPOSE TISSUE - p. 81 68. CHAPTER 8: Hemorrhagic Risk, Blood Components, and Anticoagulation/DVT Prophylaxis - p. 83 69. INTRODUCTION - p. 83 70. ACQUIRED COAGULOPATHY - p. 83 71. MEDICATION-INDUCED COAGULOPATHY - p. 84 72. WHOLE BLOOD TRANSFUSION - p. 87 73. PACKED RED BLOOD CELLS (PRBC) - p. 87 74. PLASMA - p. 88 75. CRYOPRECIPITATE - p. 88 76. PLATELETS - p. 88 77. TRANEXAMIC ACID - p. 89 78. TRANSFUSION-RELATED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION (TRIM) - p. 89 79. TRANSFUSION-RELATED ACUTE LUNG INJURY (TRALI) - p. 89 80. TRANSFUSION-ASSOCIATED CARDIAC OVERLOAD (TACO) - p. 89 81. CHAPTER 9: Perioperative Antimicrobial Prophylaxis, Treatment of Surgical Infection and Sepsis - p. 91 82. INTRODUCTION - p. 91 83. PREVENTION OF SURGICAL SITE INFECTION - p. 91 84. MANAGEMENT OF SEPSIS - p. 100 85. MANAGEMENT OF SURGICAL INFECTIONS - p. 100 86. COMPLICATED INTRA-ABDOMINAL SEPSIS - p. 100 87. SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS - p. 104 88. ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP - p. 106 89. CONCLUSION - p. 107 90. CHAPTER 10: Sedation and Delirium in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit - p. 109 91. INTRODUCTION - p. 109 92. ICU SEDATION AND AGITATION - p. 109 93. DELIRIUM - p. 112 94. SUMMARY - p. 115 95. CHAPTER 11: Acute Postoperative Pain Management - p. 117 96. INTRODUCTION - p. 117 97. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 117 98. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 118 99. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 118 100. THERAPY OPTIONS - p. 118 101. Multimodal THERAPY - p. 122 102. DISCHARGE - p. 123 103. SPECIAL POPULATIONS - p. 123 104. CONCLUSION - p. 123 105. CHAPTER 12: Surgeons and the Opioid Epidemic - p. e-1 106. INTRODUCTION - p. e-1 107. BRIEF HISTORY OF OPIOIDS - p. e-1 108. A REVOLUTION IN PHARMACEUTICAL ADVERTISING - p. e-2 109. MISCONSTRUED SCIENCE - p. e-2 110. PARADIGM CHANGE - p. e-2 111. A RAPID INCREASE IN PRESCRIPTION OPIOIDS - p. e-2 112. A MIDDLE-AMERICA PROBLEM - p. e-4 113. OPIOIDS AND THE SURGEON - p. e-4 114. APPROACHES TO PREVENTION - p. e-5 115. APPROACHES TO ADDICTION TREATMENT - p. e-7 116. HARM REDUCTIONS STRATEGIES - p. e-8 117. MULTIMODALITY ADDICTION STRATEGIES - p. e-8 118. MAINTAINING ABSTINENCE - p. e-8 119. FINAL DISCUSSION - p. e-8 120. CONCLUSION - p. e-9 121. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. e-9 122. CHAPTER 13: Surgery and Perioperative Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic - p. e-9 123. INTRODUCTION - p. e-9 124. PREADMISSION AND ADMISSION CONSIDERATIONS IN COVID-19 PANDEMIC - p. 125 125. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 125 126. INTRAOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS - p. 126 127. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 127 128. COST OF DELAY - p. 129 129. CHAPTER 14: Core Procedures in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit - p. 131 130. INTRODUCTION - p. 131 131. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 132 132. PREPROCEDURAL PLANNING AND EQUIPMENT - p. 132 133. TECHNIQUE - p. 132 134. COMPLICATIONS - p. 133 135. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 133 136. PREPROCEDURAL PLANNING AND EQUIPMENT - p. 133 137. TECHNIQUE - p. 134 138. COMPLICATIONS - p. 135 139. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 135 140. PREPROCEDURAL PLANNING AND EQUIPMENT - p. 135 141. TECHNIQUE - p. 136 142. COMPLICATIONS - p. 136 143. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 137 144. PREPROCEDURAL PLANNING AND EQUIPMENT - p. 137 145. TECHNIQUE - p. 137 146. COMPLICATIONS - p. 137 147. CHAPTER 15: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Venous Access, Subclavian and Internal Jugular Veins - p. 139 148. OVERVIEW OF VENOUS DRAINAGE OF NECK - p. 139 149. SUBCLAVIAN VEIN - p. 139 150. INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN - p. 140 151. SECTION II: Basic Surgical Skills and Emerging Technology - p. 140 152. CHAPTER 16: Laparoscopic Suturing and Stapling - p. 142 153. BACKGROUND - p. 143 154. LAPAROSCOPIC SUTURING INSTRUMENTS - p. 143 155. LAPAROSCOPIC SUTURING TECHNIQUES - p. 143 156. LAPAROSCOPIC STAPLING - p. 147 157. LAPAROSCOPIC SIMULATION AND TRAINING - p. 153 158. CONCLUSIONS - p. 153 159. CHAPTER 17: Ultrasonography by Surgeons - p. 155 160. INTRODUCTION - p. 155 161. INDICATIONS FOR INTRAOPERATIVE ULTRASOUND - p. 155 162. BASIC PHYSICS: THE PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT - p. 156 163. INSTRUMENTATION - p. 156 164. SCANNING TECHNIQUES - p. 157 165. OPEN ULTRASOUND - p. 161 166. LAPAROSCOPIC ULTRASOUND - p. 167 167. ROBOTIC ULTRASOUND - p. 168 168. ULTRASOUND-GUIDED PROCEDURES - p. 169 169. TRAINING IN SURGICAL ULTRASOUND - p. 171 170. CONCLUSIONS - p. 172 171. CHAPTER 18: Tumor Ablation: Technologies and Clinical Applications - p. 174 172. INTRODUCTION - p. 174 173. POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF TUMOR ABLATION - p. 174 174. TECHNOLOGIES USED FOR TUMOR ABLATION - p. 175 175. TUMOR ABLATION IN CLINICAL PRACTICE - p. 180 176. CONCLUSIONS - p. 184 177. CHAPTER 19: Upper and Lower Gastrointestinal Endoscopy - p. 186 178. INTRODUCTION - p. 186 179. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 186 180. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 186 181. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 191 182. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 192 183. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 192 184. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 196 185. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 197 186. OUTCOMES AND LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP - p. 197 187. NOVEL ENDOLUMINAL PLATFORMS AND ENDOROBOTICS - p. 197 188. CONCLUSION - p. 198 189. CHAPTER 20: Mastery Keys: Endoscopic Anatomy of Upper and Lower Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 201 190. ENDOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT - p. 201 191. ENDOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT - p. 203 192. CHAPTER 21: Robotic Surgery - p. 204 193. INTRODUCTION - p. 204 194. HISTORY OF MINIMAL INVASIVE SURGERY - p. 205 195. MIS AND ROBOTICS - p. 205 196. ROBOTIC PLATFORMS AND EVOLUTION - p. 205 197. THE DA VINCI SURGICAL SYSTEM - p. 205 198. EQUIPMENT FUNDAMENTALS - p. 207 199. EDUCATION AND SKILL ACQUISITION - p. 207 200. LIMITATIONS - p. 208 201. FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 208 202. CONCLUSION - p. 210 203. CHAPTER 22: Surgical Energy - p. 211 204. INTRODUCTION - p. 211 205. TYPES OF ENERGY IN THE OPERATING ROOM - p. 211 206. THE EIGHT REPRODUCIBLE PATTERNS OF ELECTROSURGICAL INJURY - p. 213 207. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 217 208. CONCLUSION - p. 219 209. CHAPTER 23: Telemedicine for Surgeons - p. 221 210. INTRODUCTION - p. 221 211. DEFINITION OF TELEMEDICINE - p. 221 212. DIFFERENT TYPES OF TELEMEDICINE - p. 221 213. ORIGINS OF TELEMEDICINE - p. 222 214. COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND ITS IMPACT ON TELEMEDICINE - p. 222 215. TECHNOLOGY BEHIND TELEMEDICINE - p. 223 216. THE VIRTUAL EXAMINATION - p. 224 217. CLINICAL LOGIC BEHIND SURGICAL TELEHEALTH - p. 224 218. USING TELEMEDICINE IN THE SURGICAL CARE CONTINUUM - p. 224 219. FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF TELEMEDICINE - p. 225 220. OPERATIONAL MODEL FOR SURGICAL TELEMEDICINE - p. 226 221. SURGICAL TELEMEDICINE IN A SERVICE LINE - p. 227 222. COLLABORATIVE TELEMEDICINE OPPORTUNITIES AMONG SURGEONS AND OTHER SPECIALTIES - p. 228 223. CRAFTING OUR SURGICAL TELEMEDICINE FUTURE - p. 228 224. CONCLUSION - p. 229 225. CHAPTER 24: Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality - p. 230 226. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE - p. 230 227. VIRTUAL REALITY - p. 237 228. FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 239 229. CHAPTER 25: Telepresence Surgery - p. 242 230. INTRODUCTION - p. 242 231. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 242 232. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING OF THE WORLD’S FIRST TELESURGERY - p. 243 233. THE SURGICAL TECHNIQUE OF OPERATION LINDBERGH - p. 244 234. POSTOPERATIVE CARE/COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 244 235. POST-LINDBERGH DEVELOPMENT OF TELESURGERY - p. 244 236. TELESURGERY BEYOND EARTH - p. 247 237. OUTLOOK - p. 247 238. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - p. 248 239. CHAPTER 26: An Effective Approach to Mastering Communication in Surgery - p. 249 240. KEY PRINCIPLES IN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION - p. 250 241. COMMUNICATION ACROSS THE SURGICAL PATHWAY - p. 251 242. TEAM COMMUNICATION - p. 252 243. CASE SCENARIOS - p. 252 244. TECHNIQUES ACROSS DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION PLATFORMS - p. 253 245. CHAPTER 27: Fluorescence Imaging - p. 255 246. INTRODUCTION - p. 255 247. EQUIPMENT - p. 255 248. SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS OF FLUORESCENCE TECHNOLOGY - p. 256 249. ENDOCRINE SURGERY - p. 262 250. SENTINEL LYMPH NODE IDENTIFICATION - p. 263 251. LYMPHATIC SURGERY - p. 263 252. FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS - p. 264 253. FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 265 254. CONCLUSIONS - p. 265 255. CHAPTER 28: Video-Based Education - p. 266 256. THE TRIPLE PARADIGM SHIFT - p. 266 257. BASIC CONCEPTS, MODALITIES, AND SOURCES FOR LEARNING - p. 267 258. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS, TOOLS AND REGULATION - p. 268 259. EVALUATION METHODS SPECIFIC TO VBE - p. 270 260. RESULTS TO DATE - p. 271 261. DIFFICULTIES FOR ITS INCLUSION IN TRAINING PROGRAMS - p. 271 262. LIABILITY AND OTHER MEDICO-LEGAL ASPECTS - p. 272 263. FUTURE TRENDS IN NON–FACE-TO-FACE SURGICAL EDUCATION - p. 272 264. CHAPTER 29: Deferred Live Surgery - p. 274 265. INTRODUCTION - p. 274 266. HISTORY - p. 274 267. LIVE SURGERY - p. 276 268. Synchronized Deferred Live (dLIVE) Surgery - p. 278 269. CHAPTER 30: Integrated Operating Room - p. 281 270. INTRODUCTION - p. 281 271. REVOLUTION OF MIS SURGERY—EMERGENCY OF “ENDOLAPAROSCOPIC” CONCEPT - p. 281 272. DEVELOPMENT OF MINIMALLY INVASIVE SUITE - p. 281 273. FUTURE TRENDS OF MIS SUITE - p. 283 274. CHAPTER 31: Regenerative Medicine in Surgery - p. 285 275. INTRODUCTION - p. 285 276. COLORECTAL SURGERY - p. 285 277. SOLID ABDOMINAL ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION - p. 288 278. INFLAMMATION-DRIVEN PATHOLOGY OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY - p. 290 279. ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY - p. 290 280. PLASTIC SURGERY - p. 290 281. LIMITATIONS OF CELL THERAPY - p. 291 282. CONCLUSION - p. 291 283. CHAPTER 32: Social Media as a Surgical Tool - p. 293 284. INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL MEDIA FOR SURGERY - p. 293 285. THE SOCIOLOGIC BASIS OF SOCIAL MEDIA - p. 293 286. HOW TO DETERMINE THE BEST PLATFORM FOR YOUR NEEDS - p. 294 287. CONNECTING AND ENGAGING WITH SURGEONS ON SOCIAL MEDIA - p. 297 288. MEASURING SOCIAL MEDIA IMPACT - p. 298 289. BENEFITS, RISKS, AND LIMITATIONS OF SOCIAL MEDIA - p. 299 290. SOCIAL MEDIA AS A TOOL FOR SURGICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING - p. 299 291. SOCIAL MEDIA FOR SURGICAL RESEARCH - p. 300 292. CONCLUSION - p. 301 293. CHAPTER 33: Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy and Pressurized Intraperitoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy - p. 302 294. INTRODUCTION - p. 302 295. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 302 296. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 303 297. MULTIMODAL THERAPY, INDICATIONS, AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 304 298. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 304 299. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 306 300. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 306 301. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 306 302. OUTCOMES - p. 307 303. CONCLUSIONS - p. 308 304. SECTION III: Endocrine Surgery - p. 309 305. Part A: Thyroid - p. 312 306. CHAPTER 34: Indications for Surgical Management of Thyroid Disease - p. 313 307. INTRODUCTION - p. 313 308. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 313 309. TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS - p. 313 310. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUBSTERNAL DISEASE - p. 314 311. INTRODUCTION - p. 315 312. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 316 313. SURGICAL MANAGMENT - p. 318 314. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 319 315. CHAPTER 35: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Thyroid Gland and Midline Neck Structures - p. 321 316. EXPOSURE - p. 321 317. THYROID GLAND - p. 321 318. VENOUS DRAINAGE - p. 324 319. ARTERIAL SUPPLY - p. 324 320. INNERVATION - p. 325 321. CHAPTER 36: Open Thyroidectomy - p. 327 322. INTRODUCTION - p. 327 323. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 327 324. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 327 325. PLANNING, POSITIONING, AND TOOLS - p. 327 326. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 328 327. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 332 328. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 332 329. OUTCOMES - p. 333 330. CHAPTER 37: Neck Dissection for Thyroid Cancer - p. 334 331. INTRODUCTION - p. 334 332. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 334 333. CONCLUSIONS - p. 339 334. CHAPTER 38: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Neck Dissection - p. 341 335. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF NECK - p. 341 336. ANATOMY OF NECK - p. 341 337. Part B: Parathyroid - p. 346 338. CHAPTER 39: Primary Hyperparathyroidism - p. 347 339. INTRODUCTION - p. 347 340. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 347 341. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS - p. 347 342. DIAGNOSIS - p. 348 343. RESPONSE TO SURGERY - p. 348 344. INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY - p. 349 345. IMAGING - p. 349 346. SURGICAL STRATEGY AND PRINCIPLES - p. 352 347. FAILURE AND OTHER SURGICAL RISKS - p. 355 348. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 357 349. CHAPTER 40: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Parathyroid Glands - p. 360 350. SUPERIOR PARATHYROID GLANDS - p. 361 351. INFERIOR PARATHYROID GLANDS - p. 361 352. CHAPTER 41: Minimally Invasive Parathyroidectomy - p. 362 353. INTRODUCTION - p. 362 354. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 362 355. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 362 356. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE AND ADJUNCTS - p. 364 357. CHALLENGING SITUATIONS - p. 367 358. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 368 359. OUTCOMES - p. 368 360. CHAPTER 42: Standard Cervical Exploration for Primary Hyperparathyroidism - p. 370 361. INTRODUCTION - p. 370 362. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 370 363. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 370 364. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 371 365. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 371 366. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 371 367. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 371 368. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 374 369. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 374 370. OUTCOMES - p. 374 371. CHAPTER 43: Secondary and Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism as a Consequence of End-Stage Renal Disease - p. 375 372. INTRODUCTION - p. 375 373. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 376 374. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 377 375. MULTIMODAL THERAPY/MEDICAL MANAGEMENT - p. 378 376. INDICATIONS FOR PARATHYROIDECTOMY - p. 378 377. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE/EXTENT OF SURGERY - p. 379 378. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE TECHNIQUE OF PARATHYROIDECTOMY IN PATIENTS WITH SHPT AND THPT - p. 380 379. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 380 380. CHAPTER 44: Parathyroid Carcinoma - p. 382 381. INTRODUCTION - p. 382 382. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 382 383. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 383 384. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 383 385. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 385 386. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 387 387. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 387 388. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 389 389. SPECIAL SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 391 390. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 392 391. OUTCOMES - p. 392 392. CONCLUSIONS - p. 393 393. Part C: Adrenal - p. 394 394. CHAPTER 45: Work Up of Adrenal Masses and Preoperative Management of Functional Adrenal Tumors - p. 394 395. INTRODUCTION - p. 394 396. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 394 397. DIAGNOSIS/PRESENTATION - p. 394 398. ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA - p. 395 399. BIOCHEMICAL EVALUATION - p. 395 400. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 395 401. IMAGING - p. 397 402. TUMOR SIZE - p. 398 403. SPECIFIC ADRENAL TUMORS - p. 398 404. GENETIC COUNSELING - p. 400 405. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 400 406. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 400 407. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 401 408. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 401 409. OUTCOMES - p. 401 410. CHAPTER 46: Minimally Invasive Adrenalectomy (Laparoscopic and Retroperitoneoscopic) - p. 403 411. INTRODUCTION - p. 403 412. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 403 413. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 403 414. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 403 415. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 404 416. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 404 417. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 405 418. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 411 419. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 411 420. OUTCOMES - p. 411 421. CHAPTER 47: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Adrenal Glands - p. 413 422. LEFT ADRENAL GLAND (FIGS. 47.4 TO 47.6) - p. 414 423. RIGHT ADRENAL GLAND (FIGS. 47.4 TO 47.6) - p. 415 424. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF LEFT AND RIGHT ADRENAL GLANDS - p. 416 425. CHAPTER 48: Robotic Adrenalectomy - p. 417 426. INTRODUCTION - p. 417 427. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 417 428. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 421 429. COMPARATIVE OUTCOMES BETWEEN ROBOTIC AND LAPAROSCOPIC ADRENALECTOMY - p. 423 430. CHAPTER 49: Open Adrenalectomy - p. 425 431. INTRODUCTION - p. 425 432. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 425 433. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 425 434. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 426 435. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 426 436. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 427 437. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 431 438. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 433 439. ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 433 440. OUTCOMES - p. 434 441. SECTION IV: Breast - p. 435 442. CHAPTER 50: Mastery of Benign Disease and Breast Pain - p. 438 443. INTRODUCTION - p. 439 444. PERCUTANEOUS CORE NEEDLE BIOPSY AND CONCORDANCE - p. 439 445. BENIGN BREAST LESIONS—HISTOPATHOLOGY, MANAGEMENT AFTER CORE NEEDLE BIOPSY, AND LONG-TERM RISKS FOR BREAST CANCER DEVELOPMENT - p. 439 446. FAT NECROSIS - p. 442 447. SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NONPROLIFERATIVE LESIONS (Table 50.1) - p. 443 448. SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROLIFERATIVE LESIONS WITHOUT ATYPIA (Table 50.1) - p. 444 449. SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ATYPICAL LESIONS (Table 50.1) - p. 445 450. CHAPTER 51: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Breast - p. 448 451. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF BREAST (Fig. 51.2A,B) - p. 448 452. BLOOD SUPPLY OF BREAST (Fig. 51.2C) - p. 448 453. NIPPLE–AREOLAR COMPLEX (Fig. 51.1) - p. 449 454. INNERVATION - p. 449 455. BLOOD SUPPLY OF NIPPLE AREOLAR COMPLEX (Fig. 51.2C) - p. 449 456. MALE BREAST - p. 449 457. CHAPTER 52: Diagnostic Approach to Breast Abnormalities - p. 450 458. INTRODUCTION - p. 450 459. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 450 460. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SCREENING - p. 450 461. MULTIMODALITY IMAGING - p. 451 462. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 457 463. POSTOPERATIVE BIOPSY CARE - p. 461 464. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 462 465. OUTCOMES - p. 463 466. CHAPTER 53: Breast-Conserving Therapy - p. 465 467. INTRODUCTION - p. 465 468. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 466 469. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 467 470. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 468 471. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 470 472. COMPLICATIONS - p. 470 473. OUTCOMES - p. 471 474. SUMMARY - p. 471 475. CHAPTER 54: Postoperative Radiation Treatment for Management of Breast Cancer - p. 473 476. INTRODUCTION - p. 473 477. INDICATIONS - p. 473 478. RADIATION PLANNING - p. 473 479. RADIATION TECHNIQUES - p. 474 480. PARTIAL BREAST IRRADIATION - p. 475 481. CONCLUSIONS - p. 480 482. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. 480 483. CHAPTER 55: Ablative Techniques for Benign and Malignant Breast Tumors - p. 481 484. INTRODUCTION - p. 481 485. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 482 486. PREABLATION PLANNING - p. 482 487. ABLATIVE TECHNIQUES AND OUTCOMES - p. 483 488. RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION - p. 484 489. OUTCOMES - p. 484 490. CRYOABLATION - p. 487 491. OUTCOMES - p. 487 492. INTERSTITIAL LASER THERAPY - p. 488 493. OUTCOMES - p. 488 494. MICROWAVE ABLATION - p. 489 495. OUTCOMES - p. 490 496. HIGH-INTENSITY FOCUSED ULTRASOUND ABLATION - p. 492 497. OUTCOMES - p. 492 498. IRREVERSIBLE ELECTROPORATION - p. 493 499. OUTCOMES - p. 493 500. SUMMARY - p. 493 501. CHAPTER 56: Treatment of the Axilla - p. 494 502. INTRODUCTION - p. 494 503. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 494 504. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 495 505. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 495 506. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 496 507. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 497 508. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 497 509. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 500 510. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 500 511. OUTCOMES - p. 500 512. CHAPTER 57: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Axilla and Pectoral Region - p. 504 513. AXILLA - p. 504 514. REGIONAL FASCIA - p. 504 515. MUSCLES - p. 505 516. NERVES - p. 505 517. ARTERIES AND VEINS - p. 507 518. LYMPH NODES (Fig. 57.5) - p. 508 519. CHAPTER 58: Lymphedema—Pathophysiology, Prevention, and Treatment - p. 509 520. INTRODUCTION - p. 509 521. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 509 522. RISK FACTORS - p. 511 523. DIAGNOSING LYMPHEDEMA - p. 512 524. STAGING AND EARLY DETECTION - p. 513 525. PREVENTION - p. 514 526. TREATMENT - p. 517 527. CHAPTER 59: Simple, Modified, and Radical Mastectomy - p. 523 528. INTRODUCTION - p. 523 529. INDICATIONS - p. 523 530. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 524 531. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: SIMPLE (TOTAL) MASTECTOMY - p. 524 532. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: MODIFIED RADICAL MASTECTOMY - p. 526 533. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: RADICAL MASTECTOMY - p. 527 534. MARGINS AFTER MASTECTOMY - p. 528 535. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 528 536. CHAPTER 60: Oncoplastic Techniques for Breast Cancer - p. 536 537. INTRODUCTION - p. 536 538. CLASSIFICATION OF TECHNIQUES - p. 536 539. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS IN THE SELECTION OF PATIENTS - p. 537 540. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 537 541. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 537 542. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 546 543. OUTCOMES - p. 546 544. TRAINING IN OPS - p. 547 545. CONCLUSION - p. 547 546. CHAPTER 61: Breast Reconstruction Following Mastectomy - p. 549 547. INTRODUCTION - p. 549 548. INDICATIONS - p. 549 549. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 549 550. PARTIAL MASTECTOMY/LUMPECTOMY - p. 550 551. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 550 552. TISSUE EXPANSION/IMPLANTS - p. 550 553. RECONSTRUCTION WITH ACELLULAR DERMAL MATRIX - p. 550 554. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR TISSUE EXPANDER/ACELLULAR DERMAL MATRIX - p. 550 555. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE OF MYOCUTANEOUS FLAPS - p. 551 556. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE OF THE LATISSIMUS FLAP - p. 551 557. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE OF THE THORACOEPIGASTRIC FLAP - p. 552 558. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE OF THE TRANSVERSE RECTUS ABDOMINIS MYOCUTANEOUS FLAP - p. 553 559. ONCOPLASTIC SURGERY - p. 554 560. RECONSTRUCTION WITH FAT GRAFTING - p. 555 561. CONTRALATERAL BREAST CONSIDERATIONS - p. 555 562. REDUCTION MAMMAPLASTY AND MASTOPEXY SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 555 563. NIPPLE RECONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE - p. 557 564. COMPLICATIONS - p. 558 565. TIMING OF BREAST RECONSTRUCTION - p. 558 566. CONCLUSIONS - p. 558 567. CHAPTER 62: Salvage Surgery for Recurrent/Advanced Carcinoma of the Breast - p. 559 568. INTRODUCTION - p. 559 569. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 560 570. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 560 571. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 561 572. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 562 573. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 565 574. COMPLICATIONS - p. 566 575. OUTCOMES - p. 566 576. CONCLUSION - p. 566 577. CHAPTER 63: Clinical Trials and Follow-up in Breast Cancer - p. 568 578. INTRODUCTION - p. 568 579. BREAST SURGERY - p. 568 580. MARGINS - p. 569 581. RADIATION TRIALS - p. 569 582. NONINVASIVE (DCIS) BREAST CANCER - p. 570 583. AXILLARY SURGERY - p. 571 584. SYSTEMIC CONSIDERATIONS - p. 574 585. TUMOR GENOMICS - p. 574 586. CONCLUSION - p. 575 587. CHAPTER 64: Management of Breast Cancer in Special Presentations - p. 576 588. INTRODUCTION - p. 576 589. BREAST CANCER IN PREGNANCY AND LACTATION - p. 576 590. BREAST CANCER IN MEN - p. 577 591. AXILLARY LYMPHADENOPATHY WITH UNKNOWN PRIMARY - p. 578 592. INFLAMMATORY BREAST CANCER - p. 579 593. METAPLASTIC BREAST CANCER - p. 579 594. PAGET’S DISEASE - p. 581 595. BILATERAL BREAST CANCER - p. 581 596. BREAST SARCOMA/ANGIOSARCOMA - p. 583 597. PHYLLODES TUMORS - p. 583 598. CHAPTER 65: Quality Measure and Outcomes in Breast Cancer - p. 585 599. INTRODUCTION - p. 585 600. THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY (ASCO) - p. 585 601. AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS NATIONAL SURGICAL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT DATABASE PROGRAM - p. 585 602. COMMISSION ON CANCER - p. 585 603. AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS AND COMMISSION ON CANCER OPERATIVE STANDARDS AND SYNOPTIC OPERATIVE REPORTING - p. 585 604. CONCLUSION - p. 586 605. CHAPTER 66: Molecular Staging and Its Implication in Treating Breast Cancer - p. 588 606. INTRODUCTION - p. 588 607. STAGING OF BREAST CANCER–DEFINING PROGNOSIS AND TREATMENT - p. 588 608. LIMITATIONS OF ANATOMIC BREAST CANCER STAGING - p. 590 609. BREAST CANCER AS A FAMILY OF SEPARATE CANCER TYPES - p. 590 610. BREAST CANCER SUBTYPES - p. 591 611. INCORPORATION OF MOLECULAR/NONANATOMIC FACTORS IN CANCER STAGING - p. 591 612. PROGNOSTIC STAGING: THE AJCC APPROACH TO TNM STAGING - p. 591 613. OTHER KEY ISSUES WITH PROGNOSTIC STAGING - p. 592 614. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 594 615. SECTION V: Melanoma and Soft Tissue Tumors - p. 596 616. Part A: Cutaneous Lesions - p. 596 617. CHAPTER 67: Workup of Suspicious Cutaneous Lesions to Melanoma and Soft Tissue Tumors - p. 599 618. INTRODUCTION - p. 599 619. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 600 620. CHAPTER 68: Malignant Melanoma - p. 605 621. INTRODUCTION - p. 605 622. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 605 623. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 605 624. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY—SURGERY - p. 606 625. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY—ADJUVANT THERAPY FOR STAGE II AND III MELANOMA - p. 609 626. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY—NEOADJUVANT THERAPY FOR STAGE III AND IV MELANOMA - p. 610 627. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY—SYSTEMIC THERAPY FOR STAGE III AND IV MELANOMA - p. 611 628. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY—REGIONAL CHEMOTHERAPY FOR IN-TRANSIT DISEASE - p. 612 629. OUTCOMES AND SPECIAL SITUATIONS - p. 613 630. MELANOMA OF UNKNOWN PRIMARY - p. 613 631. MELANOMA ARISING IN PREGNANCY - p. 614 632. DESMOPLASTIC MELANOMA - p. 614 633. HEAD AND NECK MELANOMA INCLUDING LENTIGO MALIGNA - p. 614 634. HAND AND FOOT MELANOMA - p. 614 635. PEDIATRIC MELANOMA AND ATYPICAL SPITZOID TUMORS - p. 615 636. ANAL MELANOMA - p. 616 637. CHAPTER 69: Merkel Cell Cancer - p. 617 638. INTRODUCTION - p. 617 639. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 617 640. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 617 641. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 618 642. ADJUVANT AND NEOADJUVANT OPTIONS - p. 618 643. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 619 644. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 619 645. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 619 646. OUTCOMES - p. 620 647. CHAPTER 70: Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma - p. 621 648. INTRODUCTION - p. 621 649. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 621 650. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 623 651. TREATMENT - p. 624 652. LOCAL TUMOR DESTRUCTION - p. 624 653. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 625 654. ADVANCED DISEASE - p. 626 655. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 627 656. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 627 657. OUTCOMES - p. 628 658. CHAPTER 71: Basal Cell Carcinoma - p. 629 659. INTRODUCTION - p. 629 660. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 629 661. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 630 662. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 631 663. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 633 664. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 633 665. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 633 666. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 633 667. OUTCOMES - p. 634 668. Part B: Soft Tissue Sarcomas - p. 635 669. CHAPTER 72: Extremity Sarcomas - p. 636 670. INTRODUCTION - p. 636 671. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 636 672. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 637 673. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 638 674. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 641 675. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 641 676. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 641 677. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 642 678. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 643 679. OUTCOMES - p. 644 680. CHAPTER 73: Retroperitoneal Sarcoma - p. 645 681. INTRODUCTION - p. 645 682. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 645 683. CLINICAL PRESENTATION/DIAGNOSIS - p. 647 684. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 649 685. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 651 686. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 651 687. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 652 688. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 654 689. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 654 690. OUTCOMES - p. 655 691. SUMMARY - p. 656 692. Part C: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - p. 656 693. CHAPTER 74: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery for Melanoma and Soft Tissue Tumors - p. 657 694. INTRODUCTION - p. 657 695. HEALING BY SECONDARY INTENT - p. 657 696. PRIMARY CLOSURE - p. 657 697. SKIN GRAFTS - p. 658 698. SKIN SUBSTITUTES - p. 658 699. FLAPS - p. 659 700. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 670 701. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 670 702. OUTCOMES - p. 670 703. Part D: Lymph Node Dissections - p. 671 704. CHAPTER 75: Management of the Inguinal Lymph Node Basin for Melanoma - p. 672 705. INTRODUCTION - p. 672 706. SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY - p. 672 707. COMPLETION INGUINAL LYMPH NODE DISSECTION - p. 672 708. THERAPEUTIC LYMPH NODE DISSECTION - p. 672 709. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 673 710. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 673 711. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 675 712. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 676 713. OUTCOMES - p. 676 714. LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP - p. 677 715. CHAPTER 76: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Inguinal Lymph Node Dissection - p. 678 716. SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL NODES (Fig. 76.1) - p. 678 717. DEEP INGUINAL NODES (FIGS. 76.1 AND 76.2B) - p. 678 718. Relationships of Lymph Nodes to Surrounding Structures - p. 679 719. SECTION VI: CHEST WALL, ESOPHAGEAL CANCER, LUNG, AND MEDIASTINUM - p. 680 720. CHAPTER 77: Airway Procedures - p. 683 721. INTRODUCTION - p. 683 722. BASIC PRINCIPLES - p. 683 723. THE SCOPES - p. 683 724. EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS - p. 688 725. AIRWAY PROCEDURES - p. 693 726. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES - p. 696 727. CHAPTER 78: Mastery Keys: Bronchoscopic Anatomy of Tracheobronchial Tree - p. 699 728. Right Bronchial Tree (Fig. 78.2) - p. 699 729. Left Bronchial Tree (Fig. 78.2) - p. 699 730. Bronchopulmonary Segments (Fig. 78.2) - p. 700 731. CHAPTER 79: Resection and Reconstruction of the Trachea - p. 701 732. INTRODUCTION - p. 701 733. ETIOLOGY - p. 701 734. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 701 735. INDICATIONS FOR TRACHEAL SURGERY - p. 701 736. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 701 737. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 701 738. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 713 739. COMPLICATIONS OF TRACHEAL RESECTIONS - p. 713 740. OUTCOMES - p. 713 741. CHAPTER 80: Chest Wall Resection and Reconstruction - p. 715 742. INTRODUCTION - p. 715 743. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 715 744. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 716 745. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 716 746. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR RESECTION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF THE BONY CHEST WALL - p. 717 747. COMPLICATIONS OF BONY CHEST WALL RESECTION AND RECONSTRUCTION AND THEIR MANAGEMENT - p. 725 748. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR SOFT TISSUE RECONSTRUCTION - p. 726 749. COMPLICATIONS OF SOFT TISSUE RECONSTRUCTION AND THEIR MANAGEMENT - p. 731 750. OUTCOMES - p. 732 751. CHAPTER 81: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Chest Wall - p. 734 752. SKELETON OF THORACIC WALL (Fig. 81.1) - p. 734 753. INTRINSIC MUSCULATURE (Fig. 81.2) - p. 735 754. EXTRINSIC MUSCULATURE (FIGS. 81.3 TO 81.5) - p. 736 755. NERVES OF THORACIC WALL (Fig. 81.6) - p. 737 756. VASCULATURE OF THORAX (FIGS. 81.2, 81.6, AND 81.7) - p. 738 757. DIAPHRAGM (Fig. 81.8) - p. 740 758. CHAPTER 82: Pulmonary Resection - p. 741 759. INTRODUCTION - p. 741 760. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 742 761. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS - p. 750 762. CHAPTER 83: Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS) Resection - p. 751 763. INTRODUCTION - p. 751 764. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 752 765. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 752 766. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 757 767. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 757 768. OUTCOMES - p. 758 769. CHAPTER 84: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Lungs - p. 760 770. CHAPTER 85: Robotic-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery and Resection - p. 766 771. INTRODUCTION - p. 766 772. INDICATIONS - p. 769 773. CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 769 774. PREOPERATIVE AND INTRAOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 769 775. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 770 776. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 774 777. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 774 778. OUTCOMES - p. 775 779. FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 775 780. CONCLUSION - p. 775 781. CHAPTER 86: Open Procedures for Esophagectomy - p. 776 782. INTRODUCTION - p. 776 783. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 777 784. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 777 785. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 777 786. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 777 787. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 777 788. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 778 789. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 788 790. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 788 791. OUTCOMES AND FOLLOW-UP - p. 790 792. CHAPTER 87: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Thoracic and Abdominal Esophagus - p. 791 793. ARTERIAL SUPPLY (Fig. 87.3) - p. 793 794. VENOUS DRAINAGE - p. 793 795. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE (Fig. 87.1B) - p. 793 796. INNERVATION (Fig. 87.2B) - p. 793 797. CHAPTER 88: Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy - p. 794 798. INTRODUCTION - p. 794 799. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ESOPHAGEAL CANCER - p. 794 800. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 794 801. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 794 802. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 794 803. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 794 804. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 794 805. CHAPTER 89: Esophageal Cancer: Robotic-Assisted Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy - p. 801 806. INTRODUCTION - p. 801 807. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 801 808. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 801 809. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 801 810. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 806 811. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 806 812. OUTCOMES - p. 807 813. CHAPTER 90: Transhiatal Esophagectomy - p. 808 814. INTRODUCTION - p. 808 815. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 808 816. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 808 817. PATIENT SELECTION AND PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION - p. 810 818. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 810 819. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 822 820. COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT - p. 822 821. OUTCOMES - p. 826 822. CHAPTER 91: The Management of Pleural Disease - p. 829 823. ANATOMY - p. 829 824. PLEURAL EFFUSION - p. 829 825. DIAGNOSIS - p. 829 826. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 833 827. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 834 828. PNEUMOTHORAX - p. 839 829. PRIMARY SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX - p. 839 830. SECONDARY SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX - p. 840 831. TRAUMATIC PNEUMOTHORAX - p. 841 832. TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX - p. 841 833. PLEURAL MESOTHELIOMA - p. 842 834. PATHOGENESIS - p. 842 835. HISTOLOGY - p. 842 836. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 843 837. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 843 838. TREATMENT - p. 844 839. CHAPTER 92: Management of Mediastinal Masses - p. 848 840. INTRODUCTION - p. 848 841. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION: GENERAL PRINCIPLES - p. 849 842. ANTERIOR MEDIASTINAL MASSES - p. 850 843. CHAPTER 93: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Mediastinum (Noncardiac) - p. 858 844. SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM (Fig. 93.2) - p. 858 845. GREAT VESSELS (FIGS. 93.2, 93.3 AND 93.6) - p. 858 846. ANTERIOR MEDIASTINUM (Fig. 93.1) - p. 861 847. MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM (FIGS. 93.3 AND 93.5) - p. 862 848. POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM - p. 864 849. SECTION VII: BENIGN FOREGUT AND STOMACH - p. 866 850. Part A: The Esophagus - p. 867 851. CHAPTER 94: Minimally Invasive Antireflux Surgery—Fundoplication - p. 869 852. INTRODUCTION - p. 869 853. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 869 854. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 870 855. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 871 856. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 872 857. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 873 858. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 875 859. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 884 860. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 885 861. OUTCOMES - p. 885 862. CHAPTER 95: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Diaphragm - p. 889 863. CHAPTER 96: Minimally Invasive Paraesophageal Hernia Repair - p. 892 864. INTRODUCTION - p. 892 865. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 892 866. DIAGNOSIS - p. 893 867. INDICATION FOR TREATMENT - p. 894 868. PRINCIPLES OF REPAIR - p. 894 869. SURGICAL ANATOMY - p. 894 870. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 894 871. CONCLUDING THE OPERATION - p. 900 872. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 900 873. OUTCOMES - p. 900 874. CHAPTER 97: Endoluminal Therapies for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease - p. 902 875. INTRODUCTION - p. 902 876. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 902 877. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 902 878. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY - p. 903 879. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 903 880. RADIO FREQUENCY ENERGY APPLICATION TO THE LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (STRETTA) - p. 903 881. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 903 882. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND COMPLICATIONS - p. 903 883. OUTCOMES - p. 903 884. TRANSORAL INCISIONLESS FUNDOPLICATION (ESOPHYX) - p. 904 885. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 904 886. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND COMPLICATIONS - p. 904 887. OUTCOMES - p. 904 888. ANTIREFLUX MUCOSAL INTERVENTIONS - p. 905 889. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 905 890. OUTCOMES - p. 905 891. SUMMARY - p. 906 892. CHAPTER 98: Revisional Operations for Fundoplication Failure - p. 908 893. INTRODUCTION - p. 908 894. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 908 895. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 909 896. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 911 897. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 911 898. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 911 899. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 918 900. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 918 901. OUTCOMES - p. 919 902. CHAPTER 99: Magnetic Sphincter Augmentation for GERD - p. 920 903. INTRODUCTION - p. 920 904. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 921 905. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 922 906. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 924 907. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 925 908. COMPLICATIONS - p. 925 909. OUTCOMES - p. 927 910. CHAPTER 100: Nissen–Rossetti Antireflux Fundoplication (Open Procedure) - p. e-10 911. INDICATIONS - p. e-10 912. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. e-10 913. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. e-11 914. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. e-14 915. TECHNIQUE FOR LARGE HIATAL HERNIA - p. e-14 916. ADDITIONAL PROCEDURES - p. e-15 917. REOPERATIVE SURGERY - p. e-15 918. COMPLICATIONS - p. e-15 919. OUTCOMES - p. e-16 920. CONCLUSIONS - p. e-16 921. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. e-16 922. CHAPTER 101: Modified Hill Repair for Gastroesophageal Reflux - p. e-18 923. INDICATIONS AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. e-19 924. OPEN HILL OPERATION: SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. e-21 925. RESULTS - p. e-23 926. LAPAROSCOPIC HILL OPERATION: SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. e-26 927. DISCUSSION - p. e-27 928. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. e-27 929. CHAPTER 102: Minimally Invasive Treatment of Achalasia and Other Esophageal Dysmotility - p. 931 930. INTRODUCTION - p. 931 931. ETIOLOGY/PHYSIOLOGY - p. 931 932. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 932 933. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 935 934. HELLER MYOTOMY: INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 936 935. PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION - p. 937 936. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 937 937. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 941 938. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 941 939. OUTCOMES - p. 942 940. OTHER ESOPHAGEAL MOTILITY DISORDERS - p. 943 941. HYPERTENSIVE LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER - p. 943 942. CONCLUSION - p. 944 943. CHAPTER 103: Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy for Achalasia - p. 945 944. INTRODUCTION - p. 945 945. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 946 946. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 946 947. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 946 948. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 949 949. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 949 950. OUTCOMES - p. 950 951. CONCLUSION - p. 951 952. Part B: The Stomach and Duodenum - p. 953 953. CHAPTER 104: Pathology and Treatment of Zenker Diverticulum - p. 953 954. INTRODUCTION - p. 953 955. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 953 956. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 953 957. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS/PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 954 958. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 954 959. COMPLICATIONS - p. 956 960. CHAPTER 105: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Cervical Esophagus - p. 959 961. CHAPTER 106: Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy - p. 960 962. INTRODUCTION - p. 960 963. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 960 964. TECHNIQUE - p. 960 965. POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS - p. 962 966. EXPANDED APPLICATIONS OF PEG TECHNIQUE - p. 964 967. CONCLUSION - p. 964 968. CHAPTER 107: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Stomach - p. 966 969. VASCULATURE (Fig. 107.4) - p. 968 970. INNERVATION - p. 970 971. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE - p. 971 972. CHAPTER 108: Surgical Management of Gastroparesis - p. 971 973. INTRODUCTION - p. 971 974. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 971 975. CLINICAL PRESENTATION/DIAGNOSIS - p. 971 976. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 972 977. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 972 978. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 973 979. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 976 980. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 976 981. OUTCOMES - p. 977 982. CONCLUSION - p. 978 983. CHAPTER 109: Endoscopic Management of Gastroparesis - p. 979 984. INTRODUCTION - p. 979 985. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 979 986. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 980 987. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 981 988. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 981 989. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 981 990. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 982 991. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 983 992. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 984 993. OUTCOMES - p. 984 994. CHAPTER 110: Selective and Nonselective Vagotomies - p. e-29 995. INTRODUCTION - p. e-29 996. INDICATIONS - p. e-29 997. ANATOMY - p. e-29 998. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. e-30 999. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. e-35 1000. COMPLICATIONS - p. e-35 1001. OUTCOMES - p. e-35 1002. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. e-35 1003. CHAPTER 111: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Vagus Nerve - p. 986 1004. NECK (Fig. 111.2) - p. 986 1005. THORAX - p. 987 1006. ABDOMEN - p. 989 1007. CHAPTER 112: Distal Gastrectomy: Open and Minimally Invasive Techniques - p. 990 1008. INTRODUCTION - p. 990 1009. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 990 1010. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 990 1011. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 990 1012. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 991 1013. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 991 1014. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 992 1015. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 993 1016. CHAPTER 113: Gastric Cancer - p. 995 1017. INTRODUCTION - p. 995 1018. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 995 1019. STAGING - p. 996 1020. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 997 1021. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 998 1022. SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 998 1023. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1001 1024. RECONSTRUCTION - p. 1005 1025. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1007 1026. COMPLICATIONS - p. 1008 1027. OUTCOMES - p. 1009 1028. CHAPTER 114: Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors - p. 1011 1029. INTRODUCTION - p. 1011 1030. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1011 1031. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1012 1032. STAGING - p. 1012 1033. RISK STRATIFICATION - p. 1012 1034. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1012 1035. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1013 1036. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1016 1037. OUTCOMES - p. 1016 1038. CHAPTER 115: Postgastrectomy Syndromes and Related Bariatric Problems in the Current Era - p. 1018 1039. INTRODUCTION - p. 1018 1040. GENERAL REVIEW OF RELEVANT OPERATIONS - p. 1018 1041. CHAPTER 116: Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome - p. 1039 1042. INTRODUCTION - p. 1039 1043. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1039 1044. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1040 1045. MANAGEMENT - p. 1041 1046. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1041 1047. OUTCOMES - p. 1044 1048. Part C: Bariatric and Metabolic Diseases - p. 1047 1049. CHAPTER 117: Diabetes and Other Metabolic Diseases - p. 1047 1050. INTRODUCTION - p. 1047 1051. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1047 1052. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1048 1053. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1048 1054. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1048 1055. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1048 1056. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1049 1057. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1049 1058. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1050 1059. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1053 1060. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1053 1061. OUTCOMES - p. 1055 1062. CONCLUSIONS - p. 1056 1063. CHAPTER 118: Minimally Invasive Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass - p. 1057 1064. INTRODUCTION - p. 1057 1065. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1058 1066. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1058 1067. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1059 1068. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1059 1069. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1065 1070. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1065 1071. OUTCOMES - p. 1065 1072. CONCLUSIONS - p. 1065 1073. CHAPTER 119: Minimally Invasive Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy - p. 1067 1074. INTRODUCTION - p. 1067 1075. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1067 1076. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1068 1077. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1068 1078. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1070 1079. COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT - p. 1070 1080. OUTCOMES - p. 1072 1081. CHAPTER 120: The Laparoscopic Gastric Band Technique of Placement - p. 1074 1082. INTRODUCTION - p. 1074 1083. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1074 1084. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1074 1085. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1077 1086. COMPLICATIONS - p. 1078 1087. OUTCOMES - p. 1078 1088. CHAPTER 121: Laparoscopic Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch - p. 1079 1089. INTRODUCTION - p. 1079 1090. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1080 1091. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1081 1092. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1085 1093. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1085 1094. OUTCOMES - p. 1086 1095. CHAPTER 122: Endoscopic Primary Bariatric Therapies - p. 1090 1096. INTRODUCTION - p. 1090 1097. ENDOLUMINAL SPACE-OCCUPYING DEVICES - p. 1090 1098. RESTRICTIVE THERAPY - p. 1097 1099. MALABSORPTIVE THERAPY - p. 1100 1100. CONCLUSION - p. 1102 1101. CHAPTER 123: Management of Acute Complications of Bariatric Surgery - p. 1109 1102. INTRODUCTION - p. 1109 1103. COMPLICATIONS AFTER SLEEVE GASTRECTOMY - p. 1109 1104. COMPLICATIONS AFTER ROUX-EN-Y GASTRIC BYPASS - p. 1111 1105. COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING LAPAROSCOPIC ADJUSTABLE GASTRIC BANDING PROCEDURES - p. 1116 1106. CONCLUSION - p. 1116 1107. CHAPTER 124: Revisional Bariatric Surgery - p. 1118 1108. INTRODUCTION - p. 1118 1109. ETIOLOGY/PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1118 1110. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1126 1111. OUTCOMES - p. 1126 1112. CHAPTER 125: Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome (MALS) - p. 1128 1113. INTRODUCTION - p. 1128 1114. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1128 1115. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1128 1116. RADIOLOGIC STUDIES - p. 1128 1117. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1130 1118. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1130 1119. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1130 1120. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1131 1121. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1132 1122. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1132 1123. OUTCOMES - p. 1134 1124. SECTION VIII: Colon and Rectal Surgery - p. 1137 1125. Part A: Small Intestine - p. 1138 1126. CHAPTER 126: Clinical Anatomy for Procedures Involving the Small Bowel, Colon, Rectum, and Anus - p. 1139 1127. INTRODUCTION - p. 1139 1128. SMALL BOWEL ANATOMY FOR COLORECTAL PROCEDURES - p. 1139 1129. CECUM AND APPENDIX - p. 1140 1130. ASCENDING COLON - p. 1142 1131. TRANSVERSE COLON - p. 1142 1132. DESCENDING COLON - p. 1143 1133. SIGMOID COLON - p. 1144 1134. BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE COLON - p. 1144 1135. LYMPHOID DRAINAGE AND INNERVATION OF THE COLON - p. 1146 1136. THE URETERS - p. 1146 1137. OMENTUM - p. 1146 1138. RECTUM - p. 1147 1139. ANUS - p. 1149 1140. ANORECTAL BLOOD SUPPLY - p. 1150 1141. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF THE ANORECTUM - p. 1150 1142. INNERVATION OF THE ANORECTUM - p. 1151 1143. CHAPTER 127: Small Bowel Obstruction after Total Colectomy - p. 1153 1144. INTRODUCTION - p. 1153 1145. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1153 1146. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1153 1147. CONSERVATIVE THERAPY - p. 1155 1148. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1155 1149. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1156 1150. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1157 1151. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1159 1152. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1160 1153. OUTCOMES - p. 1160 1154. CHAPTER 128: The Continent Ileostomy - p. e-38 1155. INTRODUCTION - p. e-38 1156. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE - p. e-38 1157. CURRENT INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. e-38 1158. THE OPERATION - p. e-38 1159. POSTOPERATIVE AND POSTHOSPITALIZATION CARE - p. e-40 1160. RESULTS - p. e-41 1161. REVISIONAL SURGERY - p. e-41 1162. POUCHITIS SYNDROME - p. e-43 1163. QUALITY OF LIFE - p. e-43 1164. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. e-43 1165. CHAPTER 129: Technique of Ileostomy Construction and Closure - p. 1162 1166. INTRODUCTION - p. 1162 1167. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1162 1168. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1163 1169. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1164 1170. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1169 1171. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 1169 1172. ILEOSTOMY CLOSURE - p. 1172 1173. CHAPTER 130: Gastrointestinal-Cutaneous Fistulas - p. 1175 1174. INTRODUCTION - p. 1175 1175. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1175 1176. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1176 1177. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1176 1178. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1179 1179. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1179 1180. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1180 1181. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1181 1182. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1181 1183. OUTCOMES - p. 1181 1184. CHAPTER 131: Surgical Treatment of Small Bowel Crohn Disease - p. 1183 1185. INTRODUCTION - p. 1183 1186. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1183 1187. CLINICAL PRESENTATION/DIAGNOSIS - p. 1184 1188. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1185 1189. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1186 1190. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1188 1191. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1191 1192. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1192 1193. OUTCOMES - p. 1192 1194. CONCLUSIONS - p. 1192 1195. CHAPTER 132: Neuroendocrine and Other Tumors - p. 1194 1196. INTRODUCTION - p. 1194 1197. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1194 1198. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1194 1199. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1194 1200. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1195 1201. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1195 1202. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1196 1203. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1197 1204. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 1197 1205. OUTCOMES - p. 1197 1206. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1197 1207. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1198 1208. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1198 1209. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1198 1210. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1199 1211. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1199 1212. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1199 1213. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 1200 1214. OUTCOMES - p. 1200 1215. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1200 1216. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1200 1217. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1200 1218. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1201 1219. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1201 1220. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1201 1221. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1202 1222. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 1202 1223. OUTCOMES - p. 1202 1224. CHAPTER 133: Management of the Patient with Intestinal Failure - p. 1203 1225. INTRODUCTION - p. 1203 1226. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1203 1227. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1204 1228. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1204 1229. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1207 1230. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1207 1231. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1208 1232. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1208 1233. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1208 1234. OUTCOMES - p. 1209 1235. Part B: Colon, Rectum, Anus - p. 1211 1236. CHAPTER 134: Appendiceal Carcinoma - p. 1211 1237. INTRODUCTION - p. 1211 1238. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1211 1239. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1211 1240. INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY - p. 1212 1241. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1213 1242. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1213 1243. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1213 1244. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1213 1245. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY - p. 1214 1246. OUTCOMES - p. 1214 1247. CHAPTER 135: Large Bowel Obstruction - p. 1215 1248. INTRODUCTION - p. 1215 1249. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1215 1250. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1215 1251. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1217 1252. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1217 1253. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1218 1254. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1223 1255. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1224 1256. OUTCOMES - p. 1225 1257. CHAPTER 136: Surgical Treatment of Colonic and Perianal Crohn Disease - p. 1226 1258. INTRODUCTION - p. 1226 1259. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1226 1260. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1226 1261. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1227 1262. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1232 1263. COMPLICATION/MANAGEMENT - p. 1232 1264. OUTCOMES - p. 1233 1265. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1233 1266. CONCLUSION - p. 1237 1267. CHAPTER 137: Surgery for Toxic Megacolon in Ulcerative Colitis - p. 1239 1268. INTRODUCTION - p. 1239 1269. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1239 1270. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1239 1271. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1239 1272. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1240 1273. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1240 1274. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1240 1275. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1243 1276. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1243 1277. OUTCOMES - p. 1244 1278. CHAPTER 138: Total Proctocolectomy and Intersphincteric Proctectomy for Benign Disease - p. 1245 1279. INTRODUCTION - p. 1245 1280. INDICATIONS - p. 1245 1281. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1247 1282. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1247 1283. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1251 1284. CONCLUSION - p. 1251 1285. CHAPTER 139: Ileoanal Pouch Procedure for Ulcerative Colitis and Familial Adenomatous Polyposis - p. 1253 1286. INTRODUCTION - p. 1253 1287. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1254 1288. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1254 1289. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1255 1290. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1256 1291. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1261 1292. COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT - p. 1261 1293. OUTCOME - p. 1262 1294. CHAPTER 140: Total Colectomy and Ileorectal Anastomosis - p. 1263 1295. INTRODUCTION - p. 1263 1296. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1263 1297. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1265 1298. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1265 1299. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 1272 1300. COMPLICATIONS - p. 1273 1301. OUTCOMES - p. 1273 1302. CHAPTER 141: Surgery for Diverticulitis - p. 1275 1303. INTRODUCTION - p. 1275 1304. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1275 1305. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1276 1306. INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY IN UNCOMPLICATED DIVERTICULITIS - p. 1277 1307. INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY IN COMPLICATED DIVERTICULITIS - p. 1279 1308. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1281 1309. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1281 1310. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1284 1311. OUTCOMES - p. 1284 1312. CONCLUSIONS - p. 1284 1313. CHAPTER 142: Technique of Colostomy Construction and Closure - p. 1286 1314. INTRODUCTION - p. 1286 1315. INDICATIONS - p. 1286 1316. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1286 1317. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1286 1318. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1291 1319. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1291 1320. COLOSTOMY CLOSURE - p. 1291 1321. OUTCOMES - p. 1294 1322. CHAPTER 143: Care of Stomas - p. 1296 1323. INTRODUCTION - p. 1296 1324. STOMA ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - p. 1296 1325. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1296 1326. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1297 1327. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1299 1328. CONCLUSIONS - p. 1303 1329. PATIENT RESOURCES - p. 1303 1330. CHAPTER 144: Open and Minimally Invasive Right Hemicolectomy for Cancer - p. 1305 1331. INTRODUCTION - p. 1305 1332. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1305 1333. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1306 1334. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1306 1335. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY - p. 1306 1336. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1306 1337. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1306 1338. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: EXTENT OF LYMPHADENECTOMY - p. 1312 1339. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1312 1340. OUTCOMES - p. 1312 1341. CONCLUSION - p. 1312 1342. COMPLICATIONS - p. 1312 1343. CHAPTER 145: Open and Minimally Invasive Left Hemicolectomy for Neoplasms of the Descending Colon, Sigmoid, and Upper Rectum - p. 1314 1344. INTRODUCTION - p. 1314 1345. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1314 1346. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1314 1347. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1314 1348. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1314 1349. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1315 1350. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1319 1351. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1320 1352. CHAPTER 146: Total Mesorectal Excision (TME) - p. 1322 1353. INTRODUCTION - p. 1322 1354. HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 1322 1355. THE RECTAL CANCER WORLD IN 2022 - p. 1324 1356. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 1324 1357. TOTAL MESORECTAL EXCISION (TME)—AN EMBRYOLOGIC REDEFINITION OF MILES’ “HIGHLY DANGEROUS TISSUES” - p. 1324 1358. PREOPERATIVE IMAGING - p. 1324 1359. CANCER BOARD PLANNING (MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM—MDT) - p. 1326 1360. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 1326 1361. THE SURGERY - p. 1328 1362. BEFORE THE OPERATION IN THE OR - p. 1328 1363. ANTERIOR AND ANTEROLATERAL DISSECTION—DENONVILLIERS (RECTOGENITAL) SEPTUM - p. 1333 1364. MANAGEMENT OF THE ANORECTUM DISTAL TO THE CANCER—STAPLING TECHNIQUES—MORAN TRIPLE-STAPLING - p. 1334 1365. STAPLED LOW PELVIC RECONSTRUCTION - p. 1336 1366. AUDIT OF THE EXCISED CANCER SPECIMEN - p. 1336 1367. CONCLUSION - p. 1338 1368. CHAPTER 147: Transanal Total Mesorectal Excision - p. 1339 1369. INTRODUCTION - p. 1339 1370. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1340 1371. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1341 1372. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1341 1373. PROCEDURE-SPECIFIC COMPLICATIONS - p. 1344 1374. OUTCOMES - p. 1344 1375. CONCLUSIONS - p. 1347 1376. CHAPTER 148: The Assessment of Patients with Rectal Cancer After Neoadjuvant Therapy: Changing Surgical Paradigms - p. 1349 1377. INTRODUCTION - p. 1349 1378. CLINICAL ASSESSMENT - p. 1349 1379. THERAPY - p. 1350 1380. FOLLOW-UP - p. 1352 1381. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES - p. 1353 1382. CHAPTER 149: Open and Minimally Invasive Sphincter- Preserving Radical Resection for Malignant Disease of the Middle and Lower Thirds of the Rectum - p. 1355 1383. INTRODUCTION - p. 1355 1384. ANATOMY - p. 1355 1385. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1357 1386. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1358 1387. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1358 1388. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1358 1389. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1359 1390. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1367 1391. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1367 1392. OUTCOMES - p. 1368 1393. CHAPTER 150: Abdominoperineal Resection of the Rectum for Rectal Cancer - p. 1372 1394. INTRODUCTION - p. 1372 1395. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1372 1396. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1374 1397. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1376 1398. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1383 1399. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1384 1400. OUTCOMES - p. 1384 1401. CHAPTER 151: The Approach to Reoperative Pelvic Surgery in Rectal Cancer - p. 1386 1402. INTRODUCTION - p. 1386 1403. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1386 1404. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1387 1405. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1387 1406. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1387 1407. PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS - p. 1387 1408. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1388 1409. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1390 1410. COMPLICATIONS, MANAGEMENT, AND OUTCOMES - p. 1391 1411. SUMMARY - p. 1392 1412. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. 1393 1413. CHAPTER 152: Sacral Resection for Recurrent Rectal Cancers - p. 1394 1414. INTRODUCTION - p. 1394 1415. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1394 1416. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1394 1417. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1394 1418. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1395 1419. CLINICAL ASSESSMENT - p. 1395 1420. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1396 1421. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1400 1422. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1402 1423. OUTCOMES - p. 1403 1424. CHAPTER 153: Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Cancers of the Appendix and Colon - p. 1405 1425. INTRODUCTION - p. 1405 1426. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1405 1427. PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION - p. 1405 1428. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1406 1429. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1406 1430. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1409 1431. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1409 1432. OUTCOMES - p. 1410 1433. CONCLUSIONS - p. 1410 1434. CHAPTER 154: Management of Retrorectal Tumors - p. 1412 1435. INTRODUCTION - p. 1412 1436. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1412 1437. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 1413 1438. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1414 1439. SURGICAL INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1416 1440. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1416 1441. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1417 1442. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1419 1443. COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT - p. 1420 1444. OUTCOMES - p. 1421 1445. SUMMARY - p. 1422 1446. CHAPTER 155: Rectal Prolapse - p. 1423 1447. INTRODUCTION - p. 1423 1448. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS - p. 1423 1449. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1423 1450. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1424 1451. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1425 1452. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES AND OUTCOMES - p. 1425 1453. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1432 1454. COMPLICATIONS - p. 1432 1455. CHAPTER 156: Anorectal Disorders - p. 1435 1456. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1435 1457. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1435 1458. DIAGNOSIS - p. 1435 1459. TREATMENT: CONSERVATIVE - p. 1435 1460. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1436 1461. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1437 1462. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1437 1463. DIAGNOSIS - p. 1438 1464. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1438 1465. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1439 1466. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1440 1467. DIAGNOSIS - p. 1440 1468. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1440 1469. COMMON AVAILABLE TREATMENTS - p. 1441 1470. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1443 1471. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1444 1472. DIAGNOSIS - p. 1444 1473. TREATMENT - p. 1444 1474. MAJOR RESECTIONAL PROCEDURES - p. 1446 1475. COMPLICATIONS OF CONVENTIONAL HEMORRHOIDECTOMY/MANAGEMENT - p. 1449 1476. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1450 1477. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1450 1478. DIAGNOSIS - p. 1450 1479. TREATMENT - p. 1450 1480. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1451 1481. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1451 1482. DIAGNOSIS - p. 1451 1483. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1451 1484. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1453 1485. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1453 1486. DIAGNOSIS - p. 1453 1487. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1454 1488. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1454 1489. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOLPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1454 1490. DIAGNOSIS - p. 1455 1491. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1455 1492. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1458 1493. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1458 1494. DIAGNOSIS - p. 1458 1495. CONSERVATIVE THERAPY - p. 1458 1496. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1459 1497. CHAPTER 157: Management of Premalignant and Malignant Neoplasms of the Anal Canal and Perianal Area - p. 1460 1498. INTRODUCTION - p. 1460 1499. ANATOMY - p. 1460 1500. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1460 1501. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1462 1502. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1465 1503. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1465 1504. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1466 1505. OUTCOMES - p. 1467 1506. PERIANAL PAGET DISEASE - p. 1467 1507. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1467 1508. MELANOMA - p. 1468 1509. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1468 1510. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1468 1511. SURGICAL TREATMENT - p. 1468 1512. ANAL ADENOCARCINOMA - p. 1468 1513. CHAPTER 158: Transanal Excision of Rectal Neoplasms - p. 1470 1514. INTRODUCTION - p. 1470 1515. DIAGNOSIS - p. 1470 1516. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1470 1517. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1471 1518. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 1472 1519. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1476 1520. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1476 1521. OUTCOMES - p. 1477 1522. CHAPTER 159: Functional Bowel Disorders - p. 1479 1523. INCONTINENCE - p. 1479 1524. RECTAL PROLAPSE - p. 1487 1525. MEGABOWEL - p. 1487 1526. SLOW TRANSIT CONSTIPATION - p. 1489 1527. OBSTRUCTIVE DEFECATION SYNDROME - p. 1491 1528. VOLUME II - p. 1493 1529. SECTION IX: Biliary Tract, Liver, Pancreas, and Spleen - p. 1493 1530. Part A: The Liver and Biliary Tract - p. 1495 1531. CHAPTER 160: Diagnostic Considerations in Biliary and Liver Disease - p. 1495 1532. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1495 1533. BILIARY DISEASE - p. 1495 1534. BILIARY OBSTRUCTION - p. 1499 1535. DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH TO LIVER MASSES - p. 1500 1536. LIVER METASTASIS FROM PRIMARY OF ANOTHER ORIGIN - p. 1509 1537. HEPATOBILIARY DISEASE IN THE PREGNANT PATIENT - p. 1510 1538. CHAPTER 161: Approaches to Drainage of Hepatic, Perihepatic, and Subhepatic Abscesses - p. 1513 1539. INTRODUCTION - p. 1513 1540. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1513 1541. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1514 1542. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1518 1543. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1519 1544. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1521 1545. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1521 1546. CHAPTER 162: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Peritoneal Spaces - p. 1523 1547. PERITONEAL REFLECTIONS OF DIAPHRAGM TO LIVER (Fig. 162.1) - p. 1523 1548. SPACES/RECESSES RELATED TO LIVER (FIGS. 162.1 AND 162.2) - p. 1525 1549. OMENTAL BURSA (FIGS. 162.2 AND 162.3) - p. 1526 1550. INFRAMESOCOLIC COMPARTMENT (Fig. 162.2) - p. 1526 1551. FOLDS AND FOSSAE OF PELVIS (Fig. 162.4) - p. 1526 1552. FOLDS AND FOSSAE RELATED TO UMBILICUS - p. 1527 1553. CHAPTER 163: Hepatic Abscess - p. 1527 1554. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1527 1555. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1528 1556. IMAGING - p. 1529 1557. MULTIMODALITY MANAGEMENT - p. 1532 1558. INTERVENTIONAL MANAGEMENT - p. 1534 1559. CHAPTER 164: Cholecystostomy, Cholecystectomy, and Intraoperative Evaluation of the Biliary Tree - p. 1537 1560. INTRODUCTION - p. 1537 1561. SURGICAL ANATOMY - p. 1537 1562. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1537 1563. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1538 1564. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1539 1565. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1539 1566. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1545 1567. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1546 1568. OUTCOMES - p. 1546 1569. CHAPTER 165: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Biliary Tract - p. 1548 1570. GALLBLADDER - p. 1548 1571. EXTRAHEPATIC BILIARY TRACT - p. 1550 1572. CHAPTER 166: Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy, Intraoperative Cholangiography, and Common Bile Duct Exploration - p. 1552 1573. INTRODUCTION - p. 1552 1574. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1552 1575. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1553 1576. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1553 1577. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1553 1578. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1553 1579. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1554 1580. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1560 1581. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1560 1582. OUTCOMES - p. 1562 1583. CHAPTER 167: Reconstruction of the Bile Duct: Anatomic Principles and Surgical Techniques - p. 1565 1584. INTRODUCTION - p. 1565 1585. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR BILE DUCT RECONSTRUCTION - p. 1565 1586. ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 1565 1587. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1569 1588. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 1572 1589. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1578 1590. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1578 1591. OUTCOMES - p. 1578 1592. CHAPTER 168: Current Application of Endoscopic Sphincterotomy, Lateral Choledocoduodenostomy, and Transduodenal Sphincteroplasty - p. 1580 1593. INTRODUCTION - p. 1580 1594. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1580 1595. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1581 1596. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1583 1597. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1583 1598. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1583 1599. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1583 1600. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1585 1601. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1585 1602. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1587 1603. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1587 1604. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1587 1605. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1587 1606. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1588 1607. TECHNIQUE - p. 1588 1608. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1592 1609. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1592 1610. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1592 1611. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1592 1612. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1592 1613. TECHNIQUE - p. 1592 1614. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 1592 1615. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1592 1616. OUTCOMES - p. 1592 1617. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. 1593 1618. CHAPTER 169: Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis - p. 1594 1619. INTRODUCTION - p. 1594 1620. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1594 1621. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 1594 1622. DIAGNOSIS - p. 1594 1623. NATURAL HISTORY AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1595 1624. MANAGEMENT - p. 1597 1625. CHAPTER 170: Cholecystojejunostomy and Choledochojejunostomy/Hepaticojejunostomy - p. 1602 1626. INTRODUCTION - p. 1602 1627. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1602 1628. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1602 1629. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1602 1630. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1602 1631. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1603 1632. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1603 1633. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1604 1634. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1604 1635. OUTCOMES - p. 1604 1636. INTRODUCTION - p. 1605 1637. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1605 1638. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1605 1639. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1605 1640. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1605 1641. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1606 1642. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1609 1643. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1610 1644. OUTCOMES - p. 1610 1645. CHAPTER 171: Operative Treatment of Choledochal Cysts - p. 1612 1646. INTRODUCTION - p. 1612 1647. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 1612 1648. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1612 1649. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1612 1650. INVESTIGATIONS AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1612 1651. CHOLEDOCHAL MALFORMATIONS CLASSIFICATION - p. 1613 1652. MALIGNANCY RISK - p. 1615 1653. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1615 1654. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1616 1655. CHAPTER 172: Hepatic Resection for Primary and Metastatic Tumors - p. 1617 1656. INTRODUCTION - p. 1617 1657. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1617 1658. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1619 1659. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1621 1660. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1627 1661. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1627 1662. OUTCOMES - p. 1627 1663. CHAPTER 173: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Liver - p. 1629 1664. SURFACES AND FISSURES (Fig. 173.1) - p. 1629 1665. RELATIONSHIPS OF LIVER (FIGS. 173.1 AND 173.2) - p. 1630 1666. FUNCTIONAL SUBDIVISIONS AND HEPATIC SEGMENTATION (FIGS. 173.3B TO 173.5) - p. 1632 1667. PORTA HEPATIS (FIGS. 173.1, 173.6 TO 173.8) - p. 1633 1668. HEPATIC VEINS (Fig. 173.9) - p. 1635 1669. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE (Fig. 173.10) - p. 1636 1670. INNERVATION (Fig. 173.11) - p. 1636 1671. CHAPTER 174: High Malignant Biliary Tract Obstruction - p. 1636 1672. INTRODUCTION - p. 1636 1673. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1636 1674. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1637 1675. SURGICAL INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1637 1676. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1638 1677. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 1639 1678. PALLIATIVE PROCEDURES - p. 1641 1679. LIVER TRANSPLANTATION - p. 1641 1680. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1641 1681. OUTCOMES - p. 1642 1682. SUMMARY - p. 1642 1683. CHAPTER 175: The Associating Liver Partition and Portal Vein Ligation for Staged Hepatectomy (ALPPS) Approach - p. 1644 1684. INTRODUCTION - p. 1644 1685. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1644 1686. PERIOPERATIVE PATIENT MANAGEMENT - p. 1647 1687. OUTCOMES - p. 1648 1688. CONCLUSIONS - p. 1651 1689. CHAPTER 176: Minimally Invasive Hepatectomy - p. 1652 1690. INTRODUCTION - p. 1652 1691. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1653 1692. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1655 1693. OUTCOMES - p. 1655 1694. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1655 1695. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1656 1696. NONSURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 1658 1697. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1660 1698. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1662 1699. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1662 1700. CONCLUSION - p. 1663 1701. Part B: The Pancreas - p. 1665 1702. CHAPTER 177: Operative Interventions for Chronic Pancreatitis - p. 1665 1703. ABSTRACT - p. 1665 1704. INTRODUCTION - p. 1665 1705. INITIAL CLINICAL EVALUATION - p. 1665 1706. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1666 1707. INDICATIONS - p. 1667 1708. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 1668 1709. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1669 1710. OUTCOMES - p. 1669 1711. CHAPTER 178: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Duodenum and Pancreas - p. 1671 1712. DUODENUM - p. 1671 1713. PANCREAS - p. 1674 1714. CHAPTER 179: Parenchyma-sparing, Duodenum-Preserving Pancreatic Head Resection for Inflammatory Tumor, Cystic Neoplasm and Neuroendocrine Adenoma of the Pancreatic Head - p. 1679 1715. INTRODUCTION - p. 1679 1716. PANCREATODUODENECTOMY OR DUODENUM-PRESERVING PANCREATIC HEAD RESECTION FOR BENIGN PANCREATIC HEAD TUMORS? - p. 1679 1717. SURGERY-ASSOCIATED METABOLIC LATE MORBIDITY AND POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING DPPHR - p. 1680 1718. DUODENUM-PRESERVING SUBTOTAL PANCREATIC HEAD RESECTION FOR INFLAMMATORY TUMORS OF THE PANCREATIC HEAD IN CHRONIC PANCREATITIS - p. 1680 1719. TECHNIQUES OF DPPHR FOR CHRONIC PANCREATITIS - p. 1680 1720. RESULTS AFTER SUBTOTAL DUODENUM-PRESERVING PANCREATIC HEAD RESECTION FOR CHRONIC PANCREATITIS - p. 1683 1721. ADVANTAGES OF DPPHR COMPARED TO PD FOR CHRONIC PANCREATITIS - p. 1684 1722. INDICATION FOR DPPHR FOR BENIGN IPMN, MCN, AND SPN - p. 1684 1723. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1685 1724. OUTCOMES - p. 1685 1725. CHAPTER 180: Minimally Invasive/Robotic Pancreatectomy - p. 1688 1726. INTRODUCTION - p. 1688 1727. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1689 1728. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1689 1729. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1689 1730. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1690 1731. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1691 1732. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1697 1733. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1697 1734. OUTCOMES - p. 1698 1735. CHAPTER 181: Management of Necrotizing Pancreatitis - p. 1701 1736. INTRODUCTION - p. 1701 1737. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1701 1738. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1702 1739. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1702 1740. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1703 1741. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1706 1742. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1706 1743. OUTCOMES - p. 1708 1744. CHAPTER 182: Management of Complications of Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis: Endoscopic, Laparoscopic, and Open Approaches to Pancreatic Pseudocysts and Pancreatic Necrosis - p. 1710 1745. INTRODUCTION - p. 1710 1746. PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYSTS - p. 1710 1747. PANCREATIC NECROSIS - p. 1715 1748. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF PANCREATIC AND PERIPANCREATIC NECROSIS - p. 1719 1749. CHAPTER 183: Pancreaticoduodenectomy and Total Pancreatectomy for Cancer - p. 1723 1750. INTRODUCTION - p. 1723 1751. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1723 1752. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1723 1753. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS AND MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1727 1754. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1727 1755. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1727 1756. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1746 1757. OUTCOMES - p. 1747 1758. CHAPTER 184: Splanchnic Denervation of the Pancreas for Intractable Pain - p. e-45 1759. INTRODUCTION - p. e-45 1760. ANATOMY - p. e-45 1761. PAIN MANAGEMENT AND INDICATIONS FOR SPLANCHNIC DENERVATION OF THE PANCREAS - p. e-46 1762. OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES - p. e-47 1763. CONCLUSION - p. e-50 1764. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. e-50 1765. CHAPTER 185: Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors - p. 1750 1766. INTRODUCTION - p. 1750 1767. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1750 1768. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1751 1769. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1752 1770. INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY - p. 1754 1771. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1754 1772. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1755 1773. RELATIVE CONTRAINDICATIONS TO SURGERY - p. 1757 1774. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1758 1775. SURGICAL TREATMENT OF PNET IN INHERITED SYNDROMES - p. 1761 1776. OUTCOMES - p. 1762 1777. SUMMARY - p. 1762 1778. Part C: The Spleen - p. 1764 1779. CHAPTER 186: Benign Disease of the Spleen - p. 1764 1780. INTRODUCTION - p. 1764 1781. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1764 1782. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1764 1783. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1764 1784. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1764 1785. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1764 1786. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1765 1787. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1765 1788. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1765 1789. OUTCOMES - p. 1766 1790. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1766 1791. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1766 1792. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1766 1793. OUTCOMES - p. 1766 1794. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1766 1795. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1766 1796. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1766 1797. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1767 1798. COMPLICATIONS - p. 1767 1799. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1767 1800. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1768 1801. MEDICAL THERAPIES - p. 1768 1802. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1768 1803. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1768 1804. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1768 1805. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1768 1806. OUTCOMES - p. 1768 1807. CHAPTER 187: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Spleen - p. 1771 1808. VASCULAR SUPPLY - p. 1773 1809. INNERVATION AND LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE - p. 1774 1810. CHAPTER 188: Splenectomy for Hematologic Disease and Malignant Conditions of the Spleen - p. 1774 1811. INTRODUCTION - p. 1774 1812. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1774 1813. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1776 1814. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1778 1815. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1779 1816. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1779 1817. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1780 1818. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1782 1819. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1783 1820. OUTCOMES - p. 1783 1821. CHAPTER 189: Minimally Invasive Splenectomy - p. 1785 1822. INTRODUCTION - p. 1785 1823. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1785 1824. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR SURGERY - p. 1786 1825. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1787 1826. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1787 1827. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1788 1828. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1788 1829. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1791 1830. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 1792 1831. COMPARATIVE OUTCOMES - p. 1792 1832. SECTION X: Solid Organ Transplantation - p. 1795 1833. Part A: General Considerations in Organ Transplantation - p. 1797 1834. CHAPTER 190: Immunosuppression in Organ Transplantation - p. 1797 1835. INTRODUCTION - p. 1797 1836. PHYSIOLOGIC IMMUNITY AND ALLOIMMUNITY - p. 1797 1837. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1801 1838. IMMUNOSUPPRESSION - p. 1802 1839. OUTCOMES - p. 1806 1840. CHAPTER 191: Multiorgan Donor Recovery - p. 1807 1841. INTRODUCTION - p. 1807 1842. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1807 1843. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1808 1844. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1808 1845. Part B: Portal Hypertension - p. 1813 1846. CHAPTER 192: Anatomy of the Portal System and Experience With Portacaval Shunt - p. e-52 1847. INTRODUCTION - p. e-52 1848. DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY - p. e-52 1849. APPLIED ANATOMY - p. e-53 1850. AUTHOR’S EXPERIENCE WITH PORTACAVAL SHUNT - p. e-60 1851. EXPLODING SOME MYTHS - p. e-68 1852. PANCREATICODUODENECTOMY - p. e-68 1853. HEPATIC RESECTION - p. e-69 1854. IMAGING PORTAL ANATOMY - p. e-69 1855. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. e-69 1856. CHAPTER 193: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Portal Venous System - p. 1815 1857. CHAPTER 194: Endoscopic Therapy in the Management of Esophageal Varices - p. 1818 1858. PORTAL HYPERTENSION - p. 1818 1859. MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE VARICEAL BLEEDING - p. 1819 1860. PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY - p. 1821 1861. FAILED EMERGENCY ENDOSCOPIC THERAPY - p. 1821 1862. BALLOON TUBE TAMPONADE - p. 1821 1863. ESOPHAGEAL STENT PLACEMENT - p. 1822 1864. ALTERNATIVE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OPTIONS - p. 1823 1865. LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT - p. 1824 1866. ALTERNATIVE LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT OPTIONS - p. 1825 1867. SURGICAL SHUNTS - p. 1825 1868. LIVER TRANSPLANTATION - p. 1826 1869. INJECTION SCLEROTHERAPY - p. 1826 1870. EMERGENCY SCLEROTHERAPY - p. 1827 1871. COMPLICATIONS - p. 1827 1872. ENDOSCOPIC VARICEAL BAND LIGATION - p. 1828 1873. COMPLICATIONS - p. 1830 1874. GASTRIC VARICES - p. 1830 1875. CONCLUSION - p. 1831 1876. CHAPTER 195: Small-Diameter Prosthetic Interposition Shunt - p. e-72 1877. OPERATIVE INDICATIONS FOR SMALL-DIAMETER PROSTHETIC H-GRAFT PORTACAVAL SHUNTS - p. e-72 1878. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. e-73 1879. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. e-78 1880. CHAPTER 196: Distal Splenorenal Shunts: Hemodynamics of Total Versus Selective Shunting - p. e-80 1881. INTRODUCTION - p. e-80 1882. INDICATIONS - p. e-80 1883. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. e-80 1884. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. e-80 1885. MODIFICATION OF THE DSRS OPERATION - p. e-85 1886. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. e-86 1887. QUESTIONS FREQUENTLY ASKED ABOUT THE SELECTIVE SHUNT - p. e-86 1888. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. e-87 1889. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. e-87 1890. CHAPTER 197: Central Splenorenal Shunts - p. e-88 1891. INTRODUCTION - p. e-88 1892. CENTRAL SPLENORENAL SHUNT - p. e-88 1893. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. e-92 1894. CHAPTER 198: TIPS and Other Direct Treatments of Portal Hypertension for Solid Organ Transplantation - p. 1833 1895. INTRODUCTION TO PORTAL HYPERTENSION - p. 1833 1896. COMPLICATIONS OF PORTAL HYPERTENSION - p. 1833 1897. ABDOMINAL SURGERIES IN PATIENTS WITH PORTAL HYPERTENSION - p. 1835 1898. TIPS PROCEDURE - p. 1835 1899. PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS, ACUTE AND CHRONIC - p. 1838 1900. SUMMARY - p. 1839 1901. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. 1839 1902. Part C: The Liver and Biliary Tract - p. 1841 1903. CHAPTER 199: Complex Hepatic Resection for Primary and Metastatic Tumors - p. 1841 1904. INTRODUCTION - p. 1841 1905. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1842 1906. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1842 1907. ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS - p. 1842 1908. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1842 1909. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1855 1910. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1855 1911. OUTCOMES - p. 1855 1912. CHAPTER 200: Regional Therapies for Hepatic Malignancies - p. 1856 1913. INTRODUCTION - p. 1856 1914. IMAGE-GUIDED LOCOREGIONAL CANCER THERAPIES - p. 1856 1915. BRIDGING TO LIVER TRANSPLANT - p. 1857 1916. DOWNSTAGING TO TRANSPLANT - p. 1858 1917. CONVERSION TO RESECTION CANDIDACY - p. 1859 1918. DEFINITIVE REGIONAL TREATMENTS FOR PATIENTS UNABLE TO RECEIVE RESECTION OR TRANSPLANTATION - p. 1859 1919. CONCLUSION - p. 1860 1920. CHAPTER 201: Management of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma - p. 1861 1921. INTRODUCTION - p. 1861 1922. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1862 1923. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1862 1924. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1863 1925. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1863 1926. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1865 1927. OUTCOMES - p. 1866 1928. CHAPTER 202: Liver Transplantation for HCC - p. 1868 1929. INTRODUCTION - p. 1868 1930. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1868 1931. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1868 1932. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1871 1933. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1872 1934. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1875 1935. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1875 1936. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1876 1937. CONCLUSION - p. 1876 1938. CHAPTER 203: Liver Transplant for Non-HCC Malignancy - p. 1877 1939. INTRODUCTION - p. 1877 1940. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1883 1941. OUTCOMES - p. 1884 1942. CHAPTER 204: Living Donor Liver Transplant - p. 1886 1943. INTRODUCTION - p. 1886 1944. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1886 1945. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1887 1946. SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 1888 1947. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1889 1948. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1894 1949. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1896 1950. OUTCOMES - p. 1897 1951. CHAPTER 205: Liver Transplant in Children - p. 1898 1952. INTRODUCTION - p. 1898 1953. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1899 1954. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1900 1955. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1901 1956. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1903 1957. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1903 1958. CHAPTER 206: Early and Late Complications of Liver Transplant - p. 1904 1959. INTRODUCTION - p. 1904 1960. SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS - p. 1905 1961. MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS - p. 1913 1962. SUMMARY - p. 1916 1963. Part D: Pancreas - p. 1918 1964. CHAPTER 207: Pancreas Transplantation - p. 1918 1965. INTRODUCTION - p. 1918 1966. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1919 1967. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1920 1968. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1922 1969. BACK TABLE PREPARATION OF THE PANCREAS ALLOGRAFT - p. 1924 1970. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1925 1971. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 1927 1972. OUTCOMES - p. 1927 1973. CONCLUSION - p. 1929 1974. Part E: Renal - p. 1931 1975. CHAPTER 208: Renal Transplantation: Living Donor and Cadaveric - p. 1931 1976. INTRODUCTION - p. 1931 1977. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1931 1978. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1931 1979. LIVING DONOR EVALUATION - p. 1932 1980. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1933 1981. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1935 1982. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1936 1983. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1936 1984. OUTCOMES - p. 1938 1985. CHAPTER 209: Peritoneal Dialysis - p. 1940 1986. INTRODUCTION - p. 1940 1987. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1940 1988. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1941 1989. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1941 1990. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1942 1991. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1945 1992. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1945 1993. OUTCOMES - p. 1948 1994. SECTION XI: Abdominal Core Health - p. 1951 1995. Part A: Practical Considerations - p. 1952 1996. CHAPTER 210: Abdominal Core Health—A Holistic Approach to an Old Problem - p. 1953 1997. CHAPTER 211: Optimizing Patients for Abdominal Core Surgery - p. 1955 1998. INTRODUCTION - p. 1955 1999. OBESITY - p. 1955 2000. SMOKING - p. 1958 2001. DIABETES - p. 1959 2002. PREOPERATIVE CHLORHEXEDINE SOAP - p. 1960 2003. BOWEL PREPARATION - p. 1960 2004. LOSS OF DOMAIN ADJUNCTS - p. 1960 2005. BOTULINUM TOXIN - p. 1960 2006. PROGRESSIVE PREOPERATIVE PNEUMOPERITONEUM - p. 1961 2007. CONCLUSIONS - p. 1961 2008. CHAPTER 212: Abdominal Core Rehabilitation - p. 1962 2009. INTRODUCTION - p. 1962 2010. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1962 2011. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1962 2012. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1962 2013. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1962 2014. OUTCOMES - p. 1963 2015. Part B: Optimizing Abdominal Wall Closure and Hernia Prevention to Reduce Abdominal Core Dysfunction - p. 1964 2016. CHAPTER 213: Hernia Prophylaxis of the Midline Abdominal Incision - p. 1964 2017. INTRODUCTION - p. 1964 2018. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1964 2019. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1967 2020. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1968 2021. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1968 2022. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1970 2023. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1971 2024. OUTCOMES - p. 1971 2025. CHAPTER 214: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall - p. 1973 2026. COMPONENTS OF ANTEROLATERAL ABDOMINAL WALL - p. 1973 2027. INNERVATION - p. 1974 2028. MUSCLES - p. 1975 2029. CHAPTER 215: Hernia Prophylaxis of Stoma Sites - p. 1976 2030. INTRODUCTION - p. 1976 2031. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1976 2032. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1977 2033. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1977 2034. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1980 2035. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1980 2036. OUTCOMES - p. 1980 2037. Part C: Intrinsic Diseases of the Abdominal Wall - p. 1982 2038. CHAPTER 216: Open Approaches for Ventral Hernia - p. 1982 2039. INTRODUCTION - p. 1982 2040. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1982 2041. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1983 2042. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1984 2043. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1984 2044. PERIOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1985 2045. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: PRIMARY REPAIR - p. 1986 2046. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: MESH-BASED REPAIRS - p. 1987 2047. MYOFASCIAL RELEASE TECHNIQUES - p. 1989 2048. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1995 2049. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1996 2050. OUTCOMES - p. 1997 2051. CHAPTER 217: Minimally Invasive Approaches for Ventral Hernia - p. 1999 2052. INTRODUCTION - p. 1999 2053. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1999 2054. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1999 2055. INDICATIONS - p. 1999 2056. CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1999 2057. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1999 2058. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2000 2059. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2005 2060. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2005 2061. OUTCOMES - p. 2006 2062. CHAPTER 218: Complex Situations in Abdominal Wall Reconstruction - p. 2007 2063. CONTAMINATED OPERATIVE FIELD - p. 2007 2064. PARASTOMAL HERNIA - p. 2008 2065. SUMMARY - p. 2010 2066. CHAPTER 219: Diastasis of the Abdominal Wall - p. 2012 2067. INTRODUCTION - p. 2012 2068. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2012 2069. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2015 2070. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2016 2071. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2017 2072. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2017 2073. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2018 2074. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2021 2075. POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS - p. 2021 2076. OUTCOMES - p. 2022 2077. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. 2024 2078. CHAPTER 220: Open Approaches With Mesh for Inguinofemoral Hernia - p. 2025 2079. INTRODUCTION - p. 2025 2080. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2025 2081. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2025 2082. PLUG AND PATCH TECHNIQUE - p. 2030 2083. PROLENE HERNIA SYSTEM REPAIR - p. 2030 2084. OPEN PREPERITONEAL REPAIRS - p. 2030 2085. TRANSINGUINAL/TRANSRECTUS SHEATH PREPERITONEAL SUBLAY REPAIR (TIPP/TREPP) - p. 2031 2086. TRANSRECTUS SHEATH PREPERITONEAL (TREPP) REPAIR - p. 2031 2087. OUTCOMES - p. 2032 2088. CHAPTER 221: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Inguinal and Femoral Hernias - p. 2034 2089. HERNIAS - p. 2036 2090. CHAPTER 222: Open Tissue-Based Approaches for Inguinofemoral Hernia - p. 2038 2091. INTRODUCTION - p. 2038 2092. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INGUINAL HERNIA - p. 2038 2093. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2039 2094. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2039 2095. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2039 2096. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2039 2097. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2040 2098. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE—PURE TISSUE INGUINAL HERNIA—CRITICAL STEPS - p. 2047 2099. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2049 2100. COMPLICATIONS - p. 2049 2101. OUTCOMES - p. 2050 2102. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. 2051 2103. CHAPTER 223: Minimally Invasive Approaches for Inguinofemoral Hernia - p. 2052 2104. INTRODUCTION - p. 2052 2105. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2052 2106. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2052 2107. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2052 2108. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2052 2109. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2056 2110. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2057 2111. OUTCOMES - p. 2057 2112. CHAPTER 224: Mastery Keys: Minimally Invasive Inguinal or Femoral Hernia Repair - p. 2060 2113. CHAPTER 225: Athletic Pubalgia and Core Muscle Injury - p. 2062 2114. INTRODUCTION - p. 2062 2115. TERMINOLOGY - p. 2062 2116. ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2063 2117. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2063 2118. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2066 2119. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE AND OUTCOMES - p. 2066 2120. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT/REHABILITATION - p. 2069 2121. Part D: Extrinsic Diseases of the Abdominal Wall - p. 2070 2122. CHAPTER 226: Prosthetics, Fixation, and Treatment Related Complications - p. 2071 2123. INTRODUCTION - p. 2071 2124. MESH CONSTRUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY - p. 2071 2125. COMPLICATIONS COMMONLY RELATED TO MESH PLACEMENT - p. 2072 2126. Migration - p. 2073 2127. Chronic Groin Pain After Inguinal Hernia Repair - p. 2076 2128. Primary Mesh Failure - p. 2077 2129. FIXATION METHODS AND COMPLICATIONS - p. 2078 2130. FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 2079 2131. CHAPTER 227: Chronic Inguinal Pain: Treatment and Prevention - p. 2080 2132. INTRODUCTION - p. 2080 2133. ETIOLOGY - p. 2080 2134. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 2080 2135. NONOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 2082 2136. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2083 2137. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2083 2138. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2083 2139. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2083 2140. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2085 2141. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2085 2142. OUTCOMES - p. 2085 2143. PREVENTION - p. 2086 2144. CONCLUSION - p. 2086 2145. Part E: Tumors of the Abdominal Wall - p. 2087 2146. CHAPTER 228: Benign Tumors of the Abdominal Wall - p. 2088 2147. INTRODUCTION - p. 2088 2148. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS - p. 2088 2149. CLINICAL ASSESSMENT, DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION, AND TREATMENT - p. 2093 2150. OPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS - p. 2095 2151. CONCLUSION - p. 2095 2152. CHAPTER 229: Malignant Tumors of the Abdominal Wall - p. 2096 2153. INTRODUCTION - p. 2096 2154. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2096 2155. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2097 2156. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2098 2157. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS TO SURGERY - p. 2098 2158. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2098 2159. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2100 2160. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2102 2161. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2102 2162. OUTCOMES - p. 2102 2163. CLINICAL CASE - p. 2103 2164. SECTION XII: Vascular Surgery - p. 2107 2165. Part A: Cerebrovascular Disease - p. 2108 2166. CHAPTER 230: Carotid Bifurcation Disease: Carotid Endarterectomy, Transfemoral Stenting, and Transcarotid Artery Revascularization - p. 2109 2167. INTRODUCTION - p. 2109 2168. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2109 2169. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2110 2170. BEST MEDICAL THERAPY - p. 2110 2171. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS OF SURGERY AND STENTING - p. 2111 2172. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2115 2173. SURGICAL AND ENDOVASCULAR TECHNIQUES - p. 2117 2174. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2125 2175. COMPLICATIONS - p. 2125 2176. OUTCOMES - p. 2126 2177. CONCLUSIONS - p. 2128 2178. CHAPTER 231: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Carotid Arteries - p. 2131 2179. COMMON CAROTID ARTERY AND CAROTID BIFURCATION - p. 2131 2180. SUPERFICIAL STRUCTURES AND SURGICAL EXPOSURE - p. 2131 2181. INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN (Fig. 231.2) - p. 2132 2182. VAGUS NERVE, CAROTID ARTERIES, AND RELATED STRUCTURES (FIGS. 231.2, 231.3, 231.4B) - p. 2132 2183. INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY (FIGS. 231.1B, 231.2, 231.3) - p. 2133 2184. EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY (FIGS. 231.1B, 231.2, 231.3, 231.4B) - p. 2133 2185. CHAPTER 232: Brachiocephalic Reconstruction: Open and Endovascular - p. 2135 2186. INTRODUCTION - p. 2135 2187. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2135 2188. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2135 2189. DIAGNOSIS - p. 2136 2190. PATIENT SELECTION FOR INTERVENTION - p. 2136 2191. OPEN SURGICAL RECONSTRUCTION - p. 2136 2192. MEDIAN STERNOTOMY - p. 2136 2193. EXPOSURE OF BRACHIOCEPHALIC VESSELS - p. 2136 2194. CLAMPING THE AORTA - p. 2137 2195. INNOMINATE ENDARTERECTOMY - p. 2138 2196. BYPASS GRAFTS - p. 2138 2197. DIRECT RECONSTRUCTION OF BRACHIOCEPHALIC ANEURYSM - p. 2138 2198. CAROTID SUBCLAVIAN BYPASS - p. 2139 2199. SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY TRANSPOSITION - p. 2140 2200. ENDOVASCULAR RECONSTRUCTION - p. 2140 2201. LEFT SUBCLAVIAN INTERVENTION - p. 2141 2202. INNOMINATE ARTERY INTERVENTION - p. 2141 2203. LEFT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY INTERVENTION - p. 2142 2204. COMBINED INTERNAL AND COMMON CAROTID DISEASE - p. 2143 2205. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 2143 2206. OUTCOMES - p. 2143 2207. Part B: Aneurysm Disease - p. 2144 2208. CHAPTER 233: Open Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair - p. 2145 2209. INTRODUCTION - p. 2145 2210. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2145 2211. CLASSIFICATION AND NATURAL HISTORY - p. 2146 2212. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2147 2213. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2147 2214. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT - p. 2149 2215. TECHNICAL CONDUCT OF OPERATION - p. 2150 2216. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2157 2217. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 2157 2218. CHAPTER 234: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Aorta - p. 2160 2219. THORACIC AORTA - p. 2160 2220. CHAPTER 235: Open Infrarenal and Pararenal Aortic Aneurysm Repair - p. 2165 2221. INTRODUCTION - p. 2165 2222. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2165 2223. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2165 2224. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2165 2225. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2165 2226. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2166 2227. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND COMPLICATIONS - p. 2170 2228. CHAPTER 236: Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm - p. 2171 2229. INTRODUCTION - p. 2171 2230. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2171 2231. DIAGNOSIS, CLINICAL PRESENTATION, AND MEDICAL MANAGEMENT - p. 2171 2232. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2172 2233. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2172 2234. ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS - p. 2172 2235. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2176 2236. COMPLICATIONS - p. 2178 2237. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2179 2238. POSTOPERATIVE SURVEILLANCE - p. 2179 2239. OUTCOMES - p. 2180 2240. CHAPTER 237: Femoral and Popliteal Artery Aneurysms - p. 2181 2241. INTRODUCTION - p. 2181 2242. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2181 2243. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2182 2244. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2182 2245. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2183 2246. OUTCOMES - p. 2183 2247. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2184 2248. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2184 2249. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2185 2250. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE/TREATMENT - p. 2185 2251. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2186 2252. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2186 2253. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2186 2254. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2186 2255. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2187 2256. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2187 2257. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2188 2258. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE/TREATMENT - p. 2188 2259. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2188 2260. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2188 2261. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2189 2262. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE/TREATMENT - p. 2190 2263. OUTCOMES - p. 2191 2264. CHAPTER 238: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Femoral and Popliteal Arteries - p. 2193 2265. FEMORAL ARTERY - p. 2193 2266. POPLITEAL ARTERY - p. 2194 2267. CHAPTER 239: Treatment of Splenic Artery Aneurysms: Open and Endovascular - p. 2196 2268. INTRODUCTION - p. 2196 2269. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2196 2270. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2196 2271. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2196 2272. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2196 2273. OPEN SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2197 2274. ENDOVASCULAR SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2198 2275. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2198 2276. OUTCOMES AND LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP - p. 2199 2277. Part C: Chronic Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease - p. 2200 2278. CHAPTER 240: Treatment of Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease: Open Operations - p. 2201 2279. INTRODUCTION - p. 2201 2280. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2201 2281. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2201 2282. MEDICAL THERAPY - p. 2201 2283. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2201 2284. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2202 2285. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2202 2286. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2212 2287. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2212 2288. OUTCOMES - p. 2213 2289. CHAPTER 241: Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease: Endovascular Including FERIS - p. 2215 2290. INTRODUCTION - p. 2215 2291. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2215 2292. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2215 2293. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2216 2294. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2216 2295. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2216 2296. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: ENDOVASCULAR TREATMENT OF ILIAC ARTERY DISEASE - p. 2216 2297. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: FERIS - p. 2218 2298. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: TREATMENT OF INFRARENAL AORTIC OCCLUSIVE DISEASE - p. 2222 2299. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: ADJUNCTIVE TECHNIQUES - p. 2222 2300. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2223 2301. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 2223 2302. OUTCOMES - p. 2224 2303. CHAPTER 242: Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease: Open - p. 2226 2304. INTRODUCTION - p. 2226 2305. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2226 2306. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2226 2307. PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT - p. 2226 2308. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2227 2309. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2227 2310. ANATOMY - p. 2228 2311. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2228 2312. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2234 2313. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 2235 2314. OUTCOMES - p. 2235 2315. CONCLUSIONS - p. 2235 2316. CHAPTER 243: Endovascular Therapy for Infrainguinal Arterial Occlusive Disease - p. 2237 2317. INTRODUCTION - p. 2237 2318. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2237 2319. PREPROCEDURE PLANNING - p. 2237 2320. PROCEDURAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2238 2321. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2242 2322. OUTCOMES - p. 2243 2323. SUMMARY - p. 2243 2324. CHAPTER 244: Major and Minor Lower Extremity Amputation - p. 2245 2325. INTRODUCTION - p. 2245 2326. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2245 2327. TREATMENT - p. 2245 2328. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2246 2329. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2246 2330. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2247 2331. MINOR AMPUTATIONS - p. 2248 2332. MAJOR AMPUTATIONS - p. 2250 2333. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION (OR TRANSTIBIAL AMPUTATION) - p. 2252 2334. ABOVE-KNEE AMPUTATION - p. 2256 2335. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT/COMPLICATIONS - p. 2258 2336. OUTCOMES - p. 2260 2337. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. 2260 2338. CHAPTER 245: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Lower Extremity Amputations - p. 2262 2339. ABOVE-KNEE AMPUTATION (Fig. 245.1) - p. 2262 2340. CHAPTER 246: The Prevention and Treatment of Problems With the Diabetic Foot - p. 2264 2341. INTRODUCTION - p. 2264 2342. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2264 2343. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2265 2344. MANAGEMENT - p. 2266 2345. IMPORTANCE OF PREVENTION - p. 2269 2346. MULTIDISCIPLINARY CARE OF THE DIABETIC FOOT WOUND - p. 2269 2347. SUMMARY - p. 2270 2348. Part D: Acute Lower Extremity Ischemia - p. 2270 2349. CHAPTER 247: Arterial Embolectomy and Lower Extremity Fasciotomy - p. 2271 2350. INTRODUCTION - p. 2271 2351. ETIOLOGY - p. 2271 2352. DIAGNOSIS, PRESENTATION, AND CLASSIFICATION - p. 2272 2353. OPEN VERSUS ENDOVASCULAR THERAPY - p. 2273 2354. PERIOPERATIVE MEDICAL THERAPY FOR ACUTE LIMB ISCHEMIA - p. 2273 2355. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 2274 2356. CHAPTER 248: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Fascial Compartments of Lower Extremity - p. 2283 2357. THIGH - p. 2284 2358. ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT - p. 2287 2359. LATERAL COMPARTMENT - p. 2288 2360. POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT - p. 2289 2361. Part E: Mesenteric and Renal Artery Disease - p. 2290 2362. CHAPTER 249: Renal Artery Occlusive Disease: Open and Endovascular Management - p. 2291 2363. INTRODUCTION - p. 2291 2364. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION - p. 2291 2365. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: ISCHEMIC NEPHROPATHY - p. 2292 2366. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2292 2367. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2293 2368. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2294 2369. RESULTS OF RENAL ARTERY INTERVENTION AND OUTCOMES - p. 2303 2370. CHAPTER 250: Acute Mesenteric Artery Ischemia: Open and Endovascular - p. 2307 2371. INTRODUCTION - p. 2307 2372. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2307 2373. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2307 2374. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2308 2375. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2308 2376. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE—OPEN - p. 2309 2377. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE—ENDOVASCULAR - p. 2310 2378. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2314 2379. COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT - p. 2315 2380. OUTCOMES - p. 2315 2381. CHAPTER 251: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Mesenteric Arteries - p. 2317 2382. CELIAC ARTERY (Fig. 251.1) - p. 2317 2383. SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY (FIGS. 251.1 to 251.3) - p. 2317 2384. INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY (FIGS. 251.1 and 251.4) - p. 2319 2385. CHAPTER 252: Open and Endovascular Revascularization for Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia - p. 2320 2386. INTRODUCTION - p. 2320 2387. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2320 2388. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 2321 2389. TREATMENT STRATEGIES AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2321 2390. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: OPEN REVASCULARIZATION - p. 2321 2391. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: ENDOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION - p. 2325 2392. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: HYBRID REVASCULARIZATION - p. 2327 2393. SUMMARY - p. 2329 2394. Part F: Venous Disorders - p. 2330 2395. CHAPTER 253: Contemporary Operative Venous Thrombectomy - p. 2331 2396. INTRODUCTION - p. 2331 2397. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2332 2398. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2333 2399. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2338 2400. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2338 2401. OUTCOMES - p. 2338 2402. CHAPTER 254: Chronic Deep Vein Thrombosis/Postthrombotic Syndrome: Open and Endovascular Treatment - p. 2340 2403. INTRODUCTION - p. 2340 2404. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2341 2405. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2342 2406. MEDICAL THERAPY - p. 2342 2407. INDICATIONS FOR ENDOVASCULAR SURGERY - p. 2343 2408. ENDOVASCULAR SURGERY TECHNIQUES AND OPTIONS - p. 2344 2409. IVC FILTER-INDUCED VENOCAVAL OBSTRUCTIVE DISEASE - p. 2344 2410. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. 2350 2411. CHAPTER 255: Vena Cava Filter Placement and Removal - p. 2353 2412. INTRODUCTION - p. 2353 2413. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2353 2414. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2355 2415. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2356 2416. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2359 2417. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2359 2418. OUTCOMES - p. 2361 2419. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. 2362 2420. CHAPTER 256: Venous Insufficiency Treatments, Including Medical Management - p. 2363 2421. INTRODUCTION - p. 2363 2422. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2364 2423. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2364 2424. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2365 2425. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2366 2426. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2366 2427. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2371 2428. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2372 2429. OUTCOMES - p. 2374 2430. Part G: Dialysis Access - p. 2375 2431. CHAPTER 257: Autogenous and Prosthetic Arteriovenous Hemodialysis Access - p. 2376 2432. INTRODUCTION - p. 2376 2433. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES - p. 2377 2434. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 2380 2435. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2387 2436. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 2388 2437. OUTCOMES - p. 2390 2438. CHAPTER 258: Mastery Keys: Vascular Anatomy of Upper Extremity - p. 2393 2439. RADIAL ARTERY - p. 2393 2440. BRACHIAL ARTERY - p. 2395 2441. ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA - p. 2395 2442. Part H: Thoracic - p. 2396 2443. CHAPTER 259: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome - p. 2397 2444. INTRODUCTION - p. 2397 2445. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2397 2446. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2398 2447. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2400 2448. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2400 2449. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2401 2450. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 2403 2451. COMPLICATIONS - p. 2405 2452. OUTCOMES - p. 2406 2453. CHAPTER 260: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of the Thoracic Outlet - p. 2408 2454. CHAPTER 261: Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injury (BTAI) - p. 2410 2455. INTRODUCTION - p. 2410 2456. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2410 2457. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2410 2458. BTAI CLASSIFICATION - p. 2411 2459. INITIAL MANAGEMENT - p. 2411 2460. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2412 2461. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2412 2462. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2412 2463. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2413 2464. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2413 2465. OUTCOMES - p. 2414 2466. Part I: Trauma - p. 2415 2467. CHAPTER 262: Vascular Injuries to the Neck, Including the Subclavian Vessels - p. 2416 2468. INTRODUCTION - p. 2416 2469. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE - p. 2416 2470. GENERAL APPROACH—ANATOMIC ZONES - p. 2416 2471. ETIOLOGY/EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 2416 2472. MANAGEMENT - p. 2417 2473. VERTEBRAL ARTERY TRAUMA - p. 2422 2474. SUMMARY - p. 2423 2475. CHAPTER 263: Injury to the Abdomen: Open and Endovascular - p. 2424 2476. INTRODUCTION - p. 2424 2477. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2425 2478. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2425 2479. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2426 2480. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2426 2481. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2426 2482. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2429 2483. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT/OUTCOMES - p. 2429 2484. CHAPTER 264: Injury to the Extremities: Open and Endovascular Management - p. 2430 2485. INTRODUCTION - p. 2430 2486. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2431 2487. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2431 2488. EPIDEMIOLOGY, AMPUTATION, AND MORTALITY - p. 2432 2489. PEDIATRIC INJURY - p. 2434 2490. INDICATIONS FOR INTERVENTION - p. 2434 2491. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2435 2492. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2435 2493. TEMPORARY VASCULAR SHUNTING (TVS) - p. 2435 2494. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2445 2495. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2445 2496. OUTCOMES - p. 2445 2497. SECTION XIII: Trauma, Burn, and Acute Care Surgery - p. 2447 2498. CHAPTER 265: Initial Assessment and Airway Management - p. 2449 2499. INTRODUCTION - p. 2449 2500. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2449 2501. INITIAL ASSESSMENT - p. 2450 2502. AIRWAY MANAGEMENT - p. 2457 2503. OUTCOMES - p. 2461 2504. CHAPTER 266: Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) - p. 2462 2505. INTRODUCTION - p. 2462 2506. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES - p. 2462 2507. TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 2462 2508. COMPLETING THE EXAM - p. 2463 2509. CLINICAL APPLICATION - p. 2467 2510. ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS, PEARLS, AND PITFALLS - p. 2468 2511. FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 2469 2512. OUTCOMES - p. 2470 2513. CHAPTER 267: Management of Neck Injuries - p. 2471 2514. INTRODUCTION - p. 2471 2515. ANATOMY - p. 2471 2516. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2473 2517. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2473 2518. ETIOLOGY/PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2473 2519. INJURY GRADING - p. 2473 2520. MANAGEMENT - p. 2473 2521. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2474 2522. MANAGEMENT - p. 2475 2523. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2475 2524. MANAGEMENT - p. 2475 2525. INTRODUCTION - p. 2475 2526. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2475 2527. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2477 2528. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2478 2529. SUMMARY - p. 2483 2530. CHAPTER 268: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Lateral Neck Exploration for Trauma - p. 2485 2531. EXPOSURE - p. 2485 2532. EXPLORATION OF VASCULAR STRUCTURES - p. 2485 2533. EXPLORATION OF MIDLINE STRUCTURES - p. 2486 2534. ADDITIONAL EXPOSURE OF THORACIC INLET - p. 2487 2535. CHAPTER 269: Neurosurgical Emergencies - p. 2488 2536. INTRODUCTION - p. 2488 2537. DEFINITION - p. 2488 2538. PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOLOGY - p. 2489 2539. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2489 2540. IMAGING STUDIES - p. 2489 2541. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2490 2542. OUTCOMES - p. 2494 2543. INTRODUCTION - p. 2496 2544. PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOLOGY - p. 2498 2545. DIAGNOSIS, CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2498 2546. IMAGING STUDIES - p. 2498 2547. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2499 2548. OUTCOMES - p. 2500 2549. CHAPTER 270: Thoracic Trauma and Injury to the Diaphragm - p. 2502 2550. INTRODUCTION - p. 2502 2551. INITIAL EVALUATION - p. 2502 2552. RESUSCITATIVE THORACOTOMY - p. 2502 2553. SECONDARY EVALUATION, DIAGNOSIS, AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2503 2554. RIB FRACTURES - p. 2503 2555. STERNAL FRACTURES - p. 2505 2556. PULMONARY INJURIES - p. 2505 2557. LACERATIONS - p. 2505 2558. CONTUSIONS - p. 2506 2559. CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF PENETRATING AND BLUNT CARDIAC INJURY - p. 2507 2560. OPERATIVE APPROACHES - p. 2507 2561. TREATMENT - p. 2507 2562. MYOCARDIAL CONTUSION: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT - p. 2507 2563. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 2507 2564. OPERATIVE PLANNING, APPROACHES, AND TREATMENT - p. 2508 2565. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 2508 2566. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 2508 2567. OPERATIVE APPROACH - p. 2508 2568. TREATMENT - p. 2509 2569. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 2509 2570. TREATMENT - p. 2509 2571. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 2509 2572. ANATOMY - p. 2509 2573. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2509 2574. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 2509 2575. OPERATIVE INDICATIONS, PLANNING, AND TREATMENT - p. 2510 2576. OPERATIVE TREATMENT - p. 2511 2577. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND COMPLICATIONS - p. 2512 2578. CONCLUSION - p. 2512 2579. CHAPTER 271: Retained Hemothorax, Pleural Effusion and Traumatic Empyema - p. 2514 2580. DEFINITION - p. 2514 2581. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2514 2582. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2515 2583. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2516 2584. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2518 2585. PERIPROCEDURAL MANAGEMENT AND TECHNIQUE - p. 2518 2586. POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS - p. 2519 2587. COMPLICATIONS - p. 2519 2588. CONCLUSION - p. 2520 2589. CHAPTER 272: Management of Cardiac Injuries - p. 2521 2590. INTRODUCTION - p. 2521 2591. ETIOLOGY - p. 2521 2592. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2522 2593. OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT AND NONOPERATIVE THERAPY - p. 2525 2594. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 2525 2595. VENTRICULAR INJURIES - p. 2526 2596. ATRIAL INJURIES - p. 2527 2597. CORONARY ARTERIES - p. 2528 2598. INTRA- AND POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2528 2599. CHAPTER 273: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Median Sternotomy and Heart - p. 2532 2600. MEDIAN STERNOTOMY - p. 2532 2601. HEART - p. 2533 2602. CHAPTER 274: Damage Control Laparotomy - p. 2538 2603. INTRODUCTION - p. 2538 2604. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2538 2605. DIAGNOSTICS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2539 2606. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2539 2607. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE OF DAMAGE CONTROL LAPAROTOMY - p. 2539 2608. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2543 2609. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2544 2610. OUTCOMES - p. 2544 2611. CHAPTER 275: Treatment of Major Hepatic and Splenic Trauma - p. 2546 2612. INTRODUCTION - p. 2546 2613. OPERATIVE ANATOMY - p. 2546 2614. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2550 2615. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2551 2616. NONOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF IPSO INJURIES - p. 2553 2617. OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF IPSO INJURIES - p. 2553 2618. DEFINITIVE OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES - p. 2555 2619. ENDOVASCULAR MANAGEMENT OF IPSO INJURIES - p. 2566 2620. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 2567 2621. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND FOLLOW-UP - p. 2569 2622. CHAPTER 276: Abdominal Vascular Injury and Use of REBOA - p. 2571 2623. INTRODUCTION - p. 2571 2624. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2571 2625. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2571 2626. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2572 2627. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR REBOA USE - p. 2572 2628. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2573 2629. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2577 2630. COMPLICATIONS - p. 2577 2631. OUTCOMES AFTER REBOA - p. 2577 2632. CONCLUSIONS - p. 2577 2633. CHAPTER 277: Duodenal and Pancreatic Trauma - p. 2579 2634. INTRODUCTION - p. 2579 2635. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2579 2636. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2579 2637. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2579 2638. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2580 2639. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2580 2640. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2580 2641. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2582 2642. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2583 2643. OUTCOMES - p. 2583 2644. INTRODUCTION - p. 2583 2645. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2583 2646. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2583 2647. MULTINODAL THERAPY - p. 2584 2648. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2584 2649. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2584 2650. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2584 2651. SUMMARY OF OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT FOR PANCREATIC INJURIES - p. 2587 2652. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2588 2653. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2588 2654. OUTCOMES - p. 2588 2655. COMBINED PANCREATODUODENAL INJURIES - p. 2588 2656. CHAPTER 278: Abdominal Compartment Syndrome and Management of the Open Abdomen - p. 2590 2657. INTRODUCTION - p. 2590 2658. ETIOLOGY AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 2590 2659. MANAGEMENT - p. 2590 2660. INDICATIONS - p. 2590 2661. TEMPORARY ABDOMINAL CLOSURE - p. 2590 2662. POSTOPERATIVE CARE IN THE OPEN ABDOMEN - p. 2591 2663. CLOSURE TECHNIQUES - p. 2591 2664. STAGE 1: ATTEMPTED DELAYED PRIMARY CLOSURE - p. 2592 2665. STAGE 2: STAGED SPLIT-THICKNESS SKIN GRAFTING - p. 2592 2666. COMPLICATIONS (OPEN ABDOMEN) - p. 2592 2667. STAGE 3: DEFINITIVE ABDOMINAL WALL RECONSTRUCTION - p. 2593 2668. OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE: MODIFIED COMPONENTS SEPARATION - p. 2593 2669. POSTOPERATIVE CARE (ABDOMINAL WALL RECONSTRUCTION) - p. 2595 2670. COMPLICATIONS (ABDOMINAL WALL RECONSTRUCTION) - p. 2595 2671. OUTCOMES - p. 2596 2672. SUMMARY - p. 2596 2673. CHAPTER 279: Pelvic Fractures and Retroperitoneal Hematoma - p. 2597 2674. INTRODUCTION - p. 2597 2675. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2597 2676. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2601 2677. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2603 2678. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2605 2679. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2607 2680. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2607 2681. OUTCOMES - p. 2608 2682. CHAPTER 280: Genitourinary Tract Trauma - p. 2610 2683. INTRODUCTION - p. 2610 2684. RENAL TRAUMA - p. 2610 2685. INDICATIONS FOR SURGICAL EXPLORATION - p. 2613 2686. PARENCHYMAL INJURY - p. 2615 2687. VASCULAR INJURY - p. 2616 2688. RENAL EXPLORATION AND RECONSTRUCTION - p. 2616 2689. VASCULAR INJURY AND REPAIR - p. 2618 2690. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND COMPLICATIONS - p. 2619 2691. USE OF INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY TECHNIQUES IN RENAL TRAUMA - p. 2620 2692. COMPLICATIONS OF RENAL INJURIES - p. 2620 2693. URETERAL INJURY - p. 2620 2694. PENILE TRAUMA - p. 2627 2695. CONCLUSIONS - p. 2628 2696. CHAPTER 281: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Urogenital System - p. 2630 2697. KIDNEYS - p. 2630 2698. URETERS - p. 2634 2699. INNERVATION (Fig. 281.8C) - p. 2636 2700. URINARY BLADDER - p. 2636 2701. CHAPTER 282: Burn and Inhalation Injury - p. 2639 2702. INTRODUCTION - p. 2639 2703. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2640 2704. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2640 2705. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2642 2706. IMMEDIATE SURGICAL TREATMENT: ESCHAROTOMY AND FASCIOTOMY - p. 2643 2707. INDICATION FOR SURGICAL TREATMENT - p. 2646 2708. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING: TIMING AND WOUND COVERAGE STRATEGY - p. 2648 2709. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2649 2710. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2652 2711. OUTCOMES - p. 2652 2712. CONCLUSION - p. 2654 2713. CHAPTER 283: Management of the Acute Abdomen - p. 2656 2714. INTRODUCTION - p. 2656 2715. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2656 2716. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2656 2717. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2658 2718. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2659 2719. SPECIAL PATIENT POPULATIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS - p. 2661 2720. COMPLICATIONS/OUTCOMES - p. 2663 2721. SUMMARY - p. 2663 2722. CHAPTER 284: Gastrointestinal Bleeding - p. 2664 2723. INTRODUCTION - p. 2664 2724. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2664 2725. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2667 2726. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2669 2727. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2672 2728. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2672 2729. OUTCOMES - p. 2672 2730. CHAPTER 285: Gastric and Duodenal Perforations - p. 2674 2731. INTRODUCTION - p. 2674 2732. CLINICAL PRESENTATION/DIAGNOSIS - p. 2675 2733. MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES - p. 2677 2734. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 2678 2735. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2686 2736. CHAPTER 286: Acute Biliary Tract Disease - p. 2691 2737. INTRODUCTION - p. 2691 2738. SURGICAL ANATOMY - p. 2691 2739. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2691 2740. DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT - p. 2692 2741. INDICATIONS - p. 2692 2742. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 2700 2743. CHAPTER 287: Small Bowel Obstruction - p. 2702 2744. INTRODUCTION - p. 2702 2745. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2702 2746. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2702 2747. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2703 2748. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2704 2749. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2704 2750. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2704 2751. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2705 2752. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2705 2753. OUTCOMES - p. 2706 2754. CHAPTER 288: Appendicitis - p. 2708 2755. INTRODUCTION - p. 2708 2756. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2708 2757. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2708 2758. THERAPY - p. 2709 2759. OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 2710 2760. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2711 2761. LAPAROSCOPIC APPENDECTOMY - p. 2712 2762. ROBOTIC-ASSISTED APPENDECTOMY - p. 2713 2763. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2714 2764. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2714 2765. OUTCOMES - p. 2714 2766. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 2714 2767. CHAPTER 289: Management of Toxic Megacolon and C. difficile Colitis - p. 2717 2768. INTRODUCTION - p. 2717 2769. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2717 2770. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2717 2771. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2717 2772. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2718 2773. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2718 2774. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2719 2775. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2722 2776. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2722 2777. OUTCOMES - p. 2722 2778. CHAPTER 290: Complication of Bariatric Surgery - p. 2724 2779. INTRODUCTION - p. 2724 2780. EARLY COMPLICATIONS - p. 2724 2781. LATE COMPLICATIONS - p. 2726 2782. COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER BARIATRIC PROCEDURES - p. 2730 2783. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS - p. 2730 2784. CONCLUSION - p. 2731 2785. CHAPTER 291: Surgical Infections of Skin and Soft Tissue - p. 2733 2786. INTRODUCTION - p. 2733 2787. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2733 2788. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2734 2789. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR SURGERY - p. 2735 2790. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2735 2791. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2736 2792. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2736 2793. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2737 2794. OUTCOMES - p. 2738 2795. CHAPTER 292: Management of Incarcerated Hernias - p. 2740 2796. INTRODUCTION - p. 2740 2797. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2740 2798. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2740 2799. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2742 2800. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2742 2801. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2742 2802. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2742 2803. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2745 2804. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2745 2805. OUTCOMES - p. 2745 2806. CONCLUSION - p. 2746 2807. SECTION XIV: Pediatric Surgery - p. 2747 2808. CHAPTER 293: Congenital Neck Masses - p. 2749 2809. INTRODUCTION - p. 2749 2810. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2750 2811. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2750 2812. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2750 2813. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2750 2814. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2751 2815. POSTOPERATIVE CARE, COMPLICATIONS, AND OUTCOMES - p. 2752 2816. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2752 2817. DIAGNOSIS, CLINICAL PRESENTATION, AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2753 2818. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2753 2819. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2753 2820. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2754 2821. POSTOPERATIVE CARE, COMPLICATIONS, AND OUTCOMES - p. 2755 2822. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2755 2823. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2756 2824. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING AND INDICATIONS - p. 2757 2825. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2757 2826. POSTOPERATIVE CARE, COMPLICATIONS, AND OUTCOMES - p. 2758 2827. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2758 2828. DIAGNOSIS, CLINICAL PRESENTATION, INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY, AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2758 2829. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2761 2830. POSTOPERATIVE CARE, COMPLICATIONS, OUTCOMES, AND MULTIMODAL CARE - p. 2762 2831. CHAPTER 294: Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula - p. 2763 2832. INTRODUCTION - p. 2763 2833. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2764 2834. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2764 2835. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2764 2836. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2766 2837. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2770 2838. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2771 2839. OUTCOMES - p. 2773 2840. CHAPTER 295: Mastery Keys: Embryology of the Development of the Esophagus and Trachea - p. 2776 2841. CHAPTER 296: Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia - p. 2777 2842. INTRODUCTION - p. 2777 2843. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2777 2844. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2778 2845. MULTIMODAL THERAPY AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2779 2846. PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION - p. 2781 2847. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2781 2848. COMPLICATIONS - p. 2786 2849. OUTCOMES - p. 2787 2850. CHAPTER 297: Chest Wall Deformities - p. 2789 2851. INTRODUCTION - p. 2789 2852. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2789 2853. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2789 2854. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2789 2855. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2791 2856. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2791 2857. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2797 2858. COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT - p. 2799 2859. OUTCOMES - p. 2799 2860. CHAPTER 298: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Infants and Children - p. 2801 2861. INTRODUCTION - p. 2801 2862. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2802 2863. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2802 2864. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2802 2865. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2803 2866. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2803 2867. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2804 2868. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2807 2869. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2807 2870. OUTCOMES - p. 2808 2871. CHAPTER 299: Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis and Congenital Duodenal Obstruction - p. 2809 2872. INTRODUCTION - p. 2809 2873. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 2810 2874. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2810 2875. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2811 2876. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2814 2877. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2814 2878. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2814 2879. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2815 2880. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2819 2881. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2820 2882. OUTCOMES - p. 2820 2883. CHAPTER 300: Malrotation - p. 2822 2884. INTRODUCTION - p. 2822 2885. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2822 2886. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2822 2887. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2824 2888. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2825 2889. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2827 2890. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2829 2891. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2829 2892. OUTCOMES - p. 2829 2893. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. 2830 2894. CHAPTER 301: Mastery Keys: Embryology of Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 2832 2895. CHAPTER 302: Biliary Atresia and Choledochal Cysts–Obstructive Jaundice in the Pediatric Population - p. 2835 2896. INTRODUCTION - p. 2835 2897. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2835 2898. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2836 2899. INDICATIONS AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2836 2900. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2837 2901. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2839 2902. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 2839 2903. OUTCOMES - p. 2840 2904. INTRODUCTION - p. 2840 2905. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2840 2906. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2841 2907. INDICATIONS AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2841 2908. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2841 2909. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2842 2910. COMPLICATIONS AND OUTCOMES - p. 2842 2911. CHAPTER 303: Intussusception - p. 2844 2912. INTRODUCTION - p. 2844 2913. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2844 2914. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2844 2915. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2845 2916. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2846 2917. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2847 2918. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2848 2919. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2848 2920. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2849 2921. OUTCOMES - p. 2849 2922. CHAPTER 304: Congenital Abdominal Wall Defects - p. 2850 2923. INTRODUCTION - p. 2850 2924. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2850 2925. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2850 2926. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2850 2927. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2851 2928. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2851 2929. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2853 2930. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 2854 2931. OUTCOMES - p. 2855 2932. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2855 2933. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2855 2934. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2856 2935. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2856 2936. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2857 2937. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2859 2938. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2859 2939. OUTCOMES - p. 2861 2940. CHAPTER 305: Mastery Keys: Embryology of Formation of Thoracic and Abdominal Wall and Cavities - p. 2863 2941. DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFERENTIATION OF SOMITES - p. 2863 2942. DEVELOPMENT OF BODY CAVITIES - p. 2864 2943. CHAPTER 306: Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Short Bowel Syndrome - p. 2866 2944. INTRODUCTION - p. 2866 2945. NEONATAL NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS - p. 2866 2946. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2866 2947. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 2866 2948. TREATMENT - p. 2868 2949. INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY - p. 2868 2950. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2868 2951. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2869 2952. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2870 2953. COMPLICATIONS - p. 2870 2954. ETIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2871 2955. TREATMENT - p. 2871 2956. COMPLICATIONS OF SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME AND INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY - p. 2871 2957. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 2872 2958. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2874 2959. COMPLICATIONS OF INTESTINAL LENGTHENING - p. 2874 2960. INTESTINAL TRANSPLANT - p. 2874 2961. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT - p. 2875 2962. CHAPTER 307: Neonatal Bowel Obstruction - p. 2877 2963. INTRODUCTION - p. 2877 2964. PRENATAL HISTORY - p. 2877 2965. PERINATAL MANAGEMENT - p. 2877 2966. DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM - p. 2877 2967. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC NEONATAL BOWEL OBSTRUCTIONS - p. 2880 2968. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2880 2969. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2880 2970. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2880 2971. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2881 2972. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2882 2973. OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS - p. 2882 2974. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2882 2975. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2883 2976. MEDICAL THERAPY - p. 2883 2977. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2883 2978. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2883 2979. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2883 2980. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2883 2981. OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS - p. 2884 2982. CHAPTER 308: Hirschsprung Disease - p. 2886 2983. INTRODUCTION - p. 2886 2984. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2886 2985. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2886 2986. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2888 2987. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 2888 2988. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2892 2989. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2892 2990. OUTCOMES - p. 2892 2991. CHAPTER 309: Anorectal Malformations - p. 2894 2992. INTRODUCTION - p. 2894 2993. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2894 2994. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2895 2995. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2896 2996. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 2897 2997. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2902 2998. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2902 2999. OUTCOMES - p. 2902 3000. CHAPTER 310: Cryptorchidism - p. 2903 3001. INTRODUCTION - p. 2903 3002. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2903 3003. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2904 3004. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2904 3005. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2905 3006. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2905 3007. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2913 3008. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2913 3009. OUTCOMES - p. 2913 3010. CHAPTER 311: Mastery Keys: Descent of Testis - p. 2915 3011. APPENDIX: Figure Credits: Anatomy Chapters - p. A-1 3012. Index - p. I-1
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For 40 years, Fischer’s Mastery of Surgery has provided expert, highly illustrated coverage of the procedures that general surgeons and trainees need to know. The fully revised eighth edition, under the editorial leadership of Drs. E. Christopher Ellison, Gilbert R. Upchurch Jr., Philip A. Efron, Steven D. Wexner, Nancy D. Perrier, V. Suzanne Klimberg, John H. Stewart IV, Valerie W. Rusch, Jon C. Gould, Susan Galandiuk, Timothy M. Pawlik, William C. Chapman, Benjamin K. Poulose, Peter K. Henke, Alicia M. Mohr, Saleem Islam, Anne M.R. Agur, Carol Scott-Conner, and David Renton continues the tradition of excellence with two full-color volumes that include the essentials of diagnosis, anatomy, and pre-operative planning while maintaining a focus on clear, step-by-step depictions and descriptions of procedures.
1. INTRODUCTION - p. 3 2. NEUROENDOCRINE CHANGES DURING TRAUMA AND INFECTION - p. 7 3. ROLE OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DURING TRAUMA AND INFECTION - p. 8 4. AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION - p. 8 5. ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ADRENERGIC STRESS - p. 8 6. OTHER NEUROENDOCRINE ALTERATIONS - p. 9 7. IMMUNE RESPONSE TO INJURY - p. 9 8. OUTCOMES - p. 11 9. CHAPTER 2: Perioperative Management: Practical Principles, Risk Determination and Future Directions - p. 13 10. INTRODUCTION - p. 13 11. GENERAL PRINCIPLES - p. 13 12. PERIOPERATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT - p. 13 13. A SYSTEM-BASED APPROACH TO PERIOPERATIVE EVALUATION - p. 15 14. SPECIAL POPULATIONS - p. 19 15. MEDICATION REVIEW - p. 23 16. FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 23 17. CHAPTER 3: Fluids, Electrolytes, and Renal Replacement Therapy - p. 25 18. INTRODUCTION - p. 25 19. TOTAL BODY WATER AND FLUID COMPOSITION (Fig. 3.1) - p. 25 20. ASSESSMENT OF FLUID STATUS - p. 26 21. INTRAVENOUS FLUIDS - p. 26 22. ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCES AND MANAGEMENT (FIGS. 3.2 AND 3.3) - p. 27 23. MANAGEMENT OF RENAL FAILURE: RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY AND DIALYSIS - p. 30 24. DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE - p. 31 25. PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF EARLY ACUTE RENAL FAILURE - p. 31 26. INDICATIONS FOR RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY - p. 31 27. RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY PRINCIPLES - p. 32 28. INTERMITTENT DIALYSIS (IHD) VERSUS CONTINUOUS RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY (CRRT) - p. 32 29. CHAPTER 4: Enteral Nutrition Support and Gastrointestinal Issues - p. 33 30. INTRODUCTION - p. 33 31. NUTRITION ASSESSMENT - p. 34 32. BIOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT - p. 35 33. METABOLIC RESPONSE TO STARVATION AND TO INJURY - p. 36 34. CALORIE AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS - p. 36 35. MACRONUTRIENTS: ABSORPTION AND UTILIZATION - p. 37 36. ENTERAL NUTRITION - p. 38 37. DISEASE-SPECIFIC FORMULATIONS AND ADDITIVES - p. 40 38. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE ELECTIVE PERIOPERATIVE SETTING - p. 41 39. SUMMARY - p. 42 40. CHAPTER 5: Respiratory Care and Ventilation in the Surgical ICU - p. 44 41. INTRODUCTION - p. 44 42. NORMAL PULMONARY PHYSIOLOGY - p. 44 43. IMPACT OF SURGICAL CARE ON PULMONARY FUNCTION - p. 44 44. RISK FACTORS FOR ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS OR ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE - p. 45 45. PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT FOR POSTOPERATIVE PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS - p. 46 46. PULMONARY PREHABILITATION FOR THE ELECTIVE SURGICAL PATIENT - p. 47 47. INTRAOPERATIVE MECHANICAL VENTILATION - p. 47 48. COMMON APPROACHES TO NONINVASIVE VENTILATION - p. 48 49. RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY DURING POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION - p. 49 50. VENTILATOR PRESCRIPTION ELEMENTS - p. 49 51. CONCLUSIONS - p. 60 52. CHAPTER 6: Cardiovascular Monitoring and Support - p. 62 53. INTRODUCTION - p. 62 54. CARDIOVASCULAR MONITORING - p. 62 55. CARDIOVASCULAR SUPPORT - p. 70 56. MECHANICAL VENTRICULAR ASSISTANCE - p. 72 57. CHAPTER 7: Best Practices in Endocrine Care in the Perioperative Period - p. 74 58. INTRODUCTION - p. 74 59. PINEAL GLAND - p. 74 60. HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY - p. 75 61. PARATHYROID - p. 76 62. THYROID GLAND - p. 77 63. ENDOCRINE PANCREAS - p. 78 64. THE ADRENAL GLAND - p. 80 65. CARCINOID SYNDROME AND OTHER FUNCTIONAL NEUROENDOCRINE TISSUE - p. 81 66. TESTIS AND OVARY - p. 81 67. THYMUS AND ADIPOSE TISSUE - p. 81 68. CHAPTER 8: Hemorrhagic Risk, Blood Components, and Anticoagulation/DVT Prophylaxis - p. 83 69. INTRODUCTION - p. 83 70. ACQUIRED COAGULOPATHY - p. 83 71. MEDICATION-INDUCED COAGULOPATHY - p. 84 72. WHOLE BLOOD TRANSFUSION - p. 87 73. PACKED RED BLOOD CELLS (PRBC) - p. 87 74. PLASMA - p. 88 75. CRYOPRECIPITATE - p. 88 76. PLATELETS - p. 88 77. TRANEXAMIC ACID - p. 89 78. TRANSFUSION-RELATED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION (TRIM) - p. 89 79. TRANSFUSION-RELATED ACUTE LUNG INJURY (TRALI) - p. 89 80. TRANSFUSION-ASSOCIATED CARDIAC OVERLOAD (TACO) - p. 89 81. CHAPTER 9: Perioperative Antimicrobial Prophylaxis, Treatment of Surgical Infection and Sepsis - p. 91 82. INTRODUCTION - p. 91 83. PREVENTION OF SURGICAL SITE INFECTION - p. 91 84. MANAGEMENT OF SEPSIS - p. 100 85. MANAGEMENT OF SURGICAL INFECTIONS - p. 100 86. COMPLICATED INTRA-ABDOMINAL SEPSIS - p. 100 87. SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS - p. 104 88. ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP - p. 106 89. CONCLUSION - p. 107 90. CHAPTER 10: Sedation and Delirium in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit - p. 109 91. INTRODUCTION - p. 109 92. ICU SEDATION AND AGITATION - p. 109 93. DELIRIUM - p. 112 94. SUMMARY - p. 115 95. CHAPTER 11: Acute Postoperative Pain Management - p. 117 96. INTRODUCTION - p. 117 97. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 117 98. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 118 99. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 118 100. THERAPY OPTIONS - p. 118 101. Multimodal THERAPY - p. 122 102. DISCHARGE - p. 123 103. SPECIAL POPULATIONS - p. 123 104. CONCLUSION - p. 123 105. CHAPTER 12: Surgeons and the Opioid Epidemic - p. e-1 106. INTRODUCTION - p. e-1 107. BRIEF HISTORY OF OPIOIDS - p. e-1 108. A REVOLUTION IN PHARMACEUTICAL ADVERTISING - p. e-2 109. MISCONSTRUED SCIENCE - p. e-2 110. PARADIGM CHANGE - p. e-2 111. A RAPID INCREASE IN PRESCRIPTION OPIOIDS - p. e-2 112. A MIDDLE-AMERICA PROBLEM - p. e-4 113. OPIOIDS AND THE SURGEON - p. e-4 114. APPROACHES TO PREVENTION - p. e-5 115. APPROACHES TO ADDICTION TREATMENT - p. e-7 116. HARM REDUCTIONS STRATEGIES - p. e-8 117. MULTIMODALITY ADDICTION STRATEGIES - p. e-8 118. MAINTAINING ABSTINENCE - p. e-8 119. FINAL DISCUSSION - p. e-8 120. CONCLUSION - p. e-9 121. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. e-9 122. CHAPTER 13: Surgery and Perioperative Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic - p. e-9 123. INTRODUCTION - p. e-9 124. PREADMISSION AND ADMISSION CONSIDERATIONS IN COVID-19 PANDEMIC - p. 125 125. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 125 126. INTRAOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS - p. 126 127. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 127 128. COST OF DELAY - p. 129 129. CHAPTER 14: Core Procedures in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit - p. 131 130. INTRODUCTION - p. 131 131. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 132 132. PREPROCEDURAL PLANNING AND EQUIPMENT - p. 132 133. TECHNIQUE - p. 132 134. COMPLICATIONS - p. 133 135. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 133 136. PREPROCEDURAL PLANNING AND EQUIPMENT - p. 133 137. TECHNIQUE - p. 134 138. COMPLICATIONS - p. 135 139. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 135 140. PREPROCEDURAL PLANNING AND EQUIPMENT - p. 135 141. TECHNIQUE - p. 136 142. COMPLICATIONS - p. 136 143. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 137 144. PREPROCEDURAL PLANNING AND EQUIPMENT - p. 137 145. TECHNIQUE - p. 137 146. COMPLICATIONS - p. 137 147. CHAPTER 15: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Venous Access, Subclavian and Internal Jugular Veins - p. 139 148. OVERVIEW OF VENOUS DRAINAGE OF NECK - p. 139 149. SUBCLAVIAN VEIN - p. 139 150. INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN - p. 140 151. SECTION II: Basic Surgical Skills and Emerging Technology - p. 140 152. CHAPTER 16: Laparoscopic Suturing and Stapling - p. 142 153. BACKGROUND - p. 143 154. LAPAROSCOPIC SUTURING INSTRUMENTS - p. 143 155. LAPAROSCOPIC SUTURING TECHNIQUES - p. 143 156. LAPAROSCOPIC STAPLING - p. 147 157. LAPAROSCOPIC SIMULATION AND TRAINING - p. 153 158. CONCLUSIONS - p. 153 159. CHAPTER 17: Ultrasonography by Surgeons - p. 155 160. INTRODUCTION - p. 155 161. INDICATIONS FOR INTRAOPERATIVE ULTRASOUND - p. 155 162. BASIC PHYSICS: THE PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT - p. 156 163. INSTRUMENTATION - p. 156 164. SCANNING TECHNIQUES - p. 157 165. OPEN ULTRASOUND - p. 161 166. LAPAROSCOPIC ULTRASOUND - p. 167 167. ROBOTIC ULTRASOUND - p. 168 168. ULTRASOUND-GUIDED PROCEDURES - p. 169 169. TRAINING IN SURGICAL ULTRASOUND - p. 171 170. CONCLUSIONS - p. 172 171. CHAPTER 18: Tumor Ablation: Technologies and Clinical Applications - p. 174 172. INTRODUCTION - p. 174 173. POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF TUMOR ABLATION - p. 174 174. TECHNOLOGIES USED FOR TUMOR ABLATION - p. 175 175. TUMOR ABLATION IN CLINICAL PRACTICE - p. 180 176. CONCLUSIONS - p. 184 177. CHAPTER 19: Upper and Lower Gastrointestinal Endoscopy - p. 186 178. INTRODUCTION - p. 186 179. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 186 180. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 186 181. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 191 182. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 192 183. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 192 184. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 196 185. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 197 186. OUTCOMES AND LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP - p. 197 187. NOVEL ENDOLUMINAL PLATFORMS AND ENDOROBOTICS - p. 197 188. CONCLUSION - p. 198 189. CHAPTER 20: Mastery Keys: Endoscopic Anatomy of Upper and Lower Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 201 190. ENDOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT - p. 201 191. ENDOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT - p. 203 192. CHAPTER 21: Robotic Surgery - p. 204 193. INTRODUCTION - p. 204 194. HISTORY OF MINIMAL INVASIVE SURGERY - p. 205 195. MIS AND ROBOTICS - p. 205 196. ROBOTIC PLATFORMS AND EVOLUTION - p. 205 197. THE DA VINCI SURGICAL SYSTEM - p. 205 198. EQUIPMENT FUNDAMENTALS - p. 207 199. EDUCATION AND SKILL ACQUISITION - p. 207 200. LIMITATIONS - p. 208 201. FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 208 202. CONCLUSION - p. 210 203. CHAPTER 22: Surgical Energy - p. 211 204. INTRODUCTION - p. 211 205. TYPES OF ENERGY IN THE OPERATING ROOM - p. 211 206. THE EIGHT REPRODUCIBLE PATTERNS OF ELECTROSURGICAL INJURY - p. 213 207. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 217 208. CONCLUSION - p. 219 209. CHAPTER 23: Telemedicine for Surgeons - p. 221 210. INTRODUCTION - p. 221 211. DEFINITION OF TELEMEDICINE - p. 221 212. DIFFERENT TYPES OF TELEMEDICINE - p. 221 213. ORIGINS OF TELEMEDICINE - p. 222 214. COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND ITS IMPACT ON TELEMEDICINE - p. 222 215. TECHNOLOGY BEHIND TELEMEDICINE - p. 223 216. THE VIRTUAL EXAMINATION - p. 224 217. CLINICAL LOGIC BEHIND SURGICAL TELEHEALTH - p. 224 218. USING TELEMEDICINE IN THE SURGICAL CARE CONTINUUM - p. 224 219. FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF TELEMEDICINE - p. 225 220. OPERATIONAL MODEL FOR SURGICAL TELEMEDICINE - p. 226 221. SURGICAL TELEMEDICINE IN A SERVICE LINE - p. 227 222. COLLABORATIVE TELEMEDICINE OPPORTUNITIES AMONG SURGEONS AND OTHER SPECIALTIES - p. 228 223. CRAFTING OUR SURGICAL TELEMEDICINE FUTURE - p. 228 224. CONCLUSION - p. 229 225. CHAPTER 24: Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality - p. 230 226. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE - p. 230 227. VIRTUAL REALITY - p. 237 228. FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 239 229. CHAPTER 25: Telepresence Surgery - p. 242 230. INTRODUCTION - p. 242 231. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 242 232. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING OF THE WORLD’S FIRST TELESURGERY - p. 243 233. THE SURGICAL TECHNIQUE OF OPERATION LINDBERGH - p. 244 234. POSTOPERATIVE CARE/COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 244 235. POST-LINDBERGH DEVELOPMENT OF TELESURGERY - p. 244 236. TELESURGERY BEYOND EARTH - p. 247 237. OUTLOOK - p. 247 238. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - p. 248 239. CHAPTER 26: An Effective Approach to Mastering Communication in Surgery - p. 249 240. KEY PRINCIPLES IN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION - p. 250 241. COMMUNICATION ACROSS THE SURGICAL PATHWAY - p. 251 242. TEAM COMMUNICATION - p. 252 243. CASE SCENARIOS - p. 252 244. TECHNIQUES ACROSS DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION PLATFORMS - p. 253 245. CHAPTER 27: Fluorescence Imaging - p. 255 246. INTRODUCTION - p. 255 247. EQUIPMENT - p. 255 248. SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS OF FLUORESCENCE TECHNOLOGY - p. 256 249. ENDOCRINE SURGERY - p. 262 250. SENTINEL LYMPH NODE IDENTIFICATION - p. 263 251. LYMPHATIC SURGERY - p. 263 252. FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS - p. 264 253. FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 265 254. CONCLUSIONS - p. 265 255. CHAPTER 28: Video-Based Education - p. 266 256. THE TRIPLE PARADIGM SHIFT - p. 266 257. BASIC CONCEPTS, MODALITIES, AND SOURCES FOR LEARNING - p. 267 258. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS, TOOLS AND REGULATION - p. 268 259. EVALUATION METHODS SPECIFIC TO VBE - p. 270 260. RESULTS TO DATE - p. 271 261. DIFFICULTIES FOR ITS INCLUSION IN TRAINING PROGRAMS - p. 271 262. LIABILITY AND OTHER MEDICO-LEGAL ASPECTS - p. 272 263. FUTURE TRENDS IN NON–FACE-TO-FACE SURGICAL EDUCATION - p. 272 264. CHAPTER 29: Deferred Live Surgery - p. 274 265. INTRODUCTION - p. 274 266. HISTORY - p. 274 267. LIVE SURGERY - p. 276 268. Synchronized Deferred Live (dLIVE) Surgery - p. 278 269. CHAPTER 30: Integrated Operating Room - p. 281 270. INTRODUCTION - p. 281 271. REVOLUTION OF MIS SURGERY—EMERGENCY OF “ENDOLAPAROSCOPIC” CONCEPT - p. 281 272. DEVELOPMENT OF MINIMALLY INVASIVE SUITE - p. 281 273. FUTURE TRENDS OF MIS SUITE - p. 283 274. CHAPTER 31: Regenerative Medicine in Surgery - p. 285 275. INTRODUCTION - p. 285 276. COLORECTAL SURGERY - p. 285 277. SOLID ABDOMINAL ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION - p. 288 278. INFLAMMATION-DRIVEN PATHOLOGY OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY - p. 290 279. ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY - p. 290 280. PLASTIC SURGERY - p. 290 281. LIMITATIONS OF CELL THERAPY - p. 291 282. CONCLUSION - p. 291 283. CHAPTER 32: Social Media as a Surgical Tool - p. 293 284. INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL MEDIA FOR SURGERY - p. 293 285. THE SOCIOLOGIC BASIS OF SOCIAL MEDIA - p. 293 286. HOW TO DETERMINE THE BEST PLATFORM FOR YOUR NEEDS - p. 294 287. CONNECTING AND ENGAGING WITH SURGEONS ON SOCIAL MEDIA - p. 297 288. MEASURING SOCIAL MEDIA IMPACT - p. 298 289. BENEFITS, RISKS, AND LIMITATIONS OF SOCIAL MEDIA - p. 299 290. SOCIAL MEDIA AS A TOOL FOR SURGICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING - p. 299 291. SOCIAL MEDIA FOR SURGICAL RESEARCH - p. 300 292. CONCLUSION - p. 301 293. CHAPTER 33: Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy and Pressurized Intraperitoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy - p. 302 294. INTRODUCTION - p. 302 295. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 302 296. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 303 297. MULTIMODAL THERAPY, INDICATIONS, AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 304 298. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 304 299. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 306 300. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 306 301. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 306 302. OUTCOMES - p. 307 303. CONCLUSIONS - p. 308 304. SECTION III: Endocrine Surgery - p. 309 305. Part A: Thyroid - p. 312 306. CHAPTER 34: Indications for Surgical Management of Thyroid Disease - p. 313 307. INTRODUCTION - p. 313 308. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 313 309. TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS - p. 313 310. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUBSTERNAL DISEASE - p. 314 311. INTRODUCTION - p. 315 312. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 316 313. SURGICAL MANAGMENT - p. 318 314. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 319 315. CHAPTER 35: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Thyroid Gland and Midline Neck Structures - p. 321 316. EXPOSURE - p. 321 317. THYROID GLAND - p. 321 318. VENOUS DRAINAGE - p. 324 319. ARTERIAL SUPPLY - p. 324 320. INNERVATION - p. 325 321. CHAPTER 36: Open Thyroidectomy - p. 327 322. INTRODUCTION - p. 327 323. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 327 324. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 327 325. PLANNING, POSITIONING, AND TOOLS - p. 327 326. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 328 327. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 332 328. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 332 329. OUTCOMES - p. 333 330. CHAPTER 37: Neck Dissection for Thyroid Cancer - p. 334 331. INTRODUCTION - p. 334 332. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 334 333. CONCLUSIONS - p. 339 334. CHAPTER 38: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Neck Dissection - p. 341 335. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF NECK - p. 341 336. ANATOMY OF NECK - p. 341 337. Part B: Parathyroid - p. 346 338. CHAPTER 39: Primary Hyperparathyroidism - p. 347 339. INTRODUCTION - p. 347 340. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 347 341. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS - p. 347 342. DIAGNOSIS - p. 348 343. RESPONSE TO SURGERY - p. 348 344. INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY - p. 349 345. IMAGING - p. 349 346. SURGICAL STRATEGY AND PRINCIPLES - p. 352 347. FAILURE AND OTHER SURGICAL RISKS - p. 355 348. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 357 349. CHAPTER 40: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Parathyroid Glands - p. 360 350. SUPERIOR PARATHYROID GLANDS - p. 361 351. INFERIOR PARATHYROID GLANDS - p. 361 352. CHAPTER 41: Minimally Invasive Parathyroidectomy - p. 362 353. INTRODUCTION - p. 362 354. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 362 355. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 362 356. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE AND ADJUNCTS - p. 364 357. CHALLENGING SITUATIONS - p. 367 358. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 368 359. OUTCOMES - p. 368 360. CHAPTER 42: Standard Cervical Exploration for Primary Hyperparathyroidism - p. 370 361. INTRODUCTION - p. 370 362. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 370 363. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 370 364. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 371 365. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 371 366. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 371 367. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 371 368. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 374 369. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 374 370. OUTCOMES - p. 374 371. CHAPTER 43: Secondary and Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism as a Consequence of End-Stage Renal Disease - p. 375 372. INTRODUCTION - p. 375 373. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 376 374. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 377 375. MULTIMODAL THERAPY/MEDICAL MANAGEMENT - p. 378 376. INDICATIONS FOR PARATHYROIDECTOMY - p. 378 377. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE/EXTENT OF SURGERY - p. 379 378. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE TECHNIQUE OF PARATHYROIDECTOMY IN PATIENTS WITH SHPT AND THPT - p. 380 379. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 380 380. CHAPTER 44: Parathyroid Carcinoma - p. 382 381. INTRODUCTION - p. 382 382. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 382 383. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 383 384. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 383 385. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 385 386. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 387 387. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 387 388. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 389 389. SPECIAL SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 391 390. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 392 391. OUTCOMES - p. 392 392. CONCLUSIONS - p. 393 393. Part C: Adrenal - p. 394 394. CHAPTER 45: Work Up of Adrenal Masses and Preoperative Management of Functional Adrenal Tumors - p. 394 395. INTRODUCTION - p. 394 396. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 394 397. DIAGNOSIS/PRESENTATION - p. 394 398. ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA - p. 395 399. BIOCHEMICAL EVALUATION - p. 395 400. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 395 401. IMAGING - p. 397 402. TUMOR SIZE - p. 398 403. SPECIFIC ADRENAL TUMORS - p. 398 404. GENETIC COUNSELING - p. 400 405. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 400 406. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 400 407. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 401 408. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 401 409. OUTCOMES - p. 401 410. CHAPTER 46: Minimally Invasive Adrenalectomy (Laparoscopic and Retroperitoneoscopic) - p. 403 411. INTRODUCTION - p. 403 412. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 403 413. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 403 414. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 403 415. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 404 416. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 404 417. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 405 418. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 411 419. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 411 420. OUTCOMES - p. 411 421. CHAPTER 47: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Adrenal Glands - p. 413 422. LEFT ADRENAL GLAND (FIGS. 47.4 TO 47.6) - p. 414 423. RIGHT ADRENAL GLAND (FIGS. 47.4 TO 47.6) - p. 415 424. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF LEFT AND RIGHT ADRENAL GLANDS - p. 416 425. CHAPTER 48: Robotic Adrenalectomy - p. 417 426. INTRODUCTION - p. 417 427. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 417 428. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 421 429. COMPARATIVE OUTCOMES BETWEEN ROBOTIC AND LAPAROSCOPIC ADRENALECTOMY - p. 423 430. CHAPTER 49: Open Adrenalectomy - p. 425 431. INTRODUCTION - p. 425 432. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 425 433. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 425 434. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 426 435. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 426 436. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 427 437. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 431 438. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 433 439. ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 433 440. OUTCOMES - p. 434 441. SECTION IV: Breast - p. 435 442. CHAPTER 50: Mastery of Benign Disease and Breast Pain - p. 438 443. INTRODUCTION - p. 439 444. PERCUTANEOUS CORE NEEDLE BIOPSY AND CONCORDANCE - p. 439 445. BENIGN BREAST LESIONS—HISTOPATHOLOGY, MANAGEMENT AFTER CORE NEEDLE BIOPSY, AND LONG-TERM RISKS FOR BREAST CANCER DEVELOPMENT - p. 439 446. FAT NECROSIS - p. 442 447. SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NONPROLIFERATIVE LESIONS (Table 50.1) - p. 443 448. SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROLIFERATIVE LESIONS WITHOUT ATYPIA (Table 50.1) - p. 444 449. SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ATYPICAL LESIONS (Table 50.1) - p. 445 450. CHAPTER 51: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Breast - p. 448 451. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF BREAST (Fig. 51.2A,B) - p. 448 452. BLOOD SUPPLY OF BREAST (Fig. 51.2C) - p. 448 453. NIPPLE–AREOLAR COMPLEX (Fig. 51.1) - p. 449 454. INNERVATION - p. 449 455. BLOOD SUPPLY OF NIPPLE AREOLAR COMPLEX (Fig. 51.2C) - p. 449 456. MALE BREAST - p. 449 457. CHAPTER 52: Diagnostic Approach to Breast Abnormalities - p. 450 458. INTRODUCTION - p. 450 459. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 450 460. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SCREENING - p. 450 461. MULTIMODALITY IMAGING - p. 451 462. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 457 463. POSTOPERATIVE BIOPSY CARE - p. 461 464. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 462 465. OUTCOMES - p. 463 466. CHAPTER 53: Breast-Conserving Therapy - p. 465 467. INTRODUCTION - p. 465 468. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 466 469. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 467 470. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 468 471. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 470 472. COMPLICATIONS - p. 470 473. OUTCOMES - p. 471 474. SUMMARY - p. 471 475. CHAPTER 54: Postoperative Radiation Treatment for Management of Breast Cancer - p. 473 476. INTRODUCTION - p. 473 477. INDICATIONS - p. 473 478. RADIATION PLANNING - p. 473 479. RADIATION TECHNIQUES - p. 474 480. PARTIAL BREAST IRRADIATION - p. 475 481. CONCLUSIONS - p. 480 482. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. 480 483. CHAPTER 55: Ablative Techniques for Benign and Malignant Breast Tumors - p. 481 484. INTRODUCTION - p. 481 485. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 482 486. PREABLATION PLANNING - p. 482 487. ABLATIVE TECHNIQUES AND OUTCOMES - p. 483 488. RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION - p. 484 489. OUTCOMES - p. 484 490. CRYOABLATION - p. 487 491. OUTCOMES - p. 487 492. INTERSTITIAL LASER THERAPY - p. 488 493. OUTCOMES - p. 488 494. MICROWAVE ABLATION - p. 489 495. OUTCOMES - p. 490 496. HIGH-INTENSITY FOCUSED ULTRASOUND ABLATION - p. 492 497. OUTCOMES - p. 492 498. IRREVERSIBLE ELECTROPORATION - p. 493 499. OUTCOMES - p. 493 500. SUMMARY - p. 493 501. CHAPTER 56: Treatment of the Axilla - p. 494 502. INTRODUCTION - p. 494 503. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 494 504. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 495 505. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 495 506. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 496 507. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 497 508. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 497 509. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 500 510. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 500 511. OUTCOMES - p. 500 512. CHAPTER 57: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Axilla and Pectoral Region - p. 504 513. AXILLA - p. 504 514. REGIONAL FASCIA - p. 504 515. MUSCLES - p. 505 516. NERVES - p. 505 517. ARTERIES AND VEINS - p. 507 518. LYMPH NODES (Fig. 57.5) - p. 508 519. CHAPTER 58: Lymphedema—Pathophysiology, Prevention, and Treatment - p. 509 520. INTRODUCTION - p. 509 521. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 509 522. RISK FACTORS - p. 511 523. DIAGNOSING LYMPHEDEMA - p. 512 524. STAGING AND EARLY DETECTION - p. 513 525. PREVENTION - p. 514 526. TREATMENT - p. 517 527. CHAPTER 59: Simple, Modified, and Radical Mastectomy - p. 523 528. INTRODUCTION - p. 523 529. INDICATIONS - p. 523 530. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 524 531. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: SIMPLE (TOTAL) MASTECTOMY - p. 524 532. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: MODIFIED RADICAL MASTECTOMY - p. 526 533. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: RADICAL MASTECTOMY - p. 527 534. MARGINS AFTER MASTECTOMY - p. 528 535. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 528 536. CHAPTER 60: Oncoplastic Techniques for Breast Cancer - p. 536 537. INTRODUCTION - p. 536 538. CLASSIFICATION OF TECHNIQUES - p. 536 539. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS IN THE SELECTION OF PATIENTS - p. 537 540. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 537 541. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 537 542. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 546 543. OUTCOMES - p. 546 544. TRAINING IN OPS - p. 547 545. CONCLUSION - p. 547 546. CHAPTER 61: Breast Reconstruction Following Mastectomy - p. 549 547. INTRODUCTION - p. 549 548. INDICATIONS - p. 549 549. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 549 550. PARTIAL MASTECTOMY/LUMPECTOMY - p. 550 551. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 550 552. TISSUE EXPANSION/IMPLANTS - p. 550 553. RECONSTRUCTION WITH ACELLULAR DERMAL MATRIX - p. 550 554. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR TISSUE EXPANDER/ACELLULAR DERMAL MATRIX - p. 550 555. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE OF MYOCUTANEOUS FLAPS - p. 551 556. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE OF THE LATISSIMUS FLAP - p. 551 557. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE OF THE THORACOEPIGASTRIC FLAP - p. 552 558. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE OF THE TRANSVERSE RECTUS ABDOMINIS MYOCUTANEOUS FLAP - p. 553 559. ONCOPLASTIC SURGERY - p. 554 560. RECONSTRUCTION WITH FAT GRAFTING - p. 555 561. CONTRALATERAL BREAST CONSIDERATIONS - p. 555 562. REDUCTION MAMMAPLASTY AND MASTOPEXY SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 555 563. NIPPLE RECONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE - p. 557 564. COMPLICATIONS - p. 558 565. TIMING OF BREAST RECONSTRUCTION - p. 558 566. CONCLUSIONS - p. 558 567. CHAPTER 62: Salvage Surgery for Recurrent/Advanced Carcinoma of the Breast - p. 559 568. INTRODUCTION - p. 559 569. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 560 570. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 560 571. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 561 572. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 562 573. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 565 574. COMPLICATIONS - p. 566 575. OUTCOMES - p. 566 576. CONCLUSION - p. 566 577. CHAPTER 63: Clinical Trials and Follow-up in Breast Cancer - p. 568 578. INTRODUCTION - p. 568 579. BREAST SURGERY - p. 568 580. MARGINS - p. 569 581. RADIATION TRIALS - p. 569 582. NONINVASIVE (DCIS) BREAST CANCER - p. 570 583. AXILLARY SURGERY - p. 571 584. SYSTEMIC CONSIDERATIONS - p. 574 585. TUMOR GENOMICS - p. 574 586. CONCLUSION - p. 575 587. CHAPTER 64: Management of Breast Cancer in Special Presentations - p. 576 588. INTRODUCTION - p. 576 589. BREAST CANCER IN PREGNANCY AND LACTATION - p. 576 590. BREAST CANCER IN MEN - p. 577 591. AXILLARY LYMPHADENOPATHY WITH UNKNOWN PRIMARY - p. 578 592. INFLAMMATORY BREAST CANCER - p. 579 593. METAPLASTIC BREAST CANCER - p. 579 594. PAGET’S DISEASE - p. 581 595. BILATERAL BREAST CANCER - p. 581 596. BREAST SARCOMA/ANGIOSARCOMA - p. 583 597. PHYLLODES TUMORS - p. 583 598. CHAPTER 65: Quality Measure and Outcomes in Breast Cancer - p. 585 599. INTRODUCTION - p. 585 600. THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY (ASCO) - p. 585 601. AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS NATIONAL SURGICAL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT DATABASE PROGRAM - p. 585 602. COMMISSION ON CANCER - p. 585 603. AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS AND COMMISSION ON CANCER OPERATIVE STANDARDS AND SYNOPTIC OPERATIVE REPORTING - p. 585 604. CONCLUSION - p. 586 605. CHAPTER 66: Molecular Staging and Its Implication in Treating Breast Cancer - p. 588 606. INTRODUCTION - p. 588 607. STAGING OF BREAST CANCER–DEFINING PROGNOSIS AND TREATMENT - p. 588 608. LIMITATIONS OF ANATOMIC BREAST CANCER STAGING - p. 590 609. BREAST CANCER AS A FAMILY OF SEPARATE CANCER TYPES - p. 590 610. BREAST CANCER SUBTYPES - p. 591 611. INCORPORATION OF MOLECULAR/NONANATOMIC FACTORS IN CANCER STAGING - p. 591 612. PROGNOSTIC STAGING: THE AJCC APPROACH TO TNM STAGING - p. 591 613. OTHER KEY ISSUES WITH PROGNOSTIC STAGING - p. 592 614. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 594 615. SECTION V: Melanoma and Soft Tissue Tumors - p. 596 616. Part A: Cutaneous Lesions - p. 596 617. CHAPTER 67: Workup of Suspicious Cutaneous Lesions to Melanoma and Soft Tissue Tumors - p. 599 618. INTRODUCTION - p. 599 619. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 600 620. CHAPTER 68: Malignant Melanoma - p. 605 621. INTRODUCTION - p. 605 622. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 605 623. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 605 624. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY—SURGERY - p. 606 625. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY—ADJUVANT THERAPY FOR STAGE II AND III MELANOMA - p. 609 626. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY—NEOADJUVANT THERAPY FOR STAGE III AND IV MELANOMA - p. 610 627. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY—SYSTEMIC THERAPY FOR STAGE III AND IV MELANOMA - p. 611 628. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY—REGIONAL CHEMOTHERAPY FOR IN-TRANSIT DISEASE - p. 612 629. OUTCOMES AND SPECIAL SITUATIONS - p. 613 630. MELANOMA OF UNKNOWN PRIMARY - p. 613 631. MELANOMA ARISING IN PREGNANCY - p. 614 632. DESMOPLASTIC MELANOMA - p. 614 633. HEAD AND NECK MELANOMA INCLUDING LENTIGO MALIGNA - p. 614 634. HAND AND FOOT MELANOMA - p. 614 635. PEDIATRIC MELANOMA AND ATYPICAL SPITZOID TUMORS - p. 615 636. ANAL MELANOMA - p. 616 637. CHAPTER 69: Merkel Cell Cancer - p. 617 638. INTRODUCTION - p. 617 639. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 617 640. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 617 641. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 618 642. ADJUVANT AND NEOADJUVANT OPTIONS - p. 618 643. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 619 644. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 619 645. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 619 646. OUTCOMES - p. 620 647. CHAPTER 70: Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma - p. 621 648. INTRODUCTION - p. 621 649. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 621 650. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 623 651. TREATMENT - p. 624 652. LOCAL TUMOR DESTRUCTION - p. 624 653. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 625 654. ADVANCED DISEASE - p. 626 655. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 627 656. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 627 657. OUTCOMES - p. 628 658. CHAPTER 71: Basal Cell Carcinoma - p. 629 659. INTRODUCTION - p. 629 660. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 629 661. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 630 662. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 631 663. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 633 664. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 633 665. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 633 666. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 633 667. OUTCOMES - p. 634 668. Part B: Soft Tissue Sarcomas - p. 635 669. CHAPTER 72: Extremity Sarcomas - p. 636 670. INTRODUCTION - p. 636 671. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 636 672. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 637 673. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 638 674. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 641 675. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 641 676. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 641 677. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 642 678. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 643 679. OUTCOMES - p. 644 680. CHAPTER 73: Retroperitoneal Sarcoma - p. 645 681. INTRODUCTION - p. 645 682. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 645 683. CLINICAL PRESENTATION/DIAGNOSIS - p. 647 684. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 649 685. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 651 686. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 651 687. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 652 688. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 654 689. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 654 690. OUTCOMES - p. 655 691. SUMMARY - p. 656 692. Part C: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - p. 656 693. CHAPTER 74: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery for Melanoma and Soft Tissue Tumors - p. 657 694. INTRODUCTION - p. 657 695. HEALING BY SECONDARY INTENT - p. 657 696. PRIMARY CLOSURE - p. 657 697. SKIN GRAFTS - p. 658 698. SKIN SUBSTITUTES - p. 658 699. FLAPS - p. 659 700. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 670 701. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 670 702. OUTCOMES - p. 670 703. Part D: Lymph Node Dissections - p. 671 704. CHAPTER 75: Management of the Inguinal Lymph Node Basin for Melanoma - p. 672 705. INTRODUCTION - p. 672 706. SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY - p. 672 707. COMPLETION INGUINAL LYMPH NODE DISSECTION - p. 672 708. THERAPEUTIC LYMPH NODE DISSECTION - p. 672 709. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 673 710. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 673 711. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 675 712. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 676 713. OUTCOMES - p. 676 714. LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP - p. 677 715. CHAPTER 76: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Inguinal Lymph Node Dissection - p. 678 716. SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL NODES (Fig. 76.1) - p. 678 717. DEEP INGUINAL NODES (FIGS. 76.1 AND 76.2B) - p. 678 718. Relationships of Lymph Nodes to Surrounding Structures - p. 679 719. SECTION VI: CHEST WALL, ESOPHAGEAL CANCER, LUNG, AND MEDIASTINUM - p. 680 720. CHAPTER 77: Airway Procedures - p. 683 721. INTRODUCTION - p. 683 722. BASIC PRINCIPLES - p. 683 723. THE SCOPES - p. 683 724. EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS - p. 688 725. AIRWAY PROCEDURES - p. 693 726. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES - p. 696 727. CHAPTER 78: Mastery Keys: Bronchoscopic Anatomy of Tracheobronchial Tree - p. 699 728. Right Bronchial Tree (Fig. 78.2) - p. 699 729. Left Bronchial Tree (Fig. 78.2) - p. 699 730. Bronchopulmonary Segments (Fig. 78.2) - p. 700 731. CHAPTER 79: Resection and Reconstruction of the Trachea - p. 701 732. INTRODUCTION - p. 701 733. ETIOLOGY - p. 701 734. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 701 735. INDICATIONS FOR TRACHEAL SURGERY - p. 701 736. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 701 737. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 701 738. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 713 739. COMPLICATIONS OF TRACHEAL RESECTIONS - p. 713 740. OUTCOMES - p. 713 741. CHAPTER 80: Chest Wall Resection and Reconstruction - p. 715 742. INTRODUCTION - p. 715 743. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 715 744. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 716 745. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 716 746. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR RESECTION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF THE BONY CHEST WALL - p. 717 747. COMPLICATIONS OF BONY CHEST WALL RESECTION AND RECONSTRUCTION AND THEIR MANAGEMENT - p. 725 748. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR SOFT TISSUE RECONSTRUCTION - p. 726 749. COMPLICATIONS OF SOFT TISSUE RECONSTRUCTION AND THEIR MANAGEMENT - p. 731 750. OUTCOMES - p. 732 751. CHAPTER 81: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Chest Wall - p. 734 752. SKELETON OF THORACIC WALL (Fig. 81.1) - p. 734 753. INTRINSIC MUSCULATURE (Fig. 81.2) - p. 735 754. EXTRINSIC MUSCULATURE (FIGS. 81.3 TO 81.5) - p. 736 755. NERVES OF THORACIC WALL (Fig. 81.6) - p. 737 756. VASCULATURE OF THORAX (FIGS. 81.2, 81.6, AND 81.7) - p. 738 757. DIAPHRAGM (Fig. 81.8) - p. 740 758. CHAPTER 82: Pulmonary Resection - p. 741 759. INTRODUCTION - p. 741 760. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 742 761. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS - p. 750 762. CHAPTER 83: Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS) Resection - p. 751 763. INTRODUCTION - p. 751 764. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 752 765. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 752 766. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 757 767. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 757 768. OUTCOMES - p. 758 769. CHAPTER 84: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Lungs - p. 760 770. CHAPTER 85: Robotic-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery and Resection - p. 766 771. INTRODUCTION - p. 766 772. INDICATIONS - p. 769 773. CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 769 774. PREOPERATIVE AND INTRAOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 769 775. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 770 776. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 774 777. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 774 778. OUTCOMES - p. 775 779. FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 775 780. CONCLUSION - p. 775 781. CHAPTER 86: Open Procedures for Esophagectomy - p. 776 782. INTRODUCTION - p. 776 783. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 777 784. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 777 785. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 777 786. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 777 787. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 777 788. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 778 789. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 788 790. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 788 791. OUTCOMES AND FOLLOW-UP - p. 790 792. CHAPTER 87: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Thoracic and Abdominal Esophagus - p. 791 793. ARTERIAL SUPPLY (Fig. 87.3) - p. 793 794. VENOUS DRAINAGE - p. 793 795. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE (Fig. 87.1B) - p. 793 796. INNERVATION (Fig. 87.2B) - p. 793 797. CHAPTER 88: Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy - p. 794 798. INTRODUCTION - p. 794 799. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ESOPHAGEAL CANCER - p. 794 800. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 794 801. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 794 802. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 794 803. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 794 804. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 794 805. CHAPTER 89: Esophageal Cancer: Robotic-Assisted Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy - p. 801 806. INTRODUCTION - p. 801 807. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 801 808. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 801 809. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 801 810. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 806 811. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 806 812. OUTCOMES - p. 807 813. CHAPTER 90: Transhiatal Esophagectomy - p. 808 814. INTRODUCTION - p. 808 815. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 808 816. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 808 817. PATIENT SELECTION AND PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION - p. 810 818. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 810 819. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 822 820. COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT - p. 822 821. OUTCOMES - p. 826 822. CHAPTER 91: The Management of Pleural Disease - p. 829 823. ANATOMY - p. 829 824. PLEURAL EFFUSION - p. 829 825. DIAGNOSIS - p. 829 826. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 833 827. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 834 828. PNEUMOTHORAX - p. 839 829. PRIMARY SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX - p. 839 830. SECONDARY SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX - p. 840 831. TRAUMATIC PNEUMOTHORAX - p. 841 832. TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX - p. 841 833. PLEURAL MESOTHELIOMA - p. 842 834. PATHOGENESIS - p. 842 835. HISTOLOGY - p. 842 836. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 843 837. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 843 838. TREATMENT - p. 844 839. CHAPTER 92: Management of Mediastinal Masses - p. 848 840. INTRODUCTION - p. 848 841. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION: GENERAL PRINCIPLES - p. 849 842. ANTERIOR MEDIASTINAL MASSES - p. 850 843. CHAPTER 93: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Mediastinum (Noncardiac) - p. 858 844. SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM (Fig. 93.2) - p. 858 845. GREAT VESSELS (FIGS. 93.2, 93.3 AND 93.6) - p. 858 846. ANTERIOR MEDIASTINUM (Fig. 93.1) - p. 861 847. MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM (FIGS. 93.3 AND 93.5) - p. 862 848. POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM - p. 864 849. SECTION VII: BENIGN FOREGUT AND STOMACH - p. 866 850. Part A: The Esophagus - p. 867 851. CHAPTER 94: Minimally Invasive Antireflux Surgery—Fundoplication - p. 869 852. INTRODUCTION - p. 869 853. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 869 854. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 870 855. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 871 856. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 872 857. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 873 858. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 875 859. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 884 860. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 885 861. OUTCOMES - p. 885 862. CHAPTER 95: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Diaphragm - p. 889 863. CHAPTER 96: Minimally Invasive Paraesophageal Hernia Repair - p. 892 864. INTRODUCTION - p. 892 865. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 892 866. DIAGNOSIS - p. 893 867. INDICATION FOR TREATMENT - p. 894 868. PRINCIPLES OF REPAIR - p. 894 869. SURGICAL ANATOMY - p. 894 870. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 894 871. CONCLUDING THE OPERATION - p. 900 872. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 900 873. OUTCOMES - p. 900 874. CHAPTER 97: Endoluminal Therapies for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease - p. 902 875. INTRODUCTION - p. 902 876. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 902 877. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 902 878. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY - p. 903 879. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 903 880. RADIO FREQUENCY ENERGY APPLICATION TO THE LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (STRETTA) - p. 903 881. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 903 882. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND COMPLICATIONS - p. 903 883. OUTCOMES - p. 903 884. TRANSORAL INCISIONLESS FUNDOPLICATION (ESOPHYX) - p. 904 885. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 904 886. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND COMPLICATIONS - p. 904 887. OUTCOMES - p. 904 888. ANTIREFLUX MUCOSAL INTERVENTIONS - p. 905 889. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 905 890. OUTCOMES - p. 905 891. SUMMARY - p. 906 892. CHAPTER 98: Revisional Operations for Fundoplication Failure - p. 908 893. INTRODUCTION - p. 908 894. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 908 895. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 909 896. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 911 897. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 911 898. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 911 899. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 918 900. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 918 901. OUTCOMES - p. 919 902. CHAPTER 99: Magnetic Sphincter Augmentation for GERD - p. 920 903. INTRODUCTION - p. 920 904. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 921 905. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 922 906. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 924 907. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 925 908. COMPLICATIONS - p. 925 909. OUTCOMES - p. 927 910. CHAPTER 100: Nissen–Rossetti Antireflux Fundoplication (Open Procedure) - p. e-10 911. INDICATIONS - p. e-10 912. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. e-10 913. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. e-11 914. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. e-14 915. TECHNIQUE FOR LARGE HIATAL HERNIA - p. e-14 916. ADDITIONAL PROCEDURES - p. e-15 917. REOPERATIVE SURGERY - p. e-15 918. COMPLICATIONS - p. e-15 919. OUTCOMES - p. e-16 920. CONCLUSIONS - p. e-16 921. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. e-16 922. CHAPTER 101: Modified Hill Repair for Gastroesophageal Reflux - p. e-18 923. INDICATIONS AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. e-19 924. OPEN HILL OPERATION: SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. e-21 925. RESULTS - p. e-23 926. LAPAROSCOPIC HILL OPERATION: SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. e-26 927. DISCUSSION - p. e-27 928. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. e-27 929. CHAPTER 102: Minimally Invasive Treatment of Achalasia and Other Esophageal Dysmotility - p. 931 930. INTRODUCTION - p. 931 931. ETIOLOGY/PHYSIOLOGY - p. 931 932. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 932 933. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 935 934. HELLER MYOTOMY: INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 936 935. PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION - p. 937 936. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 937 937. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 941 938. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 941 939. OUTCOMES - p. 942 940. OTHER ESOPHAGEAL MOTILITY DISORDERS - p. 943 941. HYPERTENSIVE LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER - p. 943 942. CONCLUSION - p. 944 943. CHAPTER 103: Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy for Achalasia - p. 945 944. INTRODUCTION - p. 945 945. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 946 946. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 946 947. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 946 948. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 949 949. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 949 950. OUTCOMES - p. 950 951. CONCLUSION - p. 951 952. Part B: The Stomach and Duodenum - p. 953 953. CHAPTER 104: Pathology and Treatment of Zenker Diverticulum - p. 953 954. INTRODUCTION - p. 953 955. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 953 956. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 953 957. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS/PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 954 958. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 954 959. COMPLICATIONS - p. 956 960. CHAPTER 105: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Cervical Esophagus - p. 959 961. CHAPTER 106: Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy - p. 960 962. INTRODUCTION - p. 960 963. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 960 964. TECHNIQUE - p. 960 965. POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS - p. 962 966. EXPANDED APPLICATIONS OF PEG TECHNIQUE - p. 964 967. CONCLUSION - p. 964 968. CHAPTER 107: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Stomach - p. 966 969. VASCULATURE (Fig. 107.4) - p. 968 970. INNERVATION - p. 970 971. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE - p. 971 972. CHAPTER 108: Surgical Management of Gastroparesis - p. 971 973. INTRODUCTION - p. 971 974. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 971 975. CLINICAL PRESENTATION/DIAGNOSIS - p. 971 976. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 972 977. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 972 978. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 973 979. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 976 980. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 976 981. OUTCOMES - p. 977 982. CONCLUSION - p. 978 983. CHAPTER 109: Endoscopic Management of Gastroparesis - p. 979 984. INTRODUCTION - p. 979 985. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 979 986. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 980 987. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 981 988. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 981 989. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 981 990. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 982 991. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 983 992. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 984 993. OUTCOMES - p. 984 994. CHAPTER 110: Selective and Nonselective Vagotomies - p. e-29 995. INTRODUCTION - p. e-29 996. INDICATIONS - p. e-29 997. ANATOMY - p. e-29 998. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. e-30 999. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. e-35 1000. COMPLICATIONS - p. e-35 1001. OUTCOMES - p. e-35 1002. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. e-35 1003. CHAPTER 111: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Vagus Nerve - p. 986 1004. NECK (Fig. 111.2) - p. 986 1005. THORAX - p. 987 1006. ABDOMEN - p. 989 1007. CHAPTER 112: Distal Gastrectomy: Open and Minimally Invasive Techniques - p. 990 1008. INTRODUCTION - p. 990 1009. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 990 1010. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 990 1011. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 990 1012. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 991 1013. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 991 1014. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 992 1015. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 993 1016. CHAPTER 113: Gastric Cancer - p. 995 1017. INTRODUCTION - p. 995 1018. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 995 1019. STAGING - p. 996 1020. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 997 1021. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 998 1022. SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 998 1023. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1001 1024. RECONSTRUCTION - p. 1005 1025. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1007 1026. COMPLICATIONS - p. 1008 1027. OUTCOMES - p. 1009 1028. CHAPTER 114: Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors - p. 1011 1029. INTRODUCTION - p. 1011 1030. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1011 1031. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1012 1032. STAGING - p. 1012 1033. RISK STRATIFICATION - p. 1012 1034. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1012 1035. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1013 1036. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1016 1037. OUTCOMES - p. 1016 1038. CHAPTER 115: Postgastrectomy Syndromes and Related Bariatric Problems in the Current Era - p. 1018 1039. INTRODUCTION - p. 1018 1040. GENERAL REVIEW OF RELEVANT OPERATIONS - p. 1018 1041. CHAPTER 116: Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome - p. 1039 1042. INTRODUCTION - p. 1039 1043. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1039 1044. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1040 1045. MANAGEMENT - p. 1041 1046. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1041 1047. OUTCOMES - p. 1044 1048. Part C: Bariatric and Metabolic Diseases - p. 1047 1049. CHAPTER 117: Diabetes and Other Metabolic Diseases - p. 1047 1050. INTRODUCTION - p. 1047 1051. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1047 1052. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1048 1053. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1048 1054. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1048 1055. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1048 1056. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1049 1057. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1049 1058. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1050 1059. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1053 1060. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1053 1061. OUTCOMES - p. 1055 1062. CONCLUSIONS - p. 1056 1063. CHAPTER 118: Minimally Invasive Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass - p. 1057 1064. INTRODUCTION - p. 1057 1065. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1058 1066. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1058 1067. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1059 1068. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1059 1069. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1065 1070. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1065 1071. OUTCOMES - p. 1065 1072. CONCLUSIONS - p. 1065 1073. CHAPTER 119: Minimally Invasive Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy - p. 1067 1074. INTRODUCTION - p. 1067 1075. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1067 1076. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1068 1077. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1068 1078. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1070 1079. COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT - p. 1070 1080. OUTCOMES - p. 1072 1081. CHAPTER 120: The Laparoscopic Gastric Band Technique of Placement - p. 1074 1082. INTRODUCTION - p. 1074 1083. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1074 1084. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1074 1085. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1077 1086. COMPLICATIONS - p. 1078 1087. OUTCOMES - p. 1078 1088. CHAPTER 121: Laparoscopic Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch - p. 1079 1089. INTRODUCTION - p. 1079 1090. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1080 1091. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1081 1092. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1085 1093. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1085 1094. OUTCOMES - p. 1086 1095. CHAPTER 122: Endoscopic Primary Bariatric Therapies - p. 1090 1096. INTRODUCTION - p. 1090 1097. ENDOLUMINAL SPACE-OCCUPYING DEVICES - p. 1090 1098. RESTRICTIVE THERAPY - p. 1097 1099. MALABSORPTIVE THERAPY - p. 1100 1100. CONCLUSION - p. 1102 1101. CHAPTER 123: Management of Acute Complications of Bariatric Surgery - p. 1109 1102. INTRODUCTION - p. 1109 1103. COMPLICATIONS AFTER SLEEVE GASTRECTOMY - p. 1109 1104. COMPLICATIONS AFTER ROUX-EN-Y GASTRIC BYPASS - p. 1111 1105. COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING LAPAROSCOPIC ADJUSTABLE GASTRIC BANDING PROCEDURES - p. 1116 1106. CONCLUSION - p. 1116 1107. CHAPTER 124: Revisional Bariatric Surgery - p. 1118 1108. INTRODUCTION - p. 1118 1109. ETIOLOGY/PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1118 1110. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1126 1111. OUTCOMES - p. 1126 1112. CHAPTER 125: Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome (MALS) - p. 1128 1113. INTRODUCTION - p. 1128 1114. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1128 1115. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1128 1116. RADIOLOGIC STUDIES - p. 1128 1117. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1130 1118. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1130 1119. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1130 1120. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1131 1121. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1132 1122. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1132 1123. OUTCOMES - p. 1134 1124. SECTION VIII: Colon and Rectal Surgery - p. 1137 1125. Part A: Small Intestine - p. 1138 1126. CHAPTER 126: Clinical Anatomy for Procedures Involving the Small Bowel, Colon, Rectum, and Anus - p. 1139 1127. INTRODUCTION - p. 1139 1128. SMALL BOWEL ANATOMY FOR COLORECTAL PROCEDURES - p. 1139 1129. CECUM AND APPENDIX - p. 1140 1130. ASCENDING COLON - p. 1142 1131. TRANSVERSE COLON - p. 1142 1132. DESCENDING COLON - p. 1143 1133. SIGMOID COLON - p. 1144 1134. BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE COLON - p. 1144 1135. LYMPHOID DRAINAGE AND INNERVATION OF THE COLON - p. 1146 1136. THE URETERS - p. 1146 1137. OMENTUM - p. 1146 1138. RECTUM - p. 1147 1139. ANUS - p. 1149 1140. ANORECTAL BLOOD SUPPLY - p. 1150 1141. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF THE ANORECTUM - p. 1150 1142. INNERVATION OF THE ANORECTUM - p. 1151 1143. CHAPTER 127: Small Bowel Obstruction after Total Colectomy - p. 1153 1144. INTRODUCTION - p. 1153 1145. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1153 1146. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1153 1147. CONSERVATIVE THERAPY - p. 1155 1148. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1155 1149. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1156 1150. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1157 1151. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1159 1152. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1160 1153. OUTCOMES - p. 1160 1154. CHAPTER 128: The Continent Ileostomy - p. e-38 1155. INTRODUCTION - p. e-38 1156. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE - p. e-38 1157. CURRENT INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. e-38 1158. THE OPERATION - p. e-38 1159. POSTOPERATIVE AND POSTHOSPITALIZATION CARE - p. e-40 1160. RESULTS - p. e-41 1161. REVISIONAL SURGERY - p. e-41 1162. POUCHITIS SYNDROME - p. e-43 1163. QUALITY OF LIFE - p. e-43 1164. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. e-43 1165. CHAPTER 129: Technique of Ileostomy Construction and Closure - p. 1162 1166. INTRODUCTION - p. 1162 1167. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1162 1168. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1163 1169. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1164 1170. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1169 1171. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 1169 1172. ILEOSTOMY CLOSURE - p. 1172 1173. CHAPTER 130: Gastrointestinal-Cutaneous Fistulas - p. 1175 1174. INTRODUCTION - p. 1175 1175. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1175 1176. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1176 1177. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1176 1178. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1179 1179. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1179 1180. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1180 1181. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1181 1182. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1181 1183. OUTCOMES - p. 1181 1184. CHAPTER 131: Surgical Treatment of Small Bowel Crohn Disease - p. 1183 1185. INTRODUCTION - p. 1183 1186. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1183 1187. CLINICAL PRESENTATION/DIAGNOSIS - p. 1184 1188. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1185 1189. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1186 1190. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1188 1191. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1191 1192. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1192 1193. OUTCOMES - p. 1192 1194. CONCLUSIONS - p. 1192 1195. CHAPTER 132: Neuroendocrine and Other Tumors - p. 1194 1196. INTRODUCTION - p. 1194 1197. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1194 1198. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1194 1199. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1194 1200. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1195 1201. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1195 1202. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1196 1203. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1197 1204. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 1197 1205. OUTCOMES - p. 1197 1206. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1197 1207. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1198 1208. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1198 1209. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1198 1210. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1199 1211. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1199 1212. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1199 1213. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 1200 1214. OUTCOMES - p. 1200 1215. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1200 1216. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1200 1217. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1200 1218. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1201 1219. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1201 1220. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1201 1221. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1202 1222. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 1202 1223. OUTCOMES - p. 1202 1224. CHAPTER 133: Management of the Patient with Intestinal Failure - p. 1203 1225. INTRODUCTION - p. 1203 1226. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1203 1227. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1204 1228. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1204 1229. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1207 1230. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1207 1231. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1208 1232. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1208 1233. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1208 1234. OUTCOMES - p. 1209 1235. Part B: Colon, Rectum, Anus - p. 1211 1236. CHAPTER 134: Appendiceal Carcinoma - p. 1211 1237. INTRODUCTION - p. 1211 1238. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1211 1239. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1211 1240. INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY - p. 1212 1241. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1213 1242. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1213 1243. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1213 1244. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1213 1245. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY - p. 1214 1246. OUTCOMES - p. 1214 1247. CHAPTER 135: Large Bowel Obstruction - p. 1215 1248. INTRODUCTION - p. 1215 1249. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1215 1250. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1215 1251. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1217 1252. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1217 1253. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1218 1254. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1223 1255. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1224 1256. OUTCOMES - p. 1225 1257. CHAPTER 136: Surgical Treatment of Colonic and Perianal Crohn Disease - p. 1226 1258. INTRODUCTION - p. 1226 1259. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1226 1260. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1226 1261. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1227 1262. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1232 1263. COMPLICATION/MANAGEMENT - p. 1232 1264. OUTCOMES - p. 1233 1265. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1233 1266. CONCLUSION - p. 1237 1267. CHAPTER 137: Surgery for Toxic Megacolon in Ulcerative Colitis - p. 1239 1268. INTRODUCTION - p. 1239 1269. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1239 1270. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1239 1271. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1239 1272. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1240 1273. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1240 1274. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1240 1275. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1243 1276. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1243 1277. OUTCOMES - p. 1244 1278. CHAPTER 138: Total Proctocolectomy and Intersphincteric Proctectomy for Benign Disease - p. 1245 1279. INTRODUCTION - p. 1245 1280. INDICATIONS - p. 1245 1281. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1247 1282. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1247 1283. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1251 1284. CONCLUSION - p. 1251 1285. CHAPTER 139: Ileoanal Pouch Procedure for Ulcerative Colitis and Familial Adenomatous Polyposis - p. 1253 1286. INTRODUCTION - p. 1253 1287. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1254 1288. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1254 1289. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1255 1290. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1256 1291. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1261 1292. COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT - p. 1261 1293. OUTCOME - p. 1262 1294. CHAPTER 140: Total Colectomy and Ileorectal Anastomosis - p. 1263 1295. INTRODUCTION - p. 1263 1296. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1263 1297. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1265 1298. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1265 1299. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 1272 1300. COMPLICATIONS - p. 1273 1301. OUTCOMES - p. 1273 1302. CHAPTER 141: Surgery for Diverticulitis - p. 1275 1303. INTRODUCTION - p. 1275 1304. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1275 1305. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1276 1306. INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY IN UNCOMPLICATED DIVERTICULITIS - p. 1277 1307. INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY IN COMPLICATED DIVERTICULITIS - p. 1279 1308. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1281 1309. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1281 1310. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1284 1311. OUTCOMES - p. 1284 1312. CONCLUSIONS - p. 1284 1313. CHAPTER 142: Technique of Colostomy Construction and Closure - p. 1286 1314. INTRODUCTION - p. 1286 1315. INDICATIONS - p. 1286 1316. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1286 1317. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1286 1318. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1291 1319. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1291 1320. COLOSTOMY CLOSURE - p. 1291 1321. OUTCOMES - p. 1294 1322. CHAPTER 143: Care of Stomas - p. 1296 1323. INTRODUCTION - p. 1296 1324. STOMA ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - p. 1296 1325. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1296 1326. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1297 1327. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1299 1328. CONCLUSIONS - p. 1303 1329. PATIENT RESOURCES - p. 1303 1330. CHAPTER 144: Open and Minimally Invasive Right Hemicolectomy for Cancer - p. 1305 1331. INTRODUCTION - p. 1305 1332. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1305 1333. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1306 1334. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1306 1335. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY - p. 1306 1336. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1306 1337. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1306 1338. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: EXTENT OF LYMPHADENECTOMY - p. 1312 1339. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1312 1340. OUTCOMES - p. 1312 1341. CONCLUSION - p. 1312 1342. COMPLICATIONS - p. 1312 1343. CHAPTER 145: Open and Minimally Invasive Left Hemicolectomy for Neoplasms of the Descending Colon, Sigmoid, and Upper Rectum - p. 1314 1344. INTRODUCTION - p. 1314 1345. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1314 1346. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1314 1347. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1314 1348. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1314 1349. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1315 1350. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1319 1351. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1320 1352. CHAPTER 146: Total Mesorectal Excision (TME) - p. 1322 1353. INTRODUCTION - p. 1322 1354. HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 1322 1355. THE RECTAL CANCER WORLD IN 2022 - p. 1324 1356. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 1324 1357. TOTAL MESORECTAL EXCISION (TME)—AN EMBRYOLOGIC REDEFINITION OF MILES’ “HIGHLY DANGEROUS TISSUES” - p. 1324 1358. PREOPERATIVE IMAGING - p. 1324 1359. CANCER BOARD PLANNING (MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM—MDT) - p. 1326 1360. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 1326 1361. THE SURGERY - p. 1328 1362. BEFORE THE OPERATION IN THE OR - p. 1328 1363. ANTERIOR AND ANTEROLATERAL DISSECTION—DENONVILLIERS (RECTOGENITAL) SEPTUM - p. 1333 1364. MANAGEMENT OF THE ANORECTUM DISTAL TO THE CANCER—STAPLING TECHNIQUES—MORAN TRIPLE-STAPLING - p. 1334 1365. STAPLED LOW PELVIC RECONSTRUCTION - p. 1336 1366. AUDIT OF THE EXCISED CANCER SPECIMEN - p. 1336 1367. CONCLUSION - p. 1338 1368. CHAPTER 147: Transanal Total Mesorectal Excision - p. 1339 1369. INTRODUCTION - p. 1339 1370. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1340 1371. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1341 1372. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1341 1373. PROCEDURE-SPECIFIC COMPLICATIONS - p. 1344 1374. OUTCOMES - p. 1344 1375. CONCLUSIONS - p. 1347 1376. CHAPTER 148: The Assessment of Patients with Rectal Cancer After Neoadjuvant Therapy: Changing Surgical Paradigms - p. 1349 1377. INTRODUCTION - p. 1349 1378. CLINICAL ASSESSMENT - p. 1349 1379. THERAPY - p. 1350 1380. FOLLOW-UP - p. 1352 1381. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES - p. 1353 1382. CHAPTER 149: Open and Minimally Invasive Sphincter- Preserving Radical Resection for Malignant Disease of the Middle and Lower Thirds of the Rectum - p. 1355 1383. INTRODUCTION - p. 1355 1384. ANATOMY - p. 1355 1385. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1357 1386. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1358 1387. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1358 1388. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1358 1389. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1359 1390. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1367 1391. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1367 1392. OUTCOMES - p. 1368 1393. CHAPTER 150: Abdominoperineal Resection of the Rectum for Rectal Cancer - p. 1372 1394. INTRODUCTION - p. 1372 1395. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1372 1396. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1374 1397. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1376 1398. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1383 1399. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1384 1400. OUTCOMES - p. 1384 1401. CHAPTER 151: The Approach to Reoperative Pelvic Surgery in Rectal Cancer - p. 1386 1402. INTRODUCTION - p. 1386 1403. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1386 1404. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1387 1405. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1387 1406. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1387 1407. PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS - p. 1387 1408. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1388 1409. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1390 1410. COMPLICATIONS, MANAGEMENT, AND OUTCOMES - p. 1391 1411. SUMMARY - p. 1392 1412. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. 1393 1413. CHAPTER 152: Sacral Resection for Recurrent Rectal Cancers - p. 1394 1414. INTRODUCTION - p. 1394 1415. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1394 1416. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1394 1417. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1394 1418. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1395 1419. CLINICAL ASSESSMENT - p. 1395 1420. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1396 1421. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1400 1422. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1402 1423. OUTCOMES - p. 1403 1424. CHAPTER 153: Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Cancers of the Appendix and Colon - p. 1405 1425. INTRODUCTION - p. 1405 1426. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1405 1427. PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION - p. 1405 1428. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1406 1429. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1406 1430. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1409 1431. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1409 1432. OUTCOMES - p. 1410 1433. CONCLUSIONS - p. 1410 1434. CHAPTER 154: Management of Retrorectal Tumors - p. 1412 1435. INTRODUCTION - p. 1412 1436. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1412 1437. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 1413 1438. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1414 1439. SURGICAL INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1416 1440. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1416 1441. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1417 1442. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1419 1443. COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT - p. 1420 1444. OUTCOMES - p. 1421 1445. SUMMARY - p. 1422 1446. CHAPTER 155: Rectal Prolapse - p. 1423 1447. INTRODUCTION - p. 1423 1448. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS - p. 1423 1449. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1423 1450. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1424 1451. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1425 1452. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES AND OUTCOMES - p. 1425 1453. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1432 1454. COMPLICATIONS - p. 1432 1455. CHAPTER 156: Anorectal Disorders - p. 1435 1456. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1435 1457. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1435 1458. DIAGNOSIS - p. 1435 1459. TREATMENT: CONSERVATIVE - p. 1435 1460. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1436 1461. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1437 1462. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1437 1463. DIAGNOSIS - p. 1438 1464. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1438 1465. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1439 1466. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1440 1467. DIAGNOSIS - p. 1440 1468. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1440 1469. COMMON AVAILABLE TREATMENTS - p. 1441 1470. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1443 1471. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1444 1472. DIAGNOSIS - p. 1444 1473. TREATMENT - p. 1444 1474. MAJOR RESECTIONAL PROCEDURES - p. 1446 1475. COMPLICATIONS OF CONVENTIONAL HEMORRHOIDECTOMY/MANAGEMENT - p. 1449 1476. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1450 1477. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1450 1478. DIAGNOSIS - p. 1450 1479. TREATMENT - p. 1450 1480. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1451 1481. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1451 1482. DIAGNOSIS - p. 1451 1483. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1451 1484. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1453 1485. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1453 1486. DIAGNOSIS - p. 1453 1487. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1454 1488. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1454 1489. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOLPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1454 1490. DIAGNOSIS - p. 1455 1491. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1455 1492. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1458 1493. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1458 1494. DIAGNOSIS - p. 1458 1495. CONSERVATIVE THERAPY - p. 1458 1496. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1459 1497. CHAPTER 157: Management of Premalignant and Malignant Neoplasms of the Anal Canal and Perianal Area - p. 1460 1498. INTRODUCTION - p. 1460 1499. ANATOMY - p. 1460 1500. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1460 1501. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1462 1502. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1465 1503. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1465 1504. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1466 1505. OUTCOMES - p. 1467 1506. PERIANAL PAGET DISEASE - p. 1467 1507. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1467 1508. MELANOMA - p. 1468 1509. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1468 1510. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1468 1511. SURGICAL TREATMENT - p. 1468 1512. ANAL ADENOCARCINOMA - p. 1468 1513. CHAPTER 158: Transanal Excision of Rectal Neoplasms - p. 1470 1514. INTRODUCTION - p. 1470 1515. DIAGNOSIS - p. 1470 1516. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1470 1517. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1471 1518. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 1472 1519. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1476 1520. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1476 1521. OUTCOMES - p. 1477 1522. CHAPTER 159: Functional Bowel Disorders - p. 1479 1523. INCONTINENCE - p. 1479 1524. RECTAL PROLAPSE - p. 1487 1525. MEGABOWEL - p. 1487 1526. SLOW TRANSIT CONSTIPATION - p. 1489 1527. OBSTRUCTIVE DEFECATION SYNDROME - p. 1491 1528. VOLUME II - p. 1493 1529. SECTION IX: Biliary Tract, Liver, Pancreas, and Spleen - p. 1493 1530. Part A: The Liver and Biliary Tract - p. 1495 1531. CHAPTER 160: Diagnostic Considerations in Biliary and Liver Disease - p. 1495 1532. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1495 1533. BILIARY DISEASE - p. 1495 1534. BILIARY OBSTRUCTION - p. 1499 1535. DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH TO LIVER MASSES - p. 1500 1536. LIVER METASTASIS FROM PRIMARY OF ANOTHER ORIGIN - p. 1509 1537. HEPATOBILIARY DISEASE IN THE PREGNANT PATIENT - p. 1510 1538. CHAPTER 161: Approaches to Drainage of Hepatic, Perihepatic, and Subhepatic Abscesses - p. 1513 1539. INTRODUCTION - p. 1513 1540. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1513 1541. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1514 1542. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1518 1543. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1519 1544. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1521 1545. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1521 1546. CHAPTER 162: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Peritoneal Spaces - p. 1523 1547. PERITONEAL REFLECTIONS OF DIAPHRAGM TO LIVER (Fig. 162.1) - p. 1523 1548. SPACES/RECESSES RELATED TO LIVER (FIGS. 162.1 AND 162.2) - p. 1525 1549. OMENTAL BURSA (FIGS. 162.2 AND 162.3) - p. 1526 1550. INFRAMESOCOLIC COMPARTMENT (Fig. 162.2) - p. 1526 1551. FOLDS AND FOSSAE OF PELVIS (Fig. 162.4) - p. 1526 1552. FOLDS AND FOSSAE RELATED TO UMBILICUS - p. 1527 1553. CHAPTER 163: Hepatic Abscess - p. 1527 1554. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1527 1555. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1528 1556. IMAGING - p. 1529 1557. MULTIMODALITY MANAGEMENT - p. 1532 1558. INTERVENTIONAL MANAGEMENT - p. 1534 1559. CHAPTER 164: Cholecystostomy, Cholecystectomy, and Intraoperative Evaluation of the Biliary Tree - p. 1537 1560. INTRODUCTION - p. 1537 1561. SURGICAL ANATOMY - p. 1537 1562. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1537 1563. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1538 1564. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1539 1565. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1539 1566. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1545 1567. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1546 1568. OUTCOMES - p. 1546 1569. CHAPTER 165: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Biliary Tract - p. 1548 1570. GALLBLADDER - p. 1548 1571. EXTRAHEPATIC BILIARY TRACT - p. 1550 1572. CHAPTER 166: Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy, Intraoperative Cholangiography, and Common Bile Duct Exploration - p. 1552 1573. INTRODUCTION - p. 1552 1574. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1552 1575. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1553 1576. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1553 1577. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1553 1578. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1553 1579. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1554 1580. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1560 1581. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1560 1582. OUTCOMES - p. 1562 1583. CHAPTER 167: Reconstruction of the Bile Duct: Anatomic Principles and Surgical Techniques - p. 1565 1584. INTRODUCTION - p. 1565 1585. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR BILE DUCT RECONSTRUCTION - p. 1565 1586. ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 1565 1587. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1569 1588. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 1572 1589. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1578 1590. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1578 1591. OUTCOMES - p. 1578 1592. CHAPTER 168: Current Application of Endoscopic Sphincterotomy, Lateral Choledocoduodenostomy, and Transduodenal Sphincteroplasty - p. 1580 1593. INTRODUCTION - p. 1580 1594. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1580 1595. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1581 1596. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1583 1597. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1583 1598. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1583 1599. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1583 1600. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1585 1601. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1585 1602. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1587 1603. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1587 1604. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1587 1605. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1587 1606. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1588 1607. TECHNIQUE - p. 1588 1608. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1592 1609. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1592 1610. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1592 1611. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1592 1612. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1592 1613. TECHNIQUE - p. 1592 1614. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 1592 1615. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1592 1616. OUTCOMES - p. 1592 1617. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. 1593 1618. CHAPTER 169: Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis - p. 1594 1619. INTRODUCTION - p. 1594 1620. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1594 1621. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 1594 1622. DIAGNOSIS - p. 1594 1623. NATURAL HISTORY AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1595 1624. MANAGEMENT - p. 1597 1625. CHAPTER 170: Cholecystojejunostomy and Choledochojejunostomy/Hepaticojejunostomy - p. 1602 1626. INTRODUCTION - p. 1602 1627. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1602 1628. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1602 1629. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1602 1630. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1602 1631. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1603 1632. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1603 1633. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1604 1634. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1604 1635. OUTCOMES - p. 1604 1636. INTRODUCTION - p. 1605 1637. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1605 1638. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1605 1639. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1605 1640. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1605 1641. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1606 1642. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1609 1643. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1610 1644. OUTCOMES - p. 1610 1645. CHAPTER 171: Operative Treatment of Choledochal Cysts - p. 1612 1646. INTRODUCTION - p. 1612 1647. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 1612 1648. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1612 1649. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1612 1650. INVESTIGATIONS AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1612 1651. CHOLEDOCHAL MALFORMATIONS CLASSIFICATION - p. 1613 1652. MALIGNANCY RISK - p. 1615 1653. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1615 1654. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1616 1655. CHAPTER 172: Hepatic Resection for Primary and Metastatic Tumors - p. 1617 1656. INTRODUCTION - p. 1617 1657. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1617 1658. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1619 1659. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1621 1660. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1627 1661. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1627 1662. OUTCOMES - p. 1627 1663. CHAPTER 173: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Liver - p. 1629 1664. SURFACES AND FISSURES (Fig. 173.1) - p. 1629 1665. RELATIONSHIPS OF LIVER (FIGS. 173.1 AND 173.2) - p. 1630 1666. FUNCTIONAL SUBDIVISIONS AND HEPATIC SEGMENTATION (FIGS. 173.3B TO 173.5) - p. 1632 1667. PORTA HEPATIS (FIGS. 173.1, 173.6 TO 173.8) - p. 1633 1668. HEPATIC VEINS (Fig. 173.9) - p. 1635 1669. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE (Fig. 173.10) - p. 1636 1670. INNERVATION (Fig. 173.11) - p. 1636 1671. CHAPTER 174: High Malignant Biliary Tract Obstruction - p. 1636 1672. INTRODUCTION - p. 1636 1673. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1636 1674. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1637 1675. SURGICAL INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1637 1676. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1638 1677. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 1639 1678. PALLIATIVE PROCEDURES - p. 1641 1679. LIVER TRANSPLANTATION - p. 1641 1680. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1641 1681. OUTCOMES - p. 1642 1682. SUMMARY - p. 1642 1683. CHAPTER 175: The Associating Liver Partition and Portal Vein Ligation for Staged Hepatectomy (ALPPS) Approach - p. 1644 1684. INTRODUCTION - p. 1644 1685. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1644 1686. PERIOPERATIVE PATIENT MANAGEMENT - p. 1647 1687. OUTCOMES - p. 1648 1688. CONCLUSIONS - p. 1651 1689. CHAPTER 176: Minimally Invasive Hepatectomy - p. 1652 1690. INTRODUCTION - p. 1652 1691. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1653 1692. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1655 1693. OUTCOMES - p. 1655 1694. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1655 1695. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1656 1696. NONSURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 1658 1697. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1660 1698. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1662 1699. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1662 1700. CONCLUSION - p. 1663 1701. Part B: The Pancreas - p. 1665 1702. CHAPTER 177: Operative Interventions for Chronic Pancreatitis - p. 1665 1703. ABSTRACT - p. 1665 1704. INTRODUCTION - p. 1665 1705. INITIAL CLINICAL EVALUATION - p. 1665 1706. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1666 1707. INDICATIONS - p. 1667 1708. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 1668 1709. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1669 1710. OUTCOMES - p. 1669 1711. CHAPTER 178: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Duodenum and Pancreas - p. 1671 1712. DUODENUM - p. 1671 1713. PANCREAS - p. 1674 1714. CHAPTER 179: Parenchyma-sparing, Duodenum-Preserving Pancreatic Head Resection for Inflammatory Tumor, Cystic Neoplasm and Neuroendocrine Adenoma of the Pancreatic Head - p. 1679 1715. INTRODUCTION - p. 1679 1716. PANCREATODUODENECTOMY OR DUODENUM-PRESERVING PANCREATIC HEAD RESECTION FOR BENIGN PANCREATIC HEAD TUMORS? - p. 1679 1717. SURGERY-ASSOCIATED METABOLIC LATE MORBIDITY AND POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING DPPHR - p. 1680 1718. DUODENUM-PRESERVING SUBTOTAL PANCREATIC HEAD RESECTION FOR INFLAMMATORY TUMORS OF THE PANCREATIC HEAD IN CHRONIC PANCREATITIS - p. 1680 1719. TECHNIQUES OF DPPHR FOR CHRONIC PANCREATITIS - p. 1680 1720. RESULTS AFTER SUBTOTAL DUODENUM-PRESERVING PANCREATIC HEAD RESECTION FOR CHRONIC PANCREATITIS - p. 1683 1721. ADVANTAGES OF DPPHR COMPARED TO PD FOR CHRONIC PANCREATITIS - p. 1684 1722. INDICATION FOR DPPHR FOR BENIGN IPMN, MCN, AND SPN - p. 1684 1723. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1685 1724. OUTCOMES - p. 1685 1725. CHAPTER 180: Minimally Invasive/Robotic Pancreatectomy - p. 1688 1726. INTRODUCTION - p. 1688 1727. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1689 1728. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1689 1729. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1689 1730. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1690 1731. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1691 1732. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1697 1733. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1697 1734. OUTCOMES - p. 1698 1735. CHAPTER 181: Management of Necrotizing Pancreatitis - p. 1701 1736. INTRODUCTION - p. 1701 1737. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1701 1738. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1702 1739. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1702 1740. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1703 1741. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1706 1742. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1706 1743. OUTCOMES - p. 1708 1744. CHAPTER 182: Management of Complications of Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis: Endoscopic, Laparoscopic, and Open Approaches to Pancreatic Pseudocysts and Pancreatic Necrosis - p. 1710 1745. INTRODUCTION - p. 1710 1746. PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYSTS - p. 1710 1747. PANCREATIC NECROSIS - p. 1715 1748. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF PANCREATIC AND PERIPANCREATIC NECROSIS - p. 1719 1749. CHAPTER 183: Pancreaticoduodenectomy and Total Pancreatectomy for Cancer - p. 1723 1750. INTRODUCTION - p. 1723 1751. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1723 1752. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1723 1753. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS AND MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1727 1754. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1727 1755. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1727 1756. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1746 1757. OUTCOMES - p. 1747 1758. CHAPTER 184: Splanchnic Denervation of the Pancreas for Intractable Pain - p. e-45 1759. INTRODUCTION - p. e-45 1760. ANATOMY - p. e-45 1761. PAIN MANAGEMENT AND INDICATIONS FOR SPLANCHNIC DENERVATION OF THE PANCREAS - p. e-46 1762. OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES - p. e-47 1763. CONCLUSION - p. e-50 1764. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. e-50 1765. CHAPTER 185: Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors - p. 1750 1766. INTRODUCTION - p. 1750 1767. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1750 1768. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1751 1769. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1752 1770. INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY - p. 1754 1771. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1754 1772. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1755 1773. RELATIVE CONTRAINDICATIONS TO SURGERY - p. 1757 1774. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1758 1775. SURGICAL TREATMENT OF PNET IN INHERITED SYNDROMES - p. 1761 1776. OUTCOMES - p. 1762 1777. SUMMARY - p. 1762 1778. Part C: The Spleen - p. 1764 1779. CHAPTER 186: Benign Disease of the Spleen - p. 1764 1780. INTRODUCTION - p. 1764 1781. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1764 1782. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1764 1783. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1764 1784. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1764 1785. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1764 1786. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1765 1787. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1765 1788. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1765 1789. OUTCOMES - p. 1766 1790. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1766 1791. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1766 1792. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1766 1793. OUTCOMES - p. 1766 1794. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1766 1795. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1766 1796. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1766 1797. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1767 1798. COMPLICATIONS - p. 1767 1799. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1767 1800. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1768 1801. MEDICAL THERAPIES - p. 1768 1802. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1768 1803. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1768 1804. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1768 1805. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1768 1806. OUTCOMES - p. 1768 1807. CHAPTER 187: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Spleen - p. 1771 1808. VASCULAR SUPPLY - p. 1773 1809. INNERVATION AND LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE - p. 1774 1810. CHAPTER 188: Splenectomy for Hematologic Disease and Malignant Conditions of the Spleen - p. 1774 1811. INTRODUCTION - p. 1774 1812. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1774 1813. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1776 1814. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1778 1815. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1779 1816. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1779 1817. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1780 1818. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1782 1819. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1783 1820. OUTCOMES - p. 1783 1821. CHAPTER 189: Minimally Invasive Splenectomy - p. 1785 1822. INTRODUCTION - p. 1785 1823. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1785 1824. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR SURGERY - p. 1786 1825. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1787 1826. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1787 1827. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1788 1828. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1788 1829. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1791 1830. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 1792 1831. COMPARATIVE OUTCOMES - p. 1792 1832. SECTION X: Solid Organ Transplantation - p. 1795 1833. Part A: General Considerations in Organ Transplantation - p. 1797 1834. CHAPTER 190: Immunosuppression in Organ Transplantation - p. 1797 1835. INTRODUCTION - p. 1797 1836. PHYSIOLOGIC IMMUNITY AND ALLOIMMUNITY - p. 1797 1837. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1801 1838. IMMUNOSUPPRESSION - p. 1802 1839. OUTCOMES - p. 1806 1840. CHAPTER 191: Multiorgan Donor Recovery - p. 1807 1841. INTRODUCTION - p. 1807 1842. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1807 1843. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1808 1844. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1808 1845. Part B: Portal Hypertension - p. 1813 1846. CHAPTER 192: Anatomy of the Portal System and Experience With Portacaval Shunt - p. e-52 1847. INTRODUCTION - p. e-52 1848. DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY - p. e-52 1849. APPLIED ANATOMY - p. e-53 1850. AUTHOR’S EXPERIENCE WITH PORTACAVAL SHUNT - p. e-60 1851. EXPLODING SOME MYTHS - p. e-68 1852. PANCREATICODUODENECTOMY - p. e-68 1853. HEPATIC RESECTION - p. e-69 1854. IMAGING PORTAL ANATOMY - p. e-69 1855. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. e-69 1856. CHAPTER 193: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Portal Venous System - p. 1815 1857. CHAPTER 194: Endoscopic Therapy in the Management of Esophageal Varices - p. 1818 1858. PORTAL HYPERTENSION - p. 1818 1859. MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE VARICEAL BLEEDING - p. 1819 1860. PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY - p. 1821 1861. FAILED EMERGENCY ENDOSCOPIC THERAPY - p. 1821 1862. BALLOON TUBE TAMPONADE - p. 1821 1863. ESOPHAGEAL STENT PLACEMENT - p. 1822 1864. ALTERNATIVE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OPTIONS - p. 1823 1865. LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT - p. 1824 1866. ALTERNATIVE LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT OPTIONS - p. 1825 1867. SURGICAL SHUNTS - p. 1825 1868. LIVER TRANSPLANTATION - p. 1826 1869. INJECTION SCLEROTHERAPY - p. 1826 1870. EMERGENCY SCLEROTHERAPY - p. 1827 1871. COMPLICATIONS - p. 1827 1872. ENDOSCOPIC VARICEAL BAND LIGATION - p. 1828 1873. COMPLICATIONS - p. 1830 1874. GASTRIC VARICES - p. 1830 1875. CONCLUSION - p. 1831 1876. CHAPTER 195: Small-Diameter Prosthetic Interposition Shunt - p. e-72 1877. OPERATIVE INDICATIONS FOR SMALL-DIAMETER PROSTHETIC H-GRAFT PORTACAVAL SHUNTS - p. e-72 1878. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. e-73 1879. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. e-78 1880. CHAPTER 196: Distal Splenorenal Shunts: Hemodynamics of Total Versus Selective Shunting - p. e-80 1881. INTRODUCTION - p. e-80 1882. INDICATIONS - p. e-80 1883. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. e-80 1884. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. e-80 1885. MODIFICATION OF THE DSRS OPERATION - p. e-85 1886. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. e-86 1887. QUESTIONS FREQUENTLY ASKED ABOUT THE SELECTIVE SHUNT - p. e-86 1888. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. e-87 1889. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. e-87 1890. CHAPTER 197: Central Splenorenal Shunts - p. e-88 1891. INTRODUCTION - p. e-88 1892. CENTRAL SPLENORENAL SHUNT - p. e-88 1893. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. e-92 1894. CHAPTER 198: TIPS and Other Direct Treatments of Portal Hypertension for Solid Organ Transplantation - p. 1833 1895. INTRODUCTION TO PORTAL HYPERTENSION - p. 1833 1896. COMPLICATIONS OF PORTAL HYPERTENSION - p. 1833 1897. ABDOMINAL SURGERIES IN PATIENTS WITH PORTAL HYPERTENSION - p. 1835 1898. TIPS PROCEDURE - p. 1835 1899. PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS, ACUTE AND CHRONIC - p. 1838 1900. SUMMARY - p. 1839 1901. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. 1839 1902. Part C: The Liver and Biliary Tract - p. 1841 1903. CHAPTER 199: Complex Hepatic Resection for Primary and Metastatic Tumors - p. 1841 1904. INTRODUCTION - p. 1841 1905. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1842 1906. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1842 1907. ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS - p. 1842 1908. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1842 1909. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1855 1910. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1855 1911. OUTCOMES - p. 1855 1912. CHAPTER 200: Regional Therapies for Hepatic Malignancies - p. 1856 1913. INTRODUCTION - p. 1856 1914. IMAGE-GUIDED LOCOREGIONAL CANCER THERAPIES - p. 1856 1915. BRIDGING TO LIVER TRANSPLANT - p. 1857 1916. DOWNSTAGING TO TRANSPLANT - p. 1858 1917. CONVERSION TO RESECTION CANDIDACY - p. 1859 1918. DEFINITIVE REGIONAL TREATMENTS FOR PATIENTS UNABLE TO RECEIVE RESECTION OR TRANSPLANTATION - p. 1859 1919. CONCLUSION - p. 1860 1920. CHAPTER 201: Management of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma - p. 1861 1921. INTRODUCTION - p. 1861 1922. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1862 1923. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1862 1924. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1863 1925. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1863 1926. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1865 1927. OUTCOMES - p. 1866 1928. CHAPTER 202: Liver Transplantation for HCC - p. 1868 1929. INTRODUCTION - p. 1868 1930. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1868 1931. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1868 1932. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1871 1933. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1872 1934. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1875 1935. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1875 1936. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1876 1937. CONCLUSION - p. 1876 1938. CHAPTER 203: Liver Transplant for Non-HCC Malignancy - p. 1877 1939. INTRODUCTION - p. 1877 1940. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1883 1941. OUTCOMES - p. 1884 1942. CHAPTER 204: Living Donor Liver Transplant - p. 1886 1943. INTRODUCTION - p. 1886 1944. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1886 1945. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1887 1946. SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 1888 1947. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1889 1948. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1894 1949. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1896 1950. OUTCOMES - p. 1897 1951. CHAPTER 205: Liver Transplant in Children - p. 1898 1952. INTRODUCTION - p. 1898 1953. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1899 1954. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1900 1955. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1901 1956. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1903 1957. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1903 1958. CHAPTER 206: Early and Late Complications of Liver Transplant - p. 1904 1959. INTRODUCTION - p. 1904 1960. SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS - p. 1905 1961. MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS - p. 1913 1962. SUMMARY - p. 1916 1963. Part D: Pancreas - p. 1918 1964. CHAPTER 207: Pancreas Transplantation - p. 1918 1965. INTRODUCTION - p. 1918 1966. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1919 1967. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1920 1968. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1922 1969. BACK TABLE PREPARATION OF THE PANCREAS ALLOGRAFT - p. 1924 1970. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1925 1971. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 1927 1972. OUTCOMES - p. 1927 1973. CONCLUSION - p. 1929 1974. Part E: Renal - p. 1931 1975. CHAPTER 208: Renal Transplantation: Living Donor and Cadaveric - p. 1931 1976. INTRODUCTION - p. 1931 1977. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1931 1978. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1931 1979. LIVING DONOR EVALUATION - p. 1932 1980. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1933 1981. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1935 1982. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1936 1983. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1936 1984. OUTCOMES - p. 1938 1985. CHAPTER 209: Peritoneal Dialysis - p. 1940 1986. INTRODUCTION - p. 1940 1987. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1940 1988. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1941 1989. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1941 1990. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1942 1991. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1945 1992. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1945 1993. OUTCOMES - p. 1948 1994. SECTION XI: Abdominal Core Health - p. 1951 1995. Part A: Practical Considerations - p. 1952 1996. CHAPTER 210: Abdominal Core Health—A Holistic Approach to an Old Problem - p. 1953 1997. CHAPTER 211: Optimizing Patients for Abdominal Core Surgery - p. 1955 1998. INTRODUCTION - p. 1955 1999. OBESITY - p. 1955 2000. SMOKING - p. 1958 2001. DIABETES - p. 1959 2002. PREOPERATIVE CHLORHEXEDINE SOAP - p. 1960 2003. BOWEL PREPARATION - p. 1960 2004. LOSS OF DOMAIN ADJUNCTS - p. 1960 2005. BOTULINUM TOXIN - p. 1960 2006. PROGRESSIVE PREOPERATIVE PNEUMOPERITONEUM - p. 1961 2007. CONCLUSIONS - p. 1961 2008. CHAPTER 212: Abdominal Core Rehabilitation - p. 1962 2009. INTRODUCTION - p. 1962 2010. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1962 2011. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1962 2012. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1962 2013. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1962 2014. OUTCOMES - p. 1963 2015. Part B: Optimizing Abdominal Wall Closure and Hernia Prevention to Reduce Abdominal Core Dysfunction - p. 1964 2016. CHAPTER 213: Hernia Prophylaxis of the Midline Abdominal Incision - p. 1964 2017. INTRODUCTION - p. 1964 2018. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1964 2019. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1967 2020. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1968 2021. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1968 2022. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1970 2023. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1971 2024. OUTCOMES - p. 1971 2025. CHAPTER 214: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall - p. 1973 2026. COMPONENTS OF ANTEROLATERAL ABDOMINAL WALL - p. 1973 2027. INNERVATION - p. 1974 2028. MUSCLES - p. 1975 2029. CHAPTER 215: Hernia Prophylaxis of Stoma Sites - p. 1976 2030. INTRODUCTION - p. 1976 2031. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1976 2032. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1977 2033. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1977 2034. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1980 2035. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1980 2036. OUTCOMES - p. 1980 2037. Part C: Intrinsic Diseases of the Abdominal Wall - p. 1982 2038. CHAPTER 216: Open Approaches for Ventral Hernia - p. 1982 2039. INTRODUCTION - p. 1982 2040. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1982 2041. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1983 2042. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1984 2043. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1984 2044. PERIOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1985 2045. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: PRIMARY REPAIR - p. 1986 2046. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: MESH-BASED REPAIRS - p. 1987 2047. MYOFASCIAL RELEASE TECHNIQUES - p. 1989 2048. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1995 2049. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 1996 2050. OUTCOMES - p. 1997 2051. CHAPTER 217: Minimally Invasive Approaches for Ventral Hernia - p. 1999 2052. INTRODUCTION - p. 1999 2053. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1999 2054. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1999 2055. INDICATIONS - p. 1999 2056. CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1999 2057. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1999 2058. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2000 2059. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2005 2060. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2005 2061. OUTCOMES - p. 2006 2062. CHAPTER 218: Complex Situations in Abdominal Wall Reconstruction - p. 2007 2063. CONTAMINATED OPERATIVE FIELD - p. 2007 2064. PARASTOMAL HERNIA - p. 2008 2065. SUMMARY - p. 2010 2066. CHAPTER 219: Diastasis of the Abdominal Wall - p. 2012 2067. INTRODUCTION - p. 2012 2068. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2012 2069. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2015 2070. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2016 2071. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2017 2072. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2017 2073. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2018 2074. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2021 2075. POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS - p. 2021 2076. OUTCOMES - p. 2022 2077. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. 2024 2078. CHAPTER 220: Open Approaches With Mesh for Inguinofemoral Hernia - p. 2025 2079. INTRODUCTION - p. 2025 2080. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2025 2081. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2025 2082. PLUG AND PATCH TECHNIQUE - p. 2030 2083. PROLENE HERNIA SYSTEM REPAIR - p. 2030 2084. OPEN PREPERITONEAL REPAIRS - p. 2030 2085. TRANSINGUINAL/TRANSRECTUS SHEATH PREPERITONEAL SUBLAY REPAIR (TIPP/TREPP) - p. 2031 2086. TRANSRECTUS SHEATH PREPERITONEAL (TREPP) REPAIR - p. 2031 2087. OUTCOMES - p. 2032 2088. CHAPTER 221: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Inguinal and Femoral Hernias - p. 2034 2089. HERNIAS - p. 2036 2090. CHAPTER 222: Open Tissue-Based Approaches for Inguinofemoral Hernia - p. 2038 2091. INTRODUCTION - p. 2038 2092. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INGUINAL HERNIA - p. 2038 2093. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2039 2094. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2039 2095. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2039 2096. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2039 2097. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2040 2098. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE—PURE TISSUE INGUINAL HERNIA—CRITICAL STEPS - p. 2047 2099. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2049 2100. COMPLICATIONS - p. 2049 2101. OUTCOMES - p. 2050 2102. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. 2051 2103. CHAPTER 223: Minimally Invasive Approaches for Inguinofemoral Hernia - p. 2052 2104. INTRODUCTION - p. 2052 2105. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2052 2106. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2052 2107. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2052 2108. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2052 2109. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2056 2110. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2057 2111. OUTCOMES - p. 2057 2112. CHAPTER 224: Mastery Keys: Minimally Invasive Inguinal or Femoral Hernia Repair - p. 2060 2113. CHAPTER 225: Athletic Pubalgia and Core Muscle Injury - p. 2062 2114. INTRODUCTION - p. 2062 2115. TERMINOLOGY - p. 2062 2116. ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2063 2117. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2063 2118. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2066 2119. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE AND OUTCOMES - p. 2066 2120. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT/REHABILITATION - p. 2069 2121. Part D: Extrinsic Diseases of the Abdominal Wall - p. 2070 2122. CHAPTER 226: Prosthetics, Fixation, and Treatment Related Complications - p. 2071 2123. INTRODUCTION - p. 2071 2124. MESH CONSTRUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY - p. 2071 2125. COMPLICATIONS COMMONLY RELATED TO MESH PLACEMENT - p. 2072 2126. Migration - p. 2073 2127. Chronic Groin Pain After Inguinal Hernia Repair - p. 2076 2128. Primary Mesh Failure - p. 2077 2129. FIXATION METHODS AND COMPLICATIONS - p. 2078 2130. FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 2079 2131. CHAPTER 227: Chronic Inguinal Pain: Treatment and Prevention - p. 2080 2132. INTRODUCTION - p. 2080 2133. ETIOLOGY - p. 2080 2134. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 2080 2135. NONOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 2082 2136. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2083 2137. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2083 2138. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2083 2139. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2083 2140. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2085 2141. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2085 2142. OUTCOMES - p. 2085 2143. PREVENTION - p. 2086 2144. CONCLUSION - p. 2086 2145. Part E: Tumors of the Abdominal Wall - p. 2087 2146. CHAPTER 228: Benign Tumors of the Abdominal Wall - p. 2088 2147. INTRODUCTION - p. 2088 2148. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS - p. 2088 2149. CLINICAL ASSESSMENT, DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION, AND TREATMENT - p. 2093 2150. OPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS - p. 2095 2151. CONCLUSION - p. 2095 2152. CHAPTER 229: Malignant Tumors of the Abdominal Wall - p. 2096 2153. INTRODUCTION - p. 2096 2154. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2096 2155. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2097 2156. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2098 2157. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS TO SURGERY - p. 2098 2158. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2098 2159. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2100 2160. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2102 2161. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2102 2162. OUTCOMES - p. 2102 2163. CLINICAL CASE - p. 2103 2164. SECTION XII: Vascular Surgery - p. 2107 2165. Part A: Cerebrovascular Disease - p. 2108 2166. CHAPTER 230: Carotid Bifurcation Disease: Carotid Endarterectomy, Transfemoral Stenting, and Transcarotid Artery Revascularization - p. 2109 2167. INTRODUCTION - p. 2109 2168. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2109 2169. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2110 2170. BEST MEDICAL THERAPY - p. 2110 2171. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS OF SURGERY AND STENTING - p. 2111 2172. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2115 2173. SURGICAL AND ENDOVASCULAR TECHNIQUES - p. 2117 2174. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2125 2175. COMPLICATIONS - p. 2125 2176. OUTCOMES - p. 2126 2177. CONCLUSIONS - p. 2128 2178. CHAPTER 231: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Carotid Arteries - p. 2131 2179. COMMON CAROTID ARTERY AND CAROTID BIFURCATION - p. 2131 2180. SUPERFICIAL STRUCTURES AND SURGICAL EXPOSURE - p. 2131 2181. INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN (Fig. 231.2) - p. 2132 2182. VAGUS NERVE, CAROTID ARTERIES, AND RELATED STRUCTURES (FIGS. 231.2, 231.3, 231.4B) - p. 2132 2183. INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY (FIGS. 231.1B, 231.2, 231.3) - p. 2133 2184. EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY (FIGS. 231.1B, 231.2, 231.3, 231.4B) - p. 2133 2185. CHAPTER 232: Brachiocephalic Reconstruction: Open and Endovascular - p. 2135 2186. INTRODUCTION - p. 2135 2187. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2135 2188. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2135 2189. DIAGNOSIS - p. 2136 2190. PATIENT SELECTION FOR INTERVENTION - p. 2136 2191. OPEN SURGICAL RECONSTRUCTION - p. 2136 2192. MEDIAN STERNOTOMY - p. 2136 2193. EXPOSURE OF BRACHIOCEPHALIC VESSELS - p. 2136 2194. CLAMPING THE AORTA - p. 2137 2195. INNOMINATE ENDARTERECTOMY - p. 2138 2196. BYPASS GRAFTS - p. 2138 2197. DIRECT RECONSTRUCTION OF BRACHIOCEPHALIC ANEURYSM - p. 2138 2198. CAROTID SUBCLAVIAN BYPASS - p. 2139 2199. SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY TRANSPOSITION - p. 2140 2200. ENDOVASCULAR RECONSTRUCTION - p. 2140 2201. LEFT SUBCLAVIAN INTERVENTION - p. 2141 2202. INNOMINATE ARTERY INTERVENTION - p. 2141 2203. LEFT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY INTERVENTION - p. 2142 2204. COMBINED INTERNAL AND COMMON CAROTID DISEASE - p. 2143 2205. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 2143 2206. OUTCOMES - p. 2143 2207. Part B: Aneurysm Disease - p. 2144 2208. CHAPTER 233: Open Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair - p. 2145 2209. INTRODUCTION - p. 2145 2210. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2145 2211. CLASSIFICATION AND NATURAL HISTORY - p. 2146 2212. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2147 2213. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2147 2214. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT - p. 2149 2215. TECHNICAL CONDUCT OF OPERATION - p. 2150 2216. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2157 2217. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 2157 2218. CHAPTER 234: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Aorta - p. 2160 2219. THORACIC AORTA - p. 2160 2220. CHAPTER 235: Open Infrarenal and Pararenal Aortic Aneurysm Repair - p. 2165 2221. INTRODUCTION - p. 2165 2222. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2165 2223. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2165 2224. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2165 2225. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2165 2226. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2166 2227. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND COMPLICATIONS - p. 2170 2228. CHAPTER 236: Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm - p. 2171 2229. INTRODUCTION - p. 2171 2230. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2171 2231. DIAGNOSIS, CLINICAL PRESENTATION, AND MEDICAL MANAGEMENT - p. 2171 2232. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2172 2233. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2172 2234. ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS - p. 2172 2235. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2176 2236. COMPLICATIONS - p. 2178 2237. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2179 2238. POSTOPERATIVE SURVEILLANCE - p. 2179 2239. OUTCOMES - p. 2180 2240. CHAPTER 237: Femoral and Popliteal Artery Aneurysms - p. 2181 2241. INTRODUCTION - p. 2181 2242. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2181 2243. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2182 2244. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2182 2245. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2183 2246. OUTCOMES - p. 2183 2247. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2184 2248. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2184 2249. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2185 2250. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE/TREATMENT - p. 2185 2251. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2186 2252. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2186 2253. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2186 2254. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2186 2255. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2187 2256. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2187 2257. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2188 2258. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE/TREATMENT - p. 2188 2259. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2188 2260. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2188 2261. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2189 2262. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE/TREATMENT - p. 2190 2263. OUTCOMES - p. 2191 2264. CHAPTER 238: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Femoral and Popliteal Arteries - p. 2193 2265. FEMORAL ARTERY - p. 2193 2266. POPLITEAL ARTERY - p. 2194 2267. CHAPTER 239: Treatment of Splenic Artery Aneurysms: Open and Endovascular - p. 2196 2268. INTRODUCTION - p. 2196 2269. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2196 2270. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2196 2271. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2196 2272. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2196 2273. OPEN SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2197 2274. ENDOVASCULAR SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2198 2275. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2198 2276. OUTCOMES AND LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP - p. 2199 2277. Part C: Chronic Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease - p. 2200 2278. CHAPTER 240: Treatment of Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease: Open Operations - p. 2201 2279. INTRODUCTION - p. 2201 2280. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2201 2281. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2201 2282. MEDICAL THERAPY - p. 2201 2283. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2201 2284. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2202 2285. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2202 2286. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2212 2287. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2212 2288. OUTCOMES - p. 2213 2289. CHAPTER 241: Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease: Endovascular Including FERIS - p. 2215 2290. INTRODUCTION - p. 2215 2291. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2215 2292. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2215 2293. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2216 2294. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2216 2295. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2216 2296. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: ENDOVASCULAR TREATMENT OF ILIAC ARTERY DISEASE - p. 2216 2297. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: FERIS - p. 2218 2298. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: TREATMENT OF INFRARENAL AORTIC OCCLUSIVE DISEASE - p. 2222 2299. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: ADJUNCTIVE TECHNIQUES - p. 2222 2300. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2223 2301. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 2223 2302. OUTCOMES - p. 2224 2303. CHAPTER 242: Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease: Open - p. 2226 2304. INTRODUCTION - p. 2226 2305. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2226 2306. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2226 2307. PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT - p. 2226 2308. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2227 2309. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2227 2310. ANATOMY - p. 2228 2311. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2228 2312. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2234 2313. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 2235 2314. OUTCOMES - p. 2235 2315. CONCLUSIONS - p. 2235 2316. CHAPTER 243: Endovascular Therapy for Infrainguinal Arterial Occlusive Disease - p. 2237 2317. INTRODUCTION - p. 2237 2318. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2237 2319. PREPROCEDURE PLANNING - p. 2237 2320. PROCEDURAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2238 2321. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2242 2322. OUTCOMES - p. 2243 2323. SUMMARY - p. 2243 2324. CHAPTER 244: Major and Minor Lower Extremity Amputation - p. 2245 2325. INTRODUCTION - p. 2245 2326. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2245 2327. TREATMENT - p. 2245 2328. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2246 2329. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2246 2330. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2247 2331. MINOR AMPUTATIONS - p. 2248 2332. MAJOR AMPUTATIONS - p. 2250 2333. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION (OR TRANSTIBIAL AMPUTATION) - p. 2252 2334. ABOVE-KNEE AMPUTATION - p. 2256 2335. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT/COMPLICATIONS - p. 2258 2336. OUTCOMES - p. 2260 2337. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. 2260 2338. CHAPTER 245: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Lower Extremity Amputations - p. 2262 2339. ABOVE-KNEE AMPUTATION (Fig. 245.1) - p. 2262 2340. CHAPTER 246: The Prevention and Treatment of Problems With the Diabetic Foot - p. 2264 2341. INTRODUCTION - p. 2264 2342. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2264 2343. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2265 2344. MANAGEMENT - p. 2266 2345. IMPORTANCE OF PREVENTION - p. 2269 2346. MULTIDISCIPLINARY CARE OF THE DIABETIC FOOT WOUND - p. 2269 2347. SUMMARY - p. 2270 2348. Part D: Acute Lower Extremity Ischemia - p. 2270 2349. CHAPTER 247: Arterial Embolectomy and Lower Extremity Fasciotomy - p. 2271 2350. INTRODUCTION - p. 2271 2351. ETIOLOGY - p. 2271 2352. DIAGNOSIS, PRESENTATION, AND CLASSIFICATION - p. 2272 2353. OPEN VERSUS ENDOVASCULAR THERAPY - p. 2273 2354. PERIOPERATIVE MEDICAL THERAPY FOR ACUTE LIMB ISCHEMIA - p. 2273 2355. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 2274 2356. CHAPTER 248: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Fascial Compartments of Lower Extremity - p. 2283 2357. THIGH - p. 2284 2358. ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT - p. 2287 2359. LATERAL COMPARTMENT - p. 2288 2360. POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT - p. 2289 2361. Part E: Mesenteric and Renal Artery Disease - p. 2290 2362. CHAPTER 249: Renal Artery Occlusive Disease: Open and Endovascular Management - p. 2291 2363. INTRODUCTION - p. 2291 2364. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION - p. 2291 2365. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: ISCHEMIC NEPHROPATHY - p. 2292 2366. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2292 2367. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2293 2368. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2294 2369. RESULTS OF RENAL ARTERY INTERVENTION AND OUTCOMES - p. 2303 2370. CHAPTER 250: Acute Mesenteric Artery Ischemia: Open and Endovascular - p. 2307 2371. INTRODUCTION - p. 2307 2372. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2307 2373. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2307 2374. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2308 2375. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2308 2376. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE—OPEN - p. 2309 2377. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE—ENDOVASCULAR - p. 2310 2378. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2314 2379. COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT - p. 2315 2380. OUTCOMES - p. 2315 2381. CHAPTER 251: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of Mesenteric Arteries - p. 2317 2382. CELIAC ARTERY (Fig. 251.1) - p. 2317 2383. SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY (FIGS. 251.1 to 251.3) - p. 2317 2384. INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY (FIGS. 251.1 and 251.4) - p. 2319 2385. CHAPTER 252: Open and Endovascular Revascularization for Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia - p. 2320 2386. INTRODUCTION - p. 2320 2387. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2320 2388. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 2321 2389. TREATMENT STRATEGIES AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2321 2390. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: OPEN REVASCULARIZATION - p. 2321 2391. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: ENDOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION - p. 2325 2392. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: HYBRID REVASCULARIZATION - p. 2327 2393. SUMMARY - p. 2329 2394. Part F: Venous Disorders - p. 2330 2395. CHAPTER 253: Contemporary Operative Venous Thrombectomy - p. 2331 2396. INTRODUCTION - p. 2331 2397. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2332 2398. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2333 2399. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2338 2400. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2338 2401. OUTCOMES - p. 2338 2402. CHAPTER 254: Chronic Deep Vein Thrombosis/Postthrombotic Syndrome: Open and Endovascular Treatment - p. 2340 2403. INTRODUCTION - p. 2340 2404. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2341 2405. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2342 2406. MEDICAL THERAPY - p. 2342 2407. INDICATIONS FOR ENDOVASCULAR SURGERY - p. 2343 2408. ENDOVASCULAR SURGERY TECHNIQUES AND OPTIONS - p. 2344 2409. IVC FILTER-INDUCED VENOCAVAL OBSTRUCTIVE DISEASE - p. 2344 2410. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. 2350 2411. CHAPTER 255: Vena Cava Filter Placement and Removal - p. 2353 2412. INTRODUCTION - p. 2353 2413. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2353 2414. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2355 2415. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2356 2416. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2359 2417. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2359 2418. OUTCOMES - p. 2361 2419. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. 2362 2420. CHAPTER 256: Venous Insufficiency Treatments, Including Medical Management - p. 2363 2421. INTRODUCTION - p. 2363 2422. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2364 2423. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2364 2424. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2365 2425. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2366 2426. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2366 2427. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2371 2428. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2372 2429. OUTCOMES - p. 2374 2430. Part G: Dialysis Access - p. 2375 2431. CHAPTER 257: Autogenous and Prosthetic Arteriovenous Hemodialysis Access - p. 2376 2432. INTRODUCTION - p. 2376 2433. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES - p. 2377 2434. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 2380 2435. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2387 2436. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 2388 2437. OUTCOMES - p. 2390 2438. CHAPTER 258: Mastery Keys: Vascular Anatomy of Upper Extremity - p. 2393 2439. RADIAL ARTERY - p. 2393 2440. BRACHIAL ARTERY - p. 2395 2441. ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA - p. 2395 2442. Part H: Thoracic - p. 2396 2443. CHAPTER 259: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome - p. 2397 2444. INTRODUCTION - p. 2397 2445. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2397 2446. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2398 2447. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2400 2448. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2400 2449. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2401 2450. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 2403 2451. COMPLICATIONS - p. 2405 2452. OUTCOMES - p. 2406 2453. CHAPTER 260: Mastery Keys: Anatomy of the Thoracic Outlet - p. 2408 2454. CHAPTER 261: Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injury (BTAI) - p. 2410 2455. INTRODUCTION - p. 2410 2456. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2410 2457. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2410 2458. BTAI CLASSIFICATION - p. 2411 2459. INITIAL MANAGEMENT - p. 2411 2460. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2412 2461. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2412 2462. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2412 2463. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2413 2464. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2413 2465. OUTCOMES - p. 2414 2466. Part I: Trauma - p. 2415 2467. CHAPTER 262: Vascular Injuries to the Neck, Including the Subclavian Vessels - p. 2416 2468. INTRODUCTION - p. 2416 2469. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE - p. 2416 2470. GENERAL APPROACH—ANATOMIC ZONES - p. 2416 2471. ETIOLOGY/EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 2416 2472. MANAGEMENT - p. 2417 2473. VERTEBRAL ARTERY TRAUMA - p. 2422 2474. SUMMARY - p. 2423 2475. CHAPTER 263: Injury to the Abdomen: Open and Endovascular - p. 2424 2476. INTRODUCTION - p. 2424 2477. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2425 2478. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2425 2479. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2426 2480. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2426 2481. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2426 2482. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2429 2483. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT/OUTCOMES - p. 2429 2484. CHAPTER 264: Injury to the Extremities: Open and Endovascular Management - p. 2430 2485. INTRODUCTION - p. 2430 2486. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2431 2487. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2431 2488. EPIDEMIOLOGY, AMPUTATION, AND MORTALITY - p. 2432 2489. PEDIATRIC INJURY - p. 2434 2490. INDICATIONS FOR INTERVENTION - p. 2434 2491. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2435 2492. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2435 2493. TEMPORARY VASCULAR SHUNTING (TVS) - p. 2435 2494. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2445 2495. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2445 2496. OUTCOMES - p. 2445 2497. SECTION XIII: Trauma, Burn, and Acute Care Surgery - p. 2447 2498. CHAPTER 265: Initial Assessment and Airway Management - p. 2449 2499. INTRODUCTION - p. 2449 2500. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2449 2501. INITIAL ASSESSMENT - p. 2450 2502. AIRWAY MANAGEMENT - p. 2457 2503. OUTCOMES - p. 2461 2504. CHAPTER 266: Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) - p. 2462 2505. INTRODUCTION - p. 2462 2506. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES - p. 2462 2507. TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 2462 2508. COMPLETING THE EXAM - p. 2463 2509. CLINICAL APPLICATION - p. 2467 2510. ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS, PEARLS, AND PITFALLS - p. 2468 2511. FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 2469 2512. OUTCOMES - p. 2470 2513. CHAPTER 267: Management of Neck Injuries - p. 2471 2514. INTRODUCTION - p. 2471 2515. ANATOMY - p. 2471 2516. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2473 2517. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2473 2518. ETIOLOGY/PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2473 2519. INJURY GRADING - p. 2473 2520. MANAGEMENT - p. 2473 2521. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2474 2522. MANAGEMENT - p. 2475 2523. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2475 2524. MANAGEMENT - p. 2475 2525. INTRODUCTION - p. 2475 2526. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2475 2527. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2477 2528. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2478 2529. SUMMARY - p. 2483 2530. CHAPTER 268: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Lateral Neck Exploration for Trauma - p. 2485 2531. EXPOSURE - p. 2485 2532. EXPLORATION OF VASCULAR STRUCTURES - p. 2485 2533. EXPLORATION OF MIDLINE STRUCTURES - p. 2486 2534. ADDITIONAL EXPOSURE OF THORACIC INLET - p. 2487 2535. CHAPTER 269: Neurosurgical Emergencies - p. 2488 2536. INTRODUCTION - p. 2488 2537. DEFINITION - p. 2488 2538. PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOLOGY - p. 2489 2539. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2489 2540. IMAGING STUDIES - p. 2489 2541. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2490 2542. OUTCOMES - p. 2494 2543. INTRODUCTION - p. 2496 2544. PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOLOGY - p. 2498 2545. DIAGNOSIS, CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2498 2546. IMAGING STUDIES - p. 2498 2547. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2499 2548. OUTCOMES - p. 2500 2549. CHAPTER 270: Thoracic Trauma and Injury to the Diaphragm - p. 2502 2550. INTRODUCTION - p. 2502 2551. INITIAL EVALUATION - p. 2502 2552. RESUSCITATIVE THORACOTOMY - p. 2502 2553. SECONDARY EVALUATION, DIAGNOSIS, AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2503 2554. RIB FRACTURES - p. 2503 2555. STERNAL FRACTURES - p. 2505 2556. PULMONARY INJURIES - p. 2505 2557. LACERATIONS - p. 2505 2558. CONTUSIONS - p. 2506 2559. CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF PENETRATING AND BLUNT CARDIAC INJURY - p. 2507 2560. OPERATIVE APPROACHES - p. 2507 2561. TREATMENT - p. 2507 2562. MYOCARDIAL CONTUSION: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT - p. 2507 2563. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 2507 2564. OPERATIVE PLANNING, APPROACHES, AND TREATMENT - p. 2508 2565. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 2508 2566. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 2508 2567. OPERATIVE APPROACH - p. 2508 2568. TREATMENT - p. 2509 2569. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 2509 2570. TREATMENT - p. 2509 2571. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 2509 2572. ANATOMY - p. 2509 2573. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2509 2574. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 2509 2575. OPERATIVE INDICATIONS, PLANNING, AND TREATMENT - p. 2510 2576. OPERATIVE TREATMENT - p. 2511 2577. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND COMPLICATIONS - p. 2512 2578. CONCLUSION - p. 2512 2579. CHAPTER 271: Retained Hemothorax, Pleural Effusion and Traumatic Empyema - p. 2514 2580. DEFINITION - p. 2514 2581. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2514 2582. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2515 2583. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2516 2584. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2518 2585. PERIPROCEDURAL MANAGEMENT AND TECHNIQUE - p. 2518 2586. POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS - p. 2519 2587. COMPLICATIONS - p. 2519 2588. CONCLUSION - p. 2520 2589. CHAPTER 272: Management of Cardiac Injuries - p. 2521 2590. INTRODUCTION - p. 2521 2591. ETIOLOGY - p. 2521 2592. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2522 2593. OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT AND NONOPERATIVE THERAPY - p. 2525 2594. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 2525 2595. VENTRICULAR INJURIES - p. 2526 2596. ATRIAL INJURIES - p. 2527 2597. CORONARY ARTERIES - p. 2528 2598. INTRA- AND POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2528 2599. CHAPTER 273: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Median Sternotomy and Heart - p. 2532 2600. MEDIAN STERNOTOMY - p. 2532 2601. HEART - p. 2533 2602. CHAPTER 274: Damage Control Laparotomy - p. 2538 2603. INTRODUCTION - p. 2538 2604. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2538 2605. DIAGNOSTICS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2539 2606. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2539 2607. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE OF DAMAGE CONTROL LAPAROTOMY - p. 2539 2608. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2543 2609. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2544 2610. OUTCOMES - p. 2544 2611. CHAPTER 275: Treatment of Major Hepatic and Splenic Trauma - p. 2546 2612. INTRODUCTION - p. 2546 2613. OPERATIVE ANATOMY - p. 2546 2614. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2550 2615. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2551 2616. NONOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF IPSO INJURIES - p. 2553 2617. OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF IPSO INJURIES - p. 2553 2618. DEFINITIVE OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES - p. 2555 2619. ENDOVASCULAR MANAGEMENT OF IPSO INJURIES - p. 2566 2620. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 2567 2621. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND FOLLOW-UP - p. 2569 2622. CHAPTER 276: Abdominal Vascular Injury and Use of REBOA - p. 2571 2623. INTRODUCTION - p. 2571 2624. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2571 2625. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2571 2626. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2572 2627. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR REBOA USE - p. 2572 2628. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2573 2629. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2577 2630. COMPLICATIONS - p. 2577 2631. OUTCOMES AFTER REBOA - p. 2577 2632. CONCLUSIONS - p. 2577 2633. CHAPTER 277: Duodenal and Pancreatic Trauma - p. 2579 2634. INTRODUCTION - p. 2579 2635. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2579 2636. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2579 2637. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2579 2638. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2580 2639. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2580 2640. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2580 2641. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2582 2642. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2583 2643. OUTCOMES - p. 2583 2644. INTRODUCTION - p. 2583 2645. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2583 2646. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2583 2647. MULTINODAL THERAPY - p. 2584 2648. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2584 2649. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2584 2650. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2584 2651. SUMMARY OF OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT FOR PANCREATIC INJURIES - p. 2587 2652. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2588 2653. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2588 2654. OUTCOMES - p. 2588 2655. COMBINED PANCREATODUODENAL INJURIES - p. 2588 2656. CHAPTER 278: Abdominal Compartment Syndrome and Management of the Open Abdomen - p. 2590 2657. INTRODUCTION - p. 2590 2658. ETIOLOGY AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 2590 2659. MANAGEMENT - p. 2590 2660. INDICATIONS - p. 2590 2661. TEMPORARY ABDOMINAL CLOSURE - p. 2590 2662. POSTOPERATIVE CARE IN THE OPEN ABDOMEN - p. 2591 2663. CLOSURE TECHNIQUES - p. 2591 2664. STAGE 1: ATTEMPTED DELAYED PRIMARY CLOSURE - p. 2592 2665. STAGE 2: STAGED SPLIT-THICKNESS SKIN GRAFTING - p. 2592 2666. COMPLICATIONS (OPEN ABDOMEN) - p. 2592 2667. STAGE 3: DEFINITIVE ABDOMINAL WALL RECONSTRUCTION - p. 2593 2668. OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE: MODIFIED COMPONENTS SEPARATION - p. 2593 2669. POSTOPERATIVE CARE (ABDOMINAL WALL RECONSTRUCTION) - p. 2595 2670. COMPLICATIONS (ABDOMINAL WALL RECONSTRUCTION) - p. 2595 2671. OUTCOMES - p. 2596 2672. SUMMARY - p. 2596 2673. CHAPTER 279: Pelvic Fractures and Retroperitoneal Hematoma - p. 2597 2674. INTRODUCTION - p. 2597 2675. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2597 2676. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2601 2677. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2603 2678. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2605 2679. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2607 2680. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2607 2681. OUTCOMES - p. 2608 2682. CHAPTER 280: Genitourinary Tract Trauma - p. 2610 2683. INTRODUCTION - p. 2610 2684. RENAL TRAUMA - p. 2610 2685. INDICATIONS FOR SURGICAL EXPLORATION - p. 2613 2686. PARENCHYMAL INJURY - p. 2615 2687. VASCULAR INJURY - p. 2616 2688. RENAL EXPLORATION AND RECONSTRUCTION - p. 2616 2689. VASCULAR INJURY AND REPAIR - p. 2618 2690. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND COMPLICATIONS - p. 2619 2691. USE OF INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY TECHNIQUES IN RENAL TRAUMA - p. 2620 2692. COMPLICATIONS OF RENAL INJURIES - p. 2620 2693. URETERAL INJURY - p. 2620 2694. PENILE TRAUMA - p. 2627 2695. CONCLUSIONS - p. 2628 2696. CHAPTER 281: Mastery Keys: Surgical Anatomy of Urogenital System - p. 2630 2697. KIDNEYS - p. 2630 2698. URETERS - p. 2634 2699. INNERVATION (Fig. 281.8C) - p. 2636 2700. URINARY BLADDER - p. 2636 2701. CHAPTER 282: Burn and Inhalation Injury - p. 2639 2702. INTRODUCTION - p. 2639 2703. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2640 2704. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2640 2705. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2642 2706. IMMEDIATE SURGICAL TREATMENT: ESCHAROTOMY AND FASCIOTOMY - p. 2643 2707. INDICATION FOR SURGICAL TREATMENT - p. 2646 2708. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING: TIMING AND WOUND COVERAGE STRATEGY - p. 2648 2709. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2649 2710. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2652 2711. OUTCOMES - p. 2652 2712. CONCLUSION - p. 2654 2713. CHAPTER 283: Management of the Acute Abdomen - p. 2656 2714. INTRODUCTION - p. 2656 2715. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2656 2716. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2656 2717. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2658 2718. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2659 2719. SPECIAL PATIENT POPULATIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS - p. 2661 2720. COMPLICATIONS/OUTCOMES - p. 2663 2721. SUMMARY - p. 2663 2722. CHAPTER 284: Gastrointestinal Bleeding - p. 2664 2723. INTRODUCTION - p. 2664 2724. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2664 2725. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2667 2726. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2669 2727. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2672 2728. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2672 2729. OUTCOMES - p. 2672 2730. CHAPTER 285: Gastric and Duodenal Perforations - p. 2674 2731. INTRODUCTION - p. 2674 2732. CLINICAL PRESENTATION/DIAGNOSIS - p. 2675 2733. MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES - p. 2677 2734. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 2678 2735. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2686 2736. CHAPTER 286: Acute Biliary Tract Disease - p. 2691 2737. INTRODUCTION - p. 2691 2738. SURGICAL ANATOMY - p. 2691 2739. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2691 2740. DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT - p. 2692 2741. INDICATIONS - p. 2692 2742. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 2700 2743. CHAPTER 287: Small Bowel Obstruction - p. 2702 2744. INTRODUCTION - p. 2702 2745. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2702 2746. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2702 2747. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2703 2748. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2704 2749. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2704 2750. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2704 2751. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2705 2752. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2705 2753. OUTCOMES - p. 2706 2754. CHAPTER 288: Appendicitis - p. 2708 2755. INTRODUCTION - p. 2708 2756. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2708 2757. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2708 2758. THERAPY - p. 2709 2759. OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 2710 2760. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2711 2761. LAPAROSCOPIC APPENDECTOMY - p. 2712 2762. ROBOTIC-ASSISTED APPENDECTOMY - p. 2713 2763. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2714 2764. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2714 2765. OUTCOMES - p. 2714 2766. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 2714 2767. CHAPTER 289: Management of Toxic Megacolon and C. difficile Colitis - p. 2717 2768. INTRODUCTION - p. 2717 2769. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2717 2770. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2717 2771. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2717 2772. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2718 2773. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2718 2774. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2719 2775. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2722 2776. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2722 2777. OUTCOMES - p. 2722 2778. CHAPTER 290: Complication of Bariatric Surgery - p. 2724 2779. INTRODUCTION - p. 2724 2780. EARLY COMPLICATIONS - p. 2724 2781. LATE COMPLICATIONS - p. 2726 2782. COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER BARIATRIC PROCEDURES - p. 2730 2783. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS - p. 2730 2784. CONCLUSION - p. 2731 2785. CHAPTER 291: Surgical Infections of Skin and Soft Tissue - p. 2733 2786. INTRODUCTION - p. 2733 2787. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2733 2788. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2734 2789. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR SURGERY - p. 2735 2790. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2735 2791. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2736 2792. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2736 2793. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2737 2794. OUTCOMES - p. 2738 2795. CHAPTER 292: Management of Incarcerated Hernias - p. 2740 2796. INTRODUCTION - p. 2740 2797. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2740 2798. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2740 2799. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2742 2800. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2742 2801. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2742 2802. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2742 2803. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2745 2804. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2745 2805. OUTCOMES - p. 2745 2806. CONCLUSION - p. 2746 2807. SECTION XIV: Pediatric Surgery - p. 2747 2808. CHAPTER 293: Congenital Neck Masses - p. 2749 2809. INTRODUCTION - p. 2749 2810. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2750 2811. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2750 2812. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2750 2813. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2750 2814. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2751 2815. POSTOPERATIVE CARE, COMPLICATIONS, AND OUTCOMES - p. 2752 2816. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2752 2817. DIAGNOSIS, CLINICAL PRESENTATION, AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2753 2818. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2753 2819. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2753 2820. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2754 2821. POSTOPERATIVE CARE, COMPLICATIONS, AND OUTCOMES - p. 2755 2822. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2755 2823. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2756 2824. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING AND INDICATIONS - p. 2757 2825. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2757 2826. POSTOPERATIVE CARE, COMPLICATIONS, AND OUTCOMES - p. 2758 2827. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2758 2828. DIAGNOSIS, CLINICAL PRESENTATION, INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY, AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2758 2829. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2761 2830. POSTOPERATIVE CARE, COMPLICATIONS, OUTCOMES, AND MULTIMODAL CARE - p. 2762 2831. CHAPTER 294: Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula - p. 2763 2832. INTRODUCTION - p. 2763 2833. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2764 2834. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2764 2835. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2764 2836. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2766 2837. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2770 2838. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2771 2839. OUTCOMES - p. 2773 2840. CHAPTER 295: Mastery Keys: Embryology of the Development of the Esophagus and Trachea - p. 2776 2841. CHAPTER 296: Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia - p. 2777 2842. INTRODUCTION - p. 2777 2843. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2777 2844. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2778 2845. MULTIMODAL THERAPY AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2779 2846. PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION - p. 2781 2847. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2781 2848. COMPLICATIONS - p. 2786 2849. OUTCOMES - p. 2787 2850. CHAPTER 297: Chest Wall Deformities - p. 2789 2851. INTRODUCTION - p. 2789 2852. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2789 2853. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2789 2854. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2789 2855. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2791 2856. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2791 2857. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2797 2858. COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT - p. 2799 2859. OUTCOMES - p. 2799 2860. CHAPTER 298: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Infants and Children - p. 2801 2861. INTRODUCTION - p. 2801 2862. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2802 2863. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2802 2864. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2802 2865. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2803 2866. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2803 2867. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2804 2868. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2807 2869. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2807 2870. OUTCOMES - p. 2808 2871. CHAPTER 299: Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis and Congenital Duodenal Obstruction - p. 2809 2872. INTRODUCTION - p. 2809 2873. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 2810 2874. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2810 2875. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2811 2876. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2814 2877. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2814 2878. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2814 2879. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2815 2880. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2819 2881. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2820 2882. OUTCOMES - p. 2820 2883. CHAPTER 300: Malrotation - p. 2822 2884. INTRODUCTION - p. 2822 2885. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2822 2886. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2822 2887. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2824 2888. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2825 2889. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2827 2890. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2829 2891. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2829 2892. OUTCOMES - p. 2829 2893. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. 2830 2894. CHAPTER 301: Mastery Keys: Embryology of Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 2832 2895. CHAPTER 302: Biliary Atresia and Choledochal Cysts–Obstructive Jaundice in the Pediatric Population - p. 2835 2896. INTRODUCTION - p. 2835 2897. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2835 2898. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2836 2899. INDICATIONS AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2836 2900. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2837 2901. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2839 2902. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 2839 2903. OUTCOMES - p. 2840 2904. INTRODUCTION - p. 2840 2905. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2840 2906. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2841 2907. INDICATIONS AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2841 2908. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2841 2909. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2842 2910. COMPLICATIONS AND OUTCOMES - p. 2842 2911. CHAPTER 303: Intussusception - p. 2844 2912. INTRODUCTION - p. 2844 2913. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2844 2914. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2844 2915. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2845 2916. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2846 2917. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2847 2918. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2848 2919. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2848 2920. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2849 2921. OUTCOMES - p. 2849 2922. CHAPTER 304: Congenital Abdominal Wall Defects - p. 2850 2923. INTRODUCTION - p. 2850 2924. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2850 2925. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2850 2926. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2850 2927. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2851 2928. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2851 2929. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2853 2930. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 2854 2931. OUTCOMES - p. 2855 2932. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2855 2933. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2855 2934. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2856 2935. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2856 2936. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2857 2937. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2859 2938. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2859 2939. OUTCOMES - p. 2861 2940. CHAPTER 305: Mastery Keys: Embryology of Formation of Thoracic and Abdominal Wall and Cavities - p. 2863 2941. DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFERENTIATION OF SOMITES - p. 2863 2942. DEVELOPMENT OF BODY CAVITIES - p. 2864 2943. CHAPTER 306: Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Short Bowel Syndrome - p. 2866 2944. INTRODUCTION - p. 2866 2945. NEONATAL NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS - p. 2866 2946. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2866 2947. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 2866 2948. TREATMENT - p. 2868 2949. INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY - p. 2868 2950. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2868 2951. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2869 2952. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2870 2953. COMPLICATIONS - p. 2870 2954. ETIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2871 2955. TREATMENT - p. 2871 2956. COMPLICATIONS OF SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME AND INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY - p. 2871 2957. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 2872 2958. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2874 2959. COMPLICATIONS OF INTESTINAL LENGTHENING - p. 2874 2960. INTESTINAL TRANSPLANT - p. 2874 2961. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT - p. 2875 2962. CHAPTER 307: Neonatal Bowel Obstruction - p. 2877 2963. INTRODUCTION - p. 2877 2964. PRENATAL HISTORY - p. 2877 2965. PERINATAL MANAGEMENT - p. 2877 2966. DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM - p. 2877 2967. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC NEONATAL BOWEL OBSTRUCTIONS - p. 2880 2968. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2880 2969. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2880 2970. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2880 2971. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2881 2972. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2882 2973. OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS - p. 2882 2974. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2882 2975. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2883 2976. MEDICAL THERAPY - p. 2883 2977. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2883 2978. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2883 2979. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2883 2980. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2883 2981. OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS - p. 2884 2982. CHAPTER 308: Hirschsprung Disease - p. 2886 2983. INTRODUCTION - p. 2886 2984. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2886 2985. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2886 2986. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2888 2987. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 2888 2988. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2892 2989. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2892 2990. OUTCOMES - p. 2892 2991. CHAPTER 309: Anorectal Malformations - p. 2894 2992. INTRODUCTION - p. 2894 2993. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2894 2994. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2895 2995. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 2896 2996. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 2897 2997. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2902 2998. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2902 2999. OUTCOMES - p. 2902 3000. CHAPTER 310: Cryptorchidism - p. 2903 3001. INTRODUCTION - p. 2903 3002. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 2903 3003. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 2904 3004. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 2904 3005. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 2905 3006. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 2905 3007. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 2913 3008. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 2913 3009. OUTCOMES - p. 2913 3010. CHAPTER 311: Mastery Keys: Descent of Testis - p. 2915 3011. APPENDIX: Figure Credits: Anatomy Chapters - p. A-1 3012. Index - p. I-1
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