Geologic Time Scale 2020 (2 volume set) contains contributions from 80 leading scientists who present syntheses in an easy-to-understand format that includes numerous color charts, maps and photographs. In addition to detailed overviews of chronostratigraphy, evolution, geochemistry, sequence stratigraphy and planetary geology, the GTS2020 volumes have separate chapters on each geologic period with compilations of the history of divisions, the current GSSPs (global boundary stratotypes), detailed bio-geochem-sequence correlation charts, and derivation of the age models.
The authors are on the forefront of chronostratigraphic research and initiatives surrounding the creation of an international geologic time scale. The included charts display the most up-to-date, international standard as ratified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy and the International Union of Geological Sciences.
As the framework for deciphering the history of our planet Earth, this book is essential for practicing Earth Scientists and academics.
1. Part I: Introduction - p. xx 2. Chapter 1. Introduction - p. 3 3. Chapter 2. The Chronostratigraphic Scale - p. 21 4. Part II: Concepts and Methods - p. 31 5. Chapter 3. Evolution and Biostratigraphy - p. 35 6. Abstract - p. 35 7. Chapter outline - p. 35 8. Subchapter 3A. Trilobites - p. 36 9. Subchapter 3B. Graptolites - p. 40 10. Subchapter 3C. Chitinozoans - p. 48 11. Subchapter 3D. Conodonts - p. 54 12. Subchapter 3E. Ammonoidea - p. 59 13. 3E.1 Paleozoic Ammonoidea - p. 61 14. 3E.2 Triassic Ammonoidea - p. 62 15. 3E.3 Orders/Suborders - p. 62 16. 3E.4 Jurassic Ammonoidea - p. 64 17. 3E.5 Cretaceous Ammonoidea - p. 67 18. Subchapter 3F. Calcareous nannofossils - p. 67 19. Subchapter 3G. Planktonic foraminifera - p. 72 20. Subchapter 3H. Larger benthic foraminifera - p. 81 21. Subchapter 3I. Dinoflagellates - p. 96 22. 3I.1 Dinoflagellates as organisms - p. 96 23. 3I.2 Dinoflagellates as fossils - p. 100 24. 3I.3 Evolution of dinoflagellates - p. 101 25. Acknowledgments - p. 108 26. Subchapter 3J. Plants, spores, and pollen - p. 108 27. Subchapter 3K. Cretaceous microcrinoids - p. 119 28. Subchapter 3L. Three major mass extinctions and evolutionary radiations in their aftermath - p. 123 29. Chapter 4. Astrochronology - p. 139 30. Chapter 5. Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale - p. 159 31. Abstract - p. 159 32. Chapter outline - p. 159 33. 5.1 Principles - p. 159 34. 5.2 Late Cretaceous through Cenozoic geomagnetic polarity time scale - p. 164 35. 5.3 Middle Jurassic through Early Cretaceous geomagnetic polarity time scale - p. 173 36. 5.4 Geomagnetic polarity time scale for Early Jurassic and older rocks - p. 188 37. 5.5 Summary - p. 188 38. Bibliography - p. 189 39. Chapter 6. Radioisotope Geochronology - p. 193 40. Chapter 7. Strontium Isotope Stratigraphy - p. 211 41. Chapter 8. Osmium Isotope Stratigraphy - p. 239 42. Chapter 9. Sulfur Isotope Stratigraphy - p. 259 43. Chapter 10. Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy - p. 279 44. Chapter 11. Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy - p. 309 45. Chapter 12. Influence of Large Igneous Provinces - p. 345 46. Chapter 13. Phanerozoic Eustasy - p. 357 47. Abstract - p. 357 48. Chapter outline - p. 357 49. 13.1 Introduction - p. 357 50. 13.2 The sequence stratigraphy paradigm and eustasy - p. 359 51. 13.3 Anatomy of eustatic variations - p. 364 52. 13.4 Phanerozoic eustasy: a review - p. 382 53. 13.5 Summary - p. 386 54. Acknowledgments - p. 387 55. Bibliography - p. 387 56. Chapter 14. Geomathematics - p. 401 57. Part III: Geologic Periods: Planetary and Precambrian - p. 438 58. Chapter 15. The Planetary Time Scale - p. 443 59. Chapter 16. Precambrian (4.56–1 Ga) - p. 481 60. Chapter 17. The Tonian and Cryogenian Periods - p. 495 61. Chapter 18. The Ediacaran Period - p. 521 62. Abstract - p. 521 63. Chapter outline - p. 521 64. 18.1 Historical background - p. 521 65. 18.2 Cap dolostones and the base of the Ediacaran System - p. 525 66. 18.3 The biostratigraphic basis for the Ediacaran System - p. 526 67. 18.4 Toward an Ediacaran chronostratigraphy - p. 544 68. Acknowledgments - p. 547 69. References - p. 547 70. Part IV: Geologic Periods: Phanerozoic - p. 547 71. Chapter 19. The Cambrian Period - p. 565 72. Abstract - p. 565 73. Chapter outline - p. 565 74. 19.1 History and subdivisions - p. 565 75. 19.2 Cambrian Stratigraphy - p. 599 76. 19.3 Cambrian Time Scale - p. 607 77. Acknowledgments - p. 613 78. Bibliography - p. 613 79. Chapter 20. The Ordovician Period - p. 631 80. Abstract - p. 631 81. Chapter outline - p. 631 82. 20.1 History and subdivisions - p. 632 83. 20.2 Regional subdivisions - p. 651 84. 20.3 Ordovician stratigraphy - p. 655 85. 20.4 Ordovician time scale - p. 664 86. Acknowledgments - p. 682 87. Bibliography - p. 682 88. Chapter 21. The Silurian Period - p. 695 89. Chapter 22. The Devonian Period - p. 733 90. Abstract - p. 733 91. Chapter outline - p. 733 92. 22.1 History and chronostratigraphic subdivisions - p. 733 93. 22.2 Devonian stratigraphy - p. 749 94. 22.3 Devonian time scale - p. 772 95. Bibliography - p. 781 96. Chapter 23. The Carboniferous Period - p. 811 97. Abstract - p. 811 98. Chapter outline - p. 811 99. 23.1 History and subdivisions - p. 811 100. 23.2 Carboniferous stratigraphy - p. 836 101. 23.3 Carboniferous time scale - p. 848 102. Bibliography - p. 855 103. Chapter 24. The Permian Period - p. 875 104. Chapter 25. The Triassic Period - p. 903 105. Abstract - p. 903 106. Chapter outline - p. 903 107. 25.1 History and subdivisions - p. 904 108. 25.2 Triassic stratigraphy - p. 915 109. 25.3 Triassic time scale - p. 926 110. 25.4 Summary - p. 937 111. Acknowledgments - p. 938 112. Bibliography - p. 938 113. Chapter 26. The Jurassic Period - p. 955 114. Abstract - p. 955 115. Chapter outline - p. 955 116. 26.1 History and subdivisions - p. 955 117. 26.2 Jurassic stratigraphy - p. 975 118. 26.3 Jurassic time scale - p. 992 119. Acknowledgments - p. 1005 120. Bibliography - p. 1005 121. Chapter 27. The Cretaceous Period - p. 1023 122. Abstract - p. 1023 123. Chapter outline - p. 1023 124. 27.1 History and subdivisions - p. 1023 125. 27.2 Cretaceous stratigraphy - p. 1043 126. 27.3 Cretaceous time scale - p. 1058 127. Bibliography - p. 1068 128. Chapter 28. The Paleogene Period - p. 1087 129. Abstract - p. 1087 130. Chapter outline - p. 1087 131. 28.1 History and subdivisions - p. 1087 132. 28.2 Paleogene Biostratigraphy - p. 1105 133. 28.3 Paleogene time scale - p. 1124 134. Acknowledgments - p. 1127 135. Bibliography - p. 1127 136. Chapter 29. The Neogene Period - p. 1141 137. Abstract - p. 1141 138. Chapter outline - p. 1141 139. 29.1 History and subdivisions - p. 1141 140. 29.2 Neogene stratigraphy - p. 1162 141. 29.3 Neogene astronomically tuned time scale - p. 1194 142. 29.4 Summary - p. 1199 143. Acknowledgments - p. 1200 144. Bibliography - p. 1200 145. Chapter 30. The Quaternary Period - p. 1217 146. Chapter 31. The Anthropocene - p. 1257 147. Appendix 1. Recommended color coding of stages - p. 1281 148. Appendix 2. Radioisotopic ages used in GTS2020 - p. 1285 149. Index - p. 1351
Geologic Time Scale 2020 (2 volume set) contains contributions from 80 leading scientists who present syntheses in an easy-to-understand format that includes numerous color charts, maps and photographs. In addition to detailed overviews of chronostratigraphy, evolution, geochemistry, sequence stratigraphy and planetary geology, the GTS2020 volumes have separate chapters on each geologic period with compilations of the history of divisions, the current GSSPs (global boundary stratotypes), detailed bio-geochem-sequence correlation charts, and derivation of the age models.
The authors are on the forefront of chronostratigraphic research and initiatives surrounding the creation of an international geologic time scale. The included charts display the most up-to-date, international standard as ratified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy and the International Union of Geological Sciences.
As the framework for deciphering the history of our planet Earth, this book is essential for practicing Earth Scientists and academics.
1. Part I: Introduction - p. xx 2. Chapter 1. Introduction - p. 3 3. Chapter 2. The Chronostratigraphic Scale - p. 21 4. Part II: Concepts and Methods - p. 31 5. Chapter 3. Evolution and Biostratigraphy - p. 35 6. Abstract - p. 35 7. Chapter outline - p. 35 8. Subchapter 3A. Trilobites - p. 36 9. Subchapter 3B. Graptolites - p. 40 10. Subchapter 3C. Chitinozoans - p. 48 11. Subchapter 3D. Conodonts - p. 54 12. Subchapter 3E. Ammonoidea - p. 59 13. 3E.1 Paleozoic Ammonoidea - p. 61 14. 3E.2 Triassic Ammonoidea - p. 62 15. 3E.3 Orders/Suborders - p. 62 16. 3E.4 Jurassic Ammonoidea - p. 64 17. 3E.5 Cretaceous Ammonoidea - p. 67 18. Subchapter 3F. Calcareous nannofossils - p. 67 19. Subchapter 3G. Planktonic foraminifera - p. 72 20. Subchapter 3H. Larger benthic foraminifera - p. 81 21. Subchapter 3I. Dinoflagellates - p. 96 22. 3I.1 Dinoflagellates as organisms - p. 96 23. 3I.2 Dinoflagellates as fossils - p. 100 24. 3I.3 Evolution of dinoflagellates - p. 101 25. Acknowledgments - p. 108 26. Subchapter 3J. Plants, spores, and pollen - p. 108 27. Subchapter 3K. Cretaceous microcrinoids - p. 119 28. Subchapter 3L. Three major mass extinctions and evolutionary radiations in their aftermath - p. 123 29. Chapter 4. Astrochronology - p. 139 30. Chapter 5. Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale - p. 159 31. Abstract - p. 159 32. Chapter outline - p. 159 33. 5.1 Principles - p. 159 34. 5.2 Late Cretaceous through Cenozoic geomagnetic polarity time scale - p. 164 35. 5.3 Middle Jurassic through Early Cretaceous geomagnetic polarity time scale - p. 173 36. 5.4 Geomagnetic polarity time scale for Early Jurassic and older rocks - p. 188 37. 5.5 Summary - p. 188 38. Bibliography - p. 189 39. Chapter 6. Radioisotope Geochronology - p. 193 40. Chapter 7. Strontium Isotope Stratigraphy - p. 211 41. Chapter 8. Osmium Isotope Stratigraphy - p. 239 42. Chapter 9. Sulfur Isotope Stratigraphy - p. 259 43. Chapter 10. Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy - p. 279 44. Chapter 11. Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy - p. 309 45. Chapter 12. Influence of Large Igneous Provinces - p. 345 46. Chapter 13. Phanerozoic Eustasy - p. 357 47. Abstract - p. 357 48. Chapter outline - p. 357 49. 13.1 Introduction - p. 357 50. 13.2 The sequence stratigraphy paradigm and eustasy - p. 359 51. 13.3 Anatomy of eustatic variations - p. 364 52. 13.4 Phanerozoic eustasy: a review - p. 382 53. 13.5 Summary - p. 386 54. Acknowledgments - p. 387 55. Bibliography - p. 387 56. Chapter 14. Geomathematics - p. 401 57. Part III: Geologic Periods: Planetary and Precambrian - p. 438 58. Chapter 15. The Planetary Time Scale - p. 443 59. Chapter 16. Precambrian (4.56–1 Ga) - p. 481 60. Chapter 17. The Tonian and Cryogenian Periods - p. 495 61. Chapter 18. The Ediacaran Period - p. 521 62. Abstract - p. 521 63. Chapter outline - p. 521 64. 18.1 Historical background - p. 521 65. 18.2 Cap dolostones and the base of the Ediacaran System - p. 525 66. 18.3 The biostratigraphic basis for the Ediacaran System - p. 526 67. 18.4 Toward an Ediacaran chronostratigraphy - p. 544 68. Acknowledgments - p. 547 69. References - p. 547 70. Part IV: Geologic Periods: Phanerozoic - p. 547 71. Chapter 19. The Cambrian Period - p. 565 72. Abstract - p. 565 73. Chapter outline - p. 565 74. 19.1 History and subdivisions - p. 565 75. 19.2 Cambrian Stratigraphy - p. 599 76. 19.3 Cambrian Time Scale - p. 607 77. Acknowledgments - p. 613 78. Bibliography - p. 613 79. Chapter 20. The Ordovician Period - p. 631 80. Abstract - p. 631 81. Chapter outline - p. 631 82. 20.1 History and subdivisions - p. 632 83. 20.2 Regional subdivisions - p. 651 84. 20.3 Ordovician stratigraphy - p. 655 85. 20.4 Ordovician time scale - p. 664 86. Acknowledgments - p. 682 87. Bibliography - p. 682 88. Chapter 21. The Silurian Period - p. 695 89. Chapter 22. The Devonian Period - p. 733 90. Abstract - p. 733 91. Chapter outline - p. 733 92. 22.1 History and chronostratigraphic subdivisions - p. 733 93. 22.2 Devonian stratigraphy - p. 749 94. 22.3 Devonian time scale - p. 772 95. Bibliography - p. 781 96. Chapter 23. The Carboniferous Period - p. 811 97. Abstract - p. 811 98. Chapter outline - p. 811 99. 23.1 History and subdivisions - p. 811 100. 23.2 Carboniferous stratigraphy - p. 836 101. 23.3 Carboniferous time scale - p. 848 102. Bibliography - p. 855 103. Chapter 24. The Permian Period - p. 875 104. Chapter 25. The Triassic Period - p. 903 105. Abstract - p. 903 106. Chapter outline - p. 903 107. 25.1 History and subdivisions - p. 904 108. 25.2 Triassic stratigraphy - p. 915 109. 25.3 Triassic time scale - p. 926 110. 25.4 Summary - p. 937 111. Acknowledgments - p. 938 112. Bibliography - p. 938 113. Chapter 26. The Jurassic Period - p. 955 114. Abstract - p. 955 115. Chapter outline - p. 955 116. 26.1 History and subdivisions - p. 955 117. 26.2 Jurassic stratigraphy - p. 975 118. 26.3 Jurassic time scale - p. 992 119. Acknowledgments - p. 1005 120. Bibliography - p. 1005 121. Chapter 27. The Cretaceous Period - p. 1023 122. Abstract - p. 1023 123. Chapter outline - p. 1023 124. 27.1 History and subdivisions - p. 1023 125. 27.2 Cretaceous stratigraphy - p. 1043 126. 27.3 Cretaceous time scale - p. 1058 127. Bibliography - p. 1068 128. Chapter 28. The Paleogene Period - p. 1087 129. Abstract - p. 1087 130. Chapter outline - p. 1087 131. 28.1 History and subdivisions - p. 1087 132. 28.2 Paleogene Biostratigraphy - p. 1105 133. 28.3 Paleogene time scale - p. 1124 134. Acknowledgments - p. 1127 135. Bibliography - p. 1127 136. Chapter 29. The Neogene Period - p. 1141 137. Abstract - p. 1141 138. Chapter outline - p. 1141 139. 29.1 History and subdivisions - p. 1141 140. 29.2 Neogene stratigraphy - p. 1162 141. 29.3 Neogene astronomically tuned time scale - p. 1194 142. 29.4 Summary - p. 1199 143. Acknowledgments - p. 1200 144. Bibliography - p. 1200 145. Chapter 30. The Quaternary Period - p. 1217 146. Chapter 31. The Anthropocene - p. 1257 147. Appendix 1. Recommended color coding of stages - p. 1281 148. Appendix 2. Radioisotopic ages used in GTS2020 - p. 1285 149. Index - p. 1351
