Twort's Water Supply, Seventh Edition, has been expanded to provide the latest tools and techniques to meet engineering challenges over dwindling natural resources. Approximately 1.1 billion people in rural and peri-urban communities of developing countries do not have access to safe drinking water. The mortality from diarrhea-related diseases amounts to 2.2 million people each year from the consumption of unsafe water.
This update reflects the latest WHO, European, UK, and US standards, including the European Water Framework Directive. The book also includes an expansion of waste and sludge disposal, including energy and sustainability, and new chapters on intakes, chemical storage, handling, and sampling. Written for both professionals and students, this book is essential reading for anyone working in water engineering.
1. 7.1 Introduction - p. 235 2. Part I Significant Chemical and Physico-Chemical Parameters in Water - p. 235 3. 7.3 Acrylamide - p. 236 4. 7.4 Algal Toxins - p. 236 5. 7.5 Alkalinity - p. 236 6. 7.6 Aluminium - p. 237 7. 7.7 Ammoniacal Compounds - p. 238 8. 7.8 Arsenic - p. 238 9. 7.9 Asbestos - p. 239 10. 7.10 Boron - p. 239 11. 7.11 Bromide and Iodide - p. 239 12. 7.12 Cadmium - p. 240 13. 7.13 Calcium - p. 240 14. 7.14 Carbon Dioxide - p. 240 15. 7.15 Chloride - p. 240 16. 7.16 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons - p. 241 17. 7.17 Chlorine Residual - p. 241 18. 7.18 Chromium - p. 242 19. 7.19 Colour - p. 242 20. 7.20 Copper - p. 242 21. 7.21 Corrosive Quality - p. 243 22. 7.22 Cyanide - p. 243 23. 7.23 Detergents - p. 244 24. 7.24 Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) - p. 244 25. 7.25 Electrical Conductivity and Dissolved Solids - p. 246 26. 7.26 Endocrine Disrupting Substances - p. 246 27. 7.27 Epichlorohydrin - p. 247 28. 7.28 Fluoride - p. 247 29. 7.29 Hardness - p. 248 30. 7.30 Hydrocarbons - p. 248 31. 7.31 Iron - p. 249 32. 7.32 Lead - p. 249 33. 7.33 Manganese - p. 250 34. 7.34 Nickel - p. 251 35. 7.35 Nitrate and Nitrite - p. 251 36. 7.36 Organic Matter, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) - p. 253 37. 7.37 Pesticides - p. 254 38. 7.38 pH Value or Hydrogen Ion - p. 255 39. 7.39 Phenols - p. 256 40. 7.40 Phosphates - p. 256 41. 7.41 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) - p. 256 42. 7.42 Radioactive Substances - p. 257 43. 7.43 Selenium - p. 258 44. 7.44 Silica - p. 258 45. 7.45 Silver - p. 259 46. 7.46 Sodium - p. 259 47. 7.47 Sulphates - p. 259 48. 7.48 Suspended Solids - p. 260 49. 7.49 Taste and Odour - p. 260 50. 7.50 Turbidity - p. 260 51. 7.51 Zinc - p. 261 52. Part II Water Quality Guidelines and Standards for Chemical and Physical Parameters - p. 261 53. 7.53 Comment on the Application of Health-Related Standards - p. 272 54. 7.54 Sampling for Physical and Chemical Parameters - p. 273 55. 7.55 Raw Water Quality - p. 276 56. 7.56 Basic Priorities in Water Quality Control - p. 279 57. 7.57 Monitoring at Water Treatment Works - p. 280 58. 7.58 Methods of Chemical Analysis - p. 281 59. 7.59 Quality Assurance of Water Treatment Chemicals and Materials in Contact With Drinking Water - p. 282 60. Part III Water Microbiology - p. 283 61. 7.61 Bacterial Diseases - p. 283 62. 7.62 Other Bacteria - p. 285 63. 7.63 Protozoal Diseases - p. 286 64. 7.64 Viral Diseases - p. 288 65. 7.65 Microbiological Standards for Drinking Water - p. 289 66. 7.66 Use of Coliforms as an Indicator of Microbiological Pollution - p. 291 67. 7.67 Frequency of Sampling for Microbiological Parameters - p. 291 68. 7.68 Sampling for Routine Microbiological Parameters - p. 292 69. 7.69 Routine Tests for Bacterial Contamination of Water - p. 294 70. 7.70 Methodology for Microbiological Examination - p. 296 71. 7.71 Protozoal Examination - p. 297 72. 7.72 Virological Examination - p. 298 73. 7.73 Other Problem Organisms - p. 298 74. Part IV Water Biology - p. 299 75. 7.75 Source Waters and Storage Reservoirs - p. 300 76. 7.76 Transfer Stages - p. 303 77. 7.77 Treatment Stages - p. 304 78. 7.78 Service Reservoirs and Distribution Systems - p. 305 79. Part V New and Emerging Issues - p. 306 80. 7.80 Chemical Issues - p. 306 81. 7.81 Microbiological Issues - p. 309 82. Part VI Water Safety Plans - p. 311 83. 7.83 Structure of a Water Safety Plan - p. 312 84. 7.84 Development of a Water Safety Plan - p. 314 85. References - p. 315 86. Chapter 8. Storage, Clarification and Chemical Treatment - p. 323 87. Chapter 9. Water Filtration - p. 367 88. Chapter 10. Specialized and Advanced Water Treatment Processes - p. 407 89. Abstract - p. 407 90. Softening of Water - p. 407 91. 10.2 Principal Methods of Softening - p. 407 92. 10.3 The Lime-Soda Process of Softening - p. 408 93. 10.4 Softening Plant - p. 409 94. 10.5 Water Softening by Crystallization - p. 409 95. 10.6 Stabilization After Softening - p. 410 96. 10.7 Base Exchange Softening - p. 410 97. 10.8 Plant for Ion Exchange (IX) Softening - p. 411 98. 10.9 Hardness and Alkalinity Removal by Ion Exchange - p. 412 99. 10.10 Demineralization of Water by Ion Exchange - p. 412 100. Removal of Iron, Manganese and Other Metals - p. 414 101. 10.12 Removal of Iron and Manganese From Underground Waters - p. 414 102. 10.13 Removal of Iron and Manganese From River and Reservoir Waters - p. 418 103. 10.14 Removal of Other Metals - p. 419 104. 10.15 Removal of Radionuclides - p. 424 105. Defluoridation and Fluoridation - p. 424 106. 10.17 Fluoridation - p. 425 107. Aeration - p. 425 108. 10.19 Cascade Aerators - p. 426 109. 10.20 Packed Tower Aerators - p. 428 110. 10.21 Spray Aerators - p. 429 111. 10.22 Injection Aerators - p. 429 112. 10.23 Other Types of Aerators - p. 430 113. Nitrate Removal - p. 430 114. 10.25 Ion Exchange (IX) Process for Nitrate Removal - p. 431 115. 10.26 Biological Process for Nitrate Removal - p. 432 116. Removal of Ammonia - p. 433 117. 10.28 Biological Methods - p. 433 118. Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds From Groundwater - p. 435 119. 10.30 Packed Tower Aerators - p. 435 120. 10.31 Adsorption and Chemical Oxidation - p. 435 121. Taste and Odour Removal - p. 436 122. 10.33 Methods of Removal of Tastes and Odours - p. 437 123. Natural Organic Matter and Micropollutants Removal - p. 439 124. 10.35 Advanced Treatment Processes - p. 440 125. 10.36 Advanced Oxidation Processes - p. 444 126. 10.37 Colour Removal - p. 446 127. Corrosion Causes and Prevention - p. 447 128. 10.39 Bacterial Corrosion - p. 448 129. 10.40 Corrosion Caused by Adverse Water Quality - p. 449 130. 10.41 Corrosiveness of Various Waters - p. 451 131. 10.42 Dezincification - p. 453 132. Desalination - p. 453 133. 10.44 Ion Exchange - p. 454 134. 10.45 Electrodialysis - p. 455 135. 10.46 Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration - p. 456 136. 10.47 RO and NF Plant Design - p. 460 137. 10.48 Thermal Processes - p. 463 138. 10.49 Post Treatment - p. 464 139. 10.50 Effluent Disposal - p. 465 140. 10.51 The Costs of Desalination - p. 465 141. References - p. 467 142. Chapter 11. Disinfection of Water - p. 475 143. Chapter 12. Chemical Storage, Dosing and Control - p. 513 144. Chapter 13. Energy Use, Sustainability and Waste Treatment - p. 553 145. Chapter 14. Hydraulics - p. 581 146. Chapter 15. System Design and Analysis - p. 621 147. Chapter 16. Distribution Practice - p. 659 148. Chapter 17. Pipeline Design and Construction - p. 693 149. Chapter 18. Valves and Meters - p. 743 150. Chapter 19. Pumping, Electrical Plant, Control and Instrumentation - p. 777 151. Chapter 20. Treated Water Storage - p. 829 152. Conversion Factors - p. 865 153. Index - p. 867 154. List of Captions for Plates - p. 899
Twort's Water Supply, Seventh Edition, has been expanded to provide the latest tools and techniques to meet engineering challenges over dwindling natural resources. Approximately 1.1 billion people in rural and peri-urban communities of developing countries do not have access to safe drinking water. The mortality from diarrhea-related diseases amounts to 2.2 million people each year from the consumption of unsafe water.
This update reflects the latest WHO, European, UK, and US standards, including the European Water Framework Directive. The book also includes an expansion of waste and sludge disposal, including energy and sustainability, and new chapters on intakes, chemical storage, handling, and sampling. Written for both professionals and students, this book is essential reading for anyone working in water engineering.
1. 7.1 Introduction - p. 235 2. Part I Significant Chemical and Physico-Chemical Parameters in Water - p. 235 3. 7.3 Acrylamide - p. 236 4. 7.4 Algal Toxins - p. 236 5. 7.5 Alkalinity - p. 236 6. 7.6 Aluminium - p. 237 7. 7.7 Ammoniacal Compounds - p. 238 8. 7.8 Arsenic - p. 238 9. 7.9 Asbestos - p. 239 10. 7.10 Boron - p. 239 11. 7.11 Bromide and Iodide - p. 239 12. 7.12 Cadmium - p. 240 13. 7.13 Calcium - p. 240 14. 7.14 Carbon Dioxide - p. 240 15. 7.15 Chloride - p. 240 16. 7.16 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons - p. 241 17. 7.17 Chlorine Residual - p. 241 18. 7.18 Chromium - p. 242 19. 7.19 Colour - p. 242 20. 7.20 Copper - p. 242 21. 7.21 Corrosive Quality - p. 243 22. 7.22 Cyanide - p. 243 23. 7.23 Detergents - p. 244 24. 7.24 Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) - p. 244 25. 7.25 Electrical Conductivity and Dissolved Solids - p. 246 26. 7.26 Endocrine Disrupting Substances - p. 246 27. 7.27 Epichlorohydrin - p. 247 28. 7.28 Fluoride - p. 247 29. 7.29 Hardness - p. 248 30. 7.30 Hydrocarbons - p. 248 31. 7.31 Iron - p. 249 32. 7.32 Lead - p. 249 33. 7.33 Manganese - p. 250 34. 7.34 Nickel - p. 251 35. 7.35 Nitrate and Nitrite - p. 251 36. 7.36 Organic Matter, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) - p. 253 37. 7.37 Pesticides - p. 254 38. 7.38 pH Value or Hydrogen Ion - p. 255 39. 7.39 Phenols - p. 256 40. 7.40 Phosphates - p. 256 41. 7.41 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) - p. 256 42. 7.42 Radioactive Substances - p. 257 43. 7.43 Selenium - p. 258 44. 7.44 Silica - p. 258 45. 7.45 Silver - p. 259 46. 7.46 Sodium - p. 259 47. 7.47 Sulphates - p. 259 48. 7.48 Suspended Solids - p. 260 49. 7.49 Taste and Odour - p. 260 50. 7.50 Turbidity - p. 260 51. 7.51 Zinc - p. 261 52. Part II Water Quality Guidelines and Standards for Chemical and Physical Parameters - p. 261 53. 7.53 Comment on the Application of Health-Related Standards - p. 272 54. 7.54 Sampling for Physical and Chemical Parameters - p. 273 55. 7.55 Raw Water Quality - p. 276 56. 7.56 Basic Priorities in Water Quality Control - p. 279 57. 7.57 Monitoring at Water Treatment Works - p. 280 58. 7.58 Methods of Chemical Analysis - p. 281 59. 7.59 Quality Assurance of Water Treatment Chemicals and Materials in Contact With Drinking Water - p. 282 60. Part III Water Microbiology - p. 283 61. 7.61 Bacterial Diseases - p. 283 62. 7.62 Other Bacteria - p. 285 63. 7.63 Protozoal Diseases - p. 286 64. 7.64 Viral Diseases - p. 288 65. 7.65 Microbiological Standards for Drinking Water - p. 289 66. 7.66 Use of Coliforms as an Indicator of Microbiological Pollution - p. 291 67. 7.67 Frequency of Sampling for Microbiological Parameters - p. 291 68. 7.68 Sampling for Routine Microbiological Parameters - p. 292 69. 7.69 Routine Tests for Bacterial Contamination of Water - p. 294 70. 7.70 Methodology for Microbiological Examination - p. 296 71. 7.71 Protozoal Examination - p. 297 72. 7.72 Virological Examination - p. 298 73. 7.73 Other Problem Organisms - p. 298 74. Part IV Water Biology - p. 299 75. 7.75 Source Waters and Storage Reservoirs - p. 300 76. 7.76 Transfer Stages - p. 303 77. 7.77 Treatment Stages - p. 304 78. 7.78 Service Reservoirs and Distribution Systems - p. 305 79. Part V New and Emerging Issues - p. 306 80. 7.80 Chemical Issues - p. 306 81. 7.81 Microbiological Issues - p. 309 82. Part VI Water Safety Plans - p. 311 83. 7.83 Structure of a Water Safety Plan - p. 312 84. 7.84 Development of a Water Safety Plan - p. 314 85. References - p. 315 86. Chapter 8. Storage, Clarification and Chemical Treatment - p. 323 87. Chapter 9. Water Filtration - p. 367 88. Chapter 10. Specialized and Advanced Water Treatment Processes - p. 407 89. Abstract - p. 407 90. Softening of Water - p. 407 91. 10.2 Principal Methods of Softening - p. 407 92. 10.3 The Lime-Soda Process of Softening - p. 408 93. 10.4 Softening Plant - p. 409 94. 10.5 Water Softening by Crystallization - p. 409 95. 10.6 Stabilization After Softening - p. 410 96. 10.7 Base Exchange Softening - p. 410 97. 10.8 Plant for Ion Exchange (IX) Softening - p. 411 98. 10.9 Hardness and Alkalinity Removal by Ion Exchange - p. 412 99. 10.10 Demineralization of Water by Ion Exchange - p. 412 100. Removal of Iron, Manganese and Other Metals - p. 414 101. 10.12 Removal of Iron and Manganese From Underground Waters - p. 414 102. 10.13 Removal of Iron and Manganese From River and Reservoir Waters - p. 418 103. 10.14 Removal of Other Metals - p. 419 104. 10.15 Removal of Radionuclides - p. 424 105. Defluoridation and Fluoridation - p. 424 106. 10.17 Fluoridation - p. 425 107. Aeration - p. 425 108. 10.19 Cascade Aerators - p. 426 109. 10.20 Packed Tower Aerators - p. 428 110. 10.21 Spray Aerators - p. 429 111. 10.22 Injection Aerators - p. 429 112. 10.23 Other Types of Aerators - p. 430 113. Nitrate Removal - p. 430 114. 10.25 Ion Exchange (IX) Process for Nitrate Removal - p. 431 115. 10.26 Biological Process for Nitrate Removal - p. 432 116. Removal of Ammonia - p. 433 117. 10.28 Biological Methods - p. 433 118. Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds From Groundwater - p. 435 119. 10.30 Packed Tower Aerators - p. 435 120. 10.31 Adsorption and Chemical Oxidation - p. 435 121. Taste and Odour Removal - p. 436 122. 10.33 Methods of Removal of Tastes and Odours - p. 437 123. Natural Organic Matter and Micropollutants Removal - p. 439 124. 10.35 Advanced Treatment Processes - p. 440 125. 10.36 Advanced Oxidation Processes - p. 444 126. 10.37 Colour Removal - p. 446 127. Corrosion Causes and Prevention - p. 447 128. 10.39 Bacterial Corrosion - p. 448 129. 10.40 Corrosion Caused by Adverse Water Quality - p. 449 130. 10.41 Corrosiveness of Various Waters - p. 451 131. 10.42 Dezincification - p. 453 132. Desalination - p. 453 133. 10.44 Ion Exchange - p. 454 134. 10.45 Electrodialysis - p. 455 135. 10.46 Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration - p. 456 136. 10.47 RO and NF Plant Design - p. 460 137. 10.48 Thermal Processes - p. 463 138. 10.49 Post Treatment - p. 464 139. 10.50 Effluent Disposal - p. 465 140. 10.51 The Costs of Desalination - p. 465 141. References - p. 467 142. Chapter 11. Disinfection of Water - p. 475 143. Chapter 12. Chemical Storage, Dosing and Control - p. 513 144. Chapter 13. Energy Use, Sustainability and Waste Treatment - p. 553 145. Chapter 14. Hydraulics - p. 581 146. Chapter 15. System Design and Analysis - p. 621 147. Chapter 16. Distribution Practice - p. 659 148. Chapter 17. Pipeline Design and Construction - p. 693 149. Chapter 18. Valves and Meters - p. 743 150. Chapter 19. Pumping, Electrical Plant, Control and Instrumentation - p. 777 151. Chapter 20. Treated Water Storage - p. 829 152. Conversion Factors - p. 865 153. Index - p. 867 154. List of Captions for Plates - p. 899
