Year Book of Endocrinology 2014

1. Cover image - p. 1 2. Title page - p. 2 3. Table of Contents - p. 3 4. 1. DIABETES - p. 8 5. 1.1 Complications - p. 9 6. Glucose Levels and Risk of Dementia - p. 10 7. An association between gestational diabetes mellitus and long-term maternal cardiovascular morbidity - p. 11 8. Combined Angiotensin Inhibition for the Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy - p. 12 9. Diabetic hyperglycaemia activates CaMKII and arrhythmias by O-linked glycosylation - p. 13 10. Changing Impact of Modifiable Risk Factors on the Incidence of Major Outcomes of Type 1 Diabetes: The Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study - p. 14 11. 1.2. Glycemic Control - p. 15 12. Biguanides suppress hepatic glucagon signalling by decreasing production of cyclic AMP - p. 16 13. Liver-Derived Systemic Factors Drive β Cell Hyperplasia in Insulin-Resistant States - p. 17 14. 11β-HSD1 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease - p. 18 15. Antidiabetic effects of glucokinase regulatory protein small-molecule disruptors - p. 19 16. Evaluation of the dual peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor α/γ agonist aleglitazar to reduce cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Rationale and design of the AleCardio trial - p. 20 17. An inhibitor of the protein kinases TBK1 and IKK-ε improves obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions in mice - p. 21 18. Salicylate (Salsalate) in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Trial - p. 22 19. Saxagliptin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - p. 23 20. Alogliptin after Acute Coronary Syndrome in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes - p. 24 21. Linagliptin for patients aged 70 years or older with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with common antidiabetes treatments: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial - p. 25 22. Marked Expansion of Exocrine and Endocrine Pancreas with Incretin Therapy in Humans with Increased Exocrine Pancreas Dysplasia and the Potential for Glucagon-Producing Neuroendocrine Tumors - p. 26 23. A small-molecule AdipoR agonist for type 2 diabetes and short life in obesity - p. 27 24. 1.3. Pathogenesis - p. 28 25. Betatrophin: A Hormone that Controls Pancreatic β Cell Proliferation - p. 29 26. Inactivation of specific β cell transcription factors in type 2 diabetes - p. 30 27. 1.4. Prevention and Reversal of Diabetes - p. 31 28. Achievement of Goals in U.S. Diabetes Care, 1999–2010 - p. 32 29. 2. LIPOPROTEINS AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS - p. 33 30. 2.1. Pharmacologic Therapy - p. 34 31. Lipoprotein(a) Concentrations, Rosuvastatin Therapy, and Residual Vascular Risk: An Analysis from the JUPITER Trial - p. 35 32. Lipoprotein Apheresis in Patients With Maximally Tolerated Lipid-Lowering Therapy, Lipoprotein(a)-Hyperlipoproteinemia, and Progressive Cardiovascular Disease: Prospective Observational Multicenter Study - p. 36 33. Relationship of Lipoproteins to Cardiovascular Events: The AIM-HIGH Trial (Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome With LOW HDL/High Triglycerides and Impact on Global Health Outcomes) - p. 37 34. Statin Therapy in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (from the Evaluation of Drug Eluting Stents and Ischemic Events Registry) - p. 38 35. Impact of Lipid-Lowering Medications and Low-Density Lipoprotein Levels on 1-Year Clinical Outcomes after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting - p. 39 36. C-reactive Protein, but not Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels, Associate With Coronary Atheroma Regression and Cardiovascular Events After Maximally Intensive Statin Therapy - p. 40 37. AMG145, a Monoclonal Antibody Against Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin Type 9, Significantly Reduces Lipoprotein(a) in Hypercholesterolemic Patients Receiving Statin Therapy: An Analysis From the LDL-C Assessment With Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin Type 9 Monoclonal Antibody Inhibition Combined With Statin Therapy (LAPLACE)–Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 57 Trial - p. 42 38. Low High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Is Not a Risk Factor for Recurrent Vascular Events in Patients With Vascular Disease on Intensive Lipid-Lowering Medication - p. 43 39. Effect of the Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin 9 Monoclonal Antibody, AMG 145, in Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia - p. 44 40. 2.2. Prevention of Atherosclerosis - p. 46 41. High-Density Lipoprotein Mediated Cellular Cholesterol Efflux in Acute Coronary Syndromes - p. 47 42. Lack of protective role of HDL-C in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting - p. 48 43. 2.3. Statin Safety - p. 49 44. Lipid-Modifying Therapies and Risk of Pancreatitis: A Meta-analysis - p. 50 45. 2.4. Epidemiology and Diagnosis - p. 51 46. Body Fat Distribution, Incident Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and All-Cause Mortality - p. 52 47. Low Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Stable Ischemic Heart Disease Patients: A Post-Hoc Analysis From the COURAGE Trial (Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation) - p. 53 48. Elevated Remnant Cholesterol Causes Both Low-Grade Inflammation and Ischemic Heart Disease, Whereas Elevated Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Causes Ischemic Heart Disease Without Inflammation - p. 54 49. 2.5. Metabolic Syndrome - p. 55 50. Relation of Hepatic Steatosis to Atherogenic Dyslipidemia - p. 56 51. Prandial Hypertriglyceridemia in Metabolic Syndrome Is Due to an Overproduction of Both Chylomicron and VLDL Triacylglycerol - p. 58 52. 3. OBESITY - p. 59 53. 3.1. New Developments in Obesity - p. 60 54. KSR2 Mutations Are Associated with Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Impaired Cellular Fuel Oxidation - p. 61 55. Myths, Presumptions, and Facts about Obesity - p. 62 56. 3.2. Epidemiology and Complications of Obesity - p. 65 57. Are Metabolically Healthy Overweight and Obesity Benign Conditions?: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - p. 66 58. 3.3. Diet and Obesity - p. 67 59. Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes - p. 68 60. 3.4. Surgical Treatment of Obesity - p. 69 61. Review of the key results from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) trial – a prospective controlled intervention study of bariatric surgery - p. 70 62. 4. THYROID - p. 71 63. 4.1. Autoimmunity - p. 72 64. Reduced Effectiveness of CD4+Foxp3+Regulatory T Cells in CD28-Deficient NOD.H-2h4 Mice Leads to Increased Severity of Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis - p. 73 65. Changes in Serum Adhesion Molecules, Chemokines, Cytokines, and Tissue Remodeling Factors in Euthyroid Women Without Thyroid Antibodies Who Are at Risk for Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: A Hypothesis on the Early Phases of the Endocrine Autoimmune Reaction - p. 74 66. 4.2. Thyroid Cancer - p. 75 67. Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Is Associated With Less Aggressive Disease and Better Outcome in Patients With Coexisting Hashimotos Thyroiditis - p. 76 68. Does BRAF V600E Mutation Predict Aggressive Features in Papillary Thyroid Cancer? Results From Four Endocrine Surgery Centers - p. 77 69. Aberrant Overexpression of Pyruvate Kinase M2 Is Associated With Aggressive Tumor Features and the BRAF Mutation in Papillary Thyroid Cancer - p. 78 70. S100A11 Overexpression Contributes to the Malignant Phenotype of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma - p. 79 71. Frequent Somatic TERT Promoter Mutations in Thyroid Cancer: Higher Prevalence in Advanced Forms of the Disease - p. 80 72. Development of p21 Activated Kinase-Targeted Multikinase Inhibitors That Inhibit Thyroid Cancer Cell Migration - p. 81 73. Inhibition of AMPK and Krebs Cycle Gene Expression Drives Metabolic Remodeling of Pten-Deficient Preneoplastic Thyroid Cells - p. 82 74. Identification of kinase fusion oncogenes in post-Chernobyl radiation-induced thyroid cancers - p. 83 75. Comparative Analysis of the Thyrocytes and T Cells: Responses to H2O2 and Radiation Reveals an H2O2-Induced Antioxidant Transcriptional Program in Thyrocytes - p. 85 76. Vandetanib in Children and Adolescents with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B Associated Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma - p. 86 77. Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Panel (ThyroSeq) for Detection of Mutations in Thyroid Cancer - p. 87 78. 4.3. Thyroid Nodules - p. 88 79. Comparison of Elastographic Strain Index and Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology in 631 Thyroid Nodules - p. 89 80. 4.4. Thyrotoxicosis - p. 90 81. Analysis of 754 Cases of Antithyroid Drug-Induced Agranulocytosis Over 30 Years in Japan - p. 91 82. 4.5. Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy - p. 92 83. Effect of inadequate iodine status in UK pregnant women on cognitive outcomes in their children: results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) - p. 93 84. Hypothyroxinemia and TPO-Antibody Positivity Are Risk Factors for Premature Delivery: The Generation R Study - p. 94 85. Five-Year Follow-Up for Women With Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy - p. 95 86. 4.6. Miscellaneous - p. 96 87. Histidines in Potential Substrate Recognition Sites Affect Thyroid Hormone Transport by Monocarboxylate Transporter 8 (MCT8) - p. 97 88. Embryonic exposure to excess thyroid hormone causes thyrotrope cell death - p. 98 89. 5. CALCIUM AND BONE METABOLISM - p. 99 90. 5.1 Mineral and Vitamin D Metabolism - p. 100 91. Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Risk of Major Osteoporotic Fractures in Older U.S. Adults - p. 101 92. 5.2. Metabolic Bone Disease - p. 102 93. Association Between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in Primary Hyperparathyroidism - p. 103 94. 5.3. Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis - p. 104 95. Abdominal fat is associated with lower bone formation and inferior bone quality in healthy premenopausal women: a transiliac bone biopsy study - p. 105 96. Relationship of Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index With Fracture Risk at Different Sites in Postmenopausal Women: The Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women (GLOW) - p. 106 97. In Vivo Assessment of Bone Quality in Postmenopausal Women with Type 2 Diabetes - p. 107 98. Fracture risk following bariatric surgery: a population-based study - p. 108 99. Gonadal Steroids and Body Composition, Strength, and Sexual Function in Men - p. 109 100. Cortical Porosity Identifies Women with Osteopenia at Increased Risk for Forearm Fractures - p. 110 101. A Distal Forearm Fracture in Childhood Is Associated With an Increased Risk for Future Fragility Fractures in Adult Men, but Not Women - p. 111 102. Rapid Cortical Bone Loss in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 112 103. Hepatitis C Co-infection and Severity of Liver Disease as Risk Factors for Osteoporotic Fractures Among HIV-Infected Patients - p. 113 104. 5.4. Current Issues in Osteoporosis Therapy - p. 114 105. Zoledronic Acid Acutely Increases Sclerostin Serum Levels in Women with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis - p. 115 106. Duration of Antiresorptive Effects of Low-Dose Zoledronate in Osteopenic Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial - p. 116 107. Effects of Pioglitazone on Bone in Postmenopausal Women With Impaired Fasting Glucose or Impaired Glucose Tolerance: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study - p. 117 108. Femoral and Vertebral Strength Improvements in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis Treated With Denosumab - p. 118 109. RANKL Inhibition With Denosumab Does Not Influence 3-Year Progression of Aortic Calcification or Incidence of Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis and High Cardiovascular Risk - p. 119 110. Teriparatide for Idiopathic Osteoporosis in Premenopausal Women: A Pilot Study - p. 120 111. Risk Factors for Treatment Failure With Antiosteoporosis Medication: The Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women (GLOW) - p. 121 112. 5.5. Novel Osteoporosis Therapies - p. 122 113. Effects of Odanacatib on BMD and Safety in the Treatment of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women Previously Treated With Alendronate: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial - p. 123 114. Romosozumab in Postmenopausal Women with Low Bone Mineral Density - p. 124 115. 5.6. Metabolic Bone Disease - p. 125 116. Persistent Hyperparathyroidism Is a Major Risk Factor for Fractures in the Five Years After Kidney Transplantation - p. 126 117. Normocalcemic Hyperparathyroidism and Hypoparathyroidism in Two Community-Based Nonreferral Populations - p. 127 118. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1–84) in hypoparathyroidism (REPLACE): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, phase 3 study - p. 128 119. Incidence and Prevalence of Primary Hyperparathyroidism in a Racially Mixed Population - p. 129 120. Primary Hyperparathyroidism Is Associated With Abnormal Cortical and Trabecular Microstructure and Reduced Bone Stiffness in Postmenopausal Women - p. 130 121. 6. ADRENAL CORTEX - p. 131 122. 6.1. Adrenal Hormone Secretion and Pathology - p. 132 123. Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Human Adrenal Vein 19-Carbon Steroids Before and After ACTH Stimulation - p. 133 124. Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells in Patients With Adrenocortical Carcinoma: A Monocentric Preliminary Study - p. 134 125. Hypothalamo-pituitary and immune-dependent adrenal regulation during systemic inflammation - p. 135 126. Imaging Work-Up for Screening of Paraganglioma and Pheochromocytoma in SDHx Mutation Carriers: A Multicenter Prospective Study from the PGL.EVA Investigators - p. 136 127. 6.2. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia - p. 137 128. Novel H6PDH mutations in two girls with premature adrenarche: ‘apparent’ and ‘true’ CRD can be differentiated by urinary steroid profiling - p. 138 129. Genotype-Phenotype Correlation in 153 Adult Patients With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: Analysis of the United Kingdom Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Adult Study Executive (CaHASE) Cohort - p. 139 130. Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors Develop Independently of Long-Term Disease Control: A Longitudinal Analysis of 50 Adult Men With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to Classic 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency - p. 140 131. 6.3. Glucocorticoid Receptors/Glucocorticoid Sensitivity - p. 141 132. A Novel Point Mutation in the DNA-Binding Domain (DBD) of the Human Glucocorticoid Receptor Causes Primary Generalized Glucocorticoid Resistance by Disrupting the Hydrophobic Structure of its DBD - p. 142 133. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase blockade prevents age-induced skin structure and function defects - p. 143 134. Mitotane Therapy in Adrenocortical Cancer Induces CYP3A4 and Inhibits 5α-Reductase, Explaining the Need for Personalized Glucocorticoid and Androgen Replacement - p. 144 135. Essential role of stress hormone signaling in cardiomyocytes for the prevention of heart disease - p. 145 136. 6.4. Cushing's Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment - p. 146 137. Mitotane levels predict the outcome of patients with adrenocortical carcinoma treated adjuvantly following radical resection - p. 147 138. ARMC5 Mutations in Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia with Cushing's Syndrome - p. 148 139. Intraadrenal Corticotropin in Bilateral Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia - p. 149 140. 6.5. Adrenal Function - p. 150 141. Reduced Cortisol Metabolism during Critical Illness - p. 151 142. 6.6. Primary Aldosteronism - p. 152 143. Somatic mutations in ATP1A1 and ATP2B3 lead to aldosterone-producing adenomas and secondary hypertension - p. 153 144. Somatic and germline CACNA1D calcium channel mutations in aldosterone-producing adenomas and primary aldosteronism - p. 154 145. Somatic mutations in ATP1A1 and CACNA1D underlie a common subtype of adrenal hypertension - p. 155 146. Plasma Metanephrine for Assessing the Selectivity of Adrenal Venous Sampling - p. 156 147. 6.7. Pheochromocytomas: Diagnosis and Treatment - p. 157 148. Genotype-Specific Abnormalities in Mitochondrial Function Associate with Distinct Profiles of Energy Metabolism and Catecholamine Content in Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma - p. 158 149. 7. REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY - p. 159 150. 7.1. Pediatrics - p. 160 151. Delayed Puberty and Estrogen Resistance in a Woman With Estrogen Receptor α Variant - p. 161 152. Lifecycle of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): From In Utero to Menopause - p. 162 153. 7.2. Androgen Excess in Adolescence - p. 163 154. Prevalence of Hyperandrogenic States in Late Adolescent and Young Women: Epidemiological Survey on Italian High-School Students - p. 164 155. 7.3. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome - p. 165 156. Evidence for Masculinization of Adipokine Gene Expression in Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Obese Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) - p. 166 157. 7.4. Menopause - p. 167 158. Changes in Estradiol and Testosterone Levels in Postmenopausal Women After Changes in Body Mass Index - p. 168 159. 7.5. Contraception - p. 169 160. Effect of a new oral contraceptive with estradiol valerate/dienogest on carbohydrate metabolism - p. 170 161. 7.6. Estrogen Assays - p. 171 162. Comparisons of Immunoassay and Mass Spectrometry Measurements of Serum Estradiol Levels and Their Influence on Clinical Association Studies in Men - p. 172 163. 7.7. Bone Health - p. 173 164. Effects of Estrogen on Bone mRNA Levels of Sclerostin and Other Genes Relevant to Bone Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women - p. 174 165. Bone Marrow Fat Composition as a Novel Imaging Biomarker in Postmenopausal Women With Prevalent Fragility Fractures - p. 175 166. Role of Metabolic Factors in the Association Between Osteocalcin and Testosterone in Chinese Men - p. 176 167. 7.8. Hypogonadism in Men - p. 177 168. Abrupt decrease in serum testosterone levels after an oral glucose load in men: implications for screening for hypogonadism - p. 178 169. Determinants of testosterone recovery after bariatric surgery: is it only a matter of reduction of body mass index? - p. 179 170. Symptomatic Reduction in Free Testosterone Levels Secondary to Crizotinib Use in Male Cancer Patients - p. 180 171. Effects of three different medications on metabolic parameters and testicular volume in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: 3-year experience - p. 181 172. 7.9. Effects of Testosterone - p. 182 173. Anabolic androgenic steroid use is associated with ventricular dysfunction on cardiac MRI in strength trained athletes - p. 183 174. Gonadal Steroids and Body Composition, Strength, and Sexual Function in Men - p. 184 175. 7.10. Metabolic Syndrome - p. 185 176. Independent Effects of Testosterone on Lipid Oxidation and VLDL-TG Production: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study - p. 186 177. 7.11 Aging and Sex Steroid Risk Factors - p. 187 178. In Older Men an Optimal Plasma Testosterone Is Associated With Reduced All-Cause Mortality and Higher Dihydrotestosterone With Reduced Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality, While Estradiol Levels Do Not Predict Mortality - p. 188 179. Circulating Estrone Levels Are Associated Prospectively With Diabetes Risk in Men of the Framingham Heart Study - p. 189 180. Longitudinal Changes in Testosterone Over Five Years in Community-Dwelling Men - p. 190 181. 8. NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY - p. 191 182. 8.1. Pituitary - General - p. 192 183. Non-functioning pituitary macro-incidentalomas benefit from early surgery before becoming symptomatic - p. 193 184. 8.2. Prolactin - p. 194 185. Mutant Prolactin Receptor and Familial Hyperprolactinemia - p. 195 186. A Cross-Sectional Study of the Prevalence of Cardiac Valvular Abnormalities in Hyperprolactinemic Patients Treated With Ergot-Derived Dopamine Agonists - p. 196 187. Outcome of prolactinoma after pregnancy and lactation: a study on 73 patients - p. 197 188. 8.3. Growth Hormone - p. 198 189. Progression of Vertebral Fractures Despite Long-Term Biochemical Control of Acromegaly: A Prospective Follow-up Study - p. 199 190. Prevalence of Posttraumatic Growth Hormone Deficiency Is Highly Dependent on the Diagnostic Set-up: Results From The Danish National Study on Posttraumatic Hypopituitarism - p. 200 191. 8.4. ACTH - p. 201 192. A Cellular and Molecular Basis for the Selective Desmopressin-Induced ACTH Release in Cushing Disease Patients: Key Role of AVPR1b Receptor and Potential Therapeutic Implications - p. 202 193. Preoperative Normalization of Cortisol Levels in Cushing's Disease After Medical Treatment: Consequences for Somatostatin and Dopamine Receptor Subtype Expression and In Vitro Response to Somatostatin Analogs and Dopamine Agonists - p. 203 194. High variability in baseline urinary free cortisol values in patients with Cushing's disease - p. 204 195. 8.5. General - p. 205 196. Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Hyponatremia: Expert Panel Recommendations - p. 206 197. 9. PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY - p. 207 198. 9.1. Growth/Growth Hormone - p. 208 199. Large-Scale Pooled Next-Generation Sequencing of 1077 Genes to Identify Genetic Causes of Short Stature - p. 209 200. Growth Hormone Therapy for Children and Adolescents with Prader-Willi Syndrome Is Associated With Improved Body Composition and Metabolic Status in Adulthood - p. 210 201. Impact of Hydrocortisone on Adult Height in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—The Minnesota Cohort - p. 211 202. 9.2. Miscellaneous - p. 212 203. Central Precocious Puberty Caused by Mutations in the Imprinted Gene MKRN3 - p. 213 204. A Single Histrelin Implant Is Effective for 2 Years for Treatment of Central Precocious Puberty - p. 214 205. Urinary Phthalates From 168 Girls and Boys Measured Twice a Year During a 5-year Period: Associations With Adrenal Androgen Levels and Puberty - p. 215 206. Onset of Breast Development in a Longitudinal Cohort - p. 216 207. Delayed Puberty and Estrogen Resistance in a Woman with Estrogen Receptor α variant - p. 217 208. Factors Associated With Hearing Impairment in Patients With Congenital Hypothyroidism Treated Since the Neonatal Period: A National Population-Based Study - p. 218 209. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and the Second Newborn Screen - p. 219 210. Skeletal Maturation in Children with Cushing Syndrome Is Not Consistently Delayed: The Role of Corticotropin, Obesity, and Steroid Hormones, and the Effect of Surgical Cure - p. 220 211. Increased Scalp Hair Cortisol Concentrations in Obese Children - p. 221 212. 9.3. Bone/Calcium - p. 222 213. Parathyroid Hormone as a Functional Indicator of Vitamin D Sufficiency in Children - p. 223