Critical Care Nephrology

1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title Page - p. i 3. Table of Contents - p. i 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Dedication - p. v 6. Contributors - p. vii 7. Preface - p. xxiii 8. Section 1 Principles of Critical Care - p. xxiv 9. Chapter 1 The Critically Ill Patient - p. 1 10. Chapter 2 The Pathophysiologic Foundations of Critical Care - p. 5 11. Chapter 3 Mechanical Ventilation - p. 10 12. Chapter 4 Hemodynamic Support in the Critically Ill Patient - p. 21 13. Chapter 5 Monitoring Organ Dysfunction in Critical Care - p. 25 14. Chapter 6 Kidney-Specific Severity Scores - p. 29 15. Section 2 Principles of Renal Physiology - p. 34.e1 16. Chapter 7 The Physiology of the Glomerulus - p. 35 17. Chapter 8 The Physiology of the Loop of Henle - p. 42 18. Chapter 9 Glomerular Filtration Rate, Renal Functional Reserve, and Kidney Stress Testing - p. 48 19. Chapter 10 Renal Energy Consumption and Metabolism - p. 59 20. Section 3 Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Critical Care - p. 64.e1 21. Chapter 11 Acute Kidney Injury - p. 65 22. Chapter 12 Community- and Hospital-Acquired Acute Kidney Injury - p. 75 23. Chapter 13 Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients - p. 81 24. Chapter 14 Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 85 25. Section 4 Exposures and Patient Susceptibility - p. 89.e2 26. Chapter 15 Genetic Predisposition for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - p. 90 27. Chapter 16 Risk Factors and Risk Assessment in Acute Kidney Injury - p. 94 28. Chapter 17 Experimental Models of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 99 29. Section 5 Humoral and Cellular Mechanisms of Kidney Damage - p. 105.e1 30. Chapter 18 Renal Blood Flow and Perfusion Pressure - p. 106 31. Chapter 19 Humoral Mediators in Sepsis - p. 109 32. Chapter 20 Cell Death Pathways - p. 113 33. Chapter 21 Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns, Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns, and Their Receptors in Acute Kidney Injury - p. 121 34. Section 6 Clinical Course of Acute Kidney Injury and Biomarkers - p. 127.e3 35. Chapter 22 Acute Kidney Disease - p. 128 36. Chapter 23 Acute Kidney Disease, Renal Recovery, and Post–Acute Kidney Injury Care - p. 132 37. Chapter 24 The Role of Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 138 38. Chapter 25 Functional Biomarkers - p. 141 39. Chapter 26 Damage Biomarkers - p. 145 40. Chapter 27 Kidney Stress Biomarkers - p. 148 41. Section 7 Mechanisms of Repair or Progression - p. 153.e3 42. Chapter 28 Renal Repair and Recovery - p. 154 43. Chapter 29 Maladaptive Repair and Progression to CKD - p. 159 44. Chapter 30 Biomarkers of Recovery and/or Repair Following Acute Kidney Injury - p. 164 45. Section 8 Renal Histopathology in Acute Kidney Injury - p. 166.e1 46. Chapter 31 Practical Considerations of Renal Biopsies in Critical Care Patients - p. 167 47. Chapter 32 Localization of Injury and Repair Pathways - p. 173 48. Section 9 Imaging Techniques in Critical Care Nephrology - p. 178.e2 49. Chapter 33 Ultrasonography and Doppler Techniques - p. 179 50. Chapter 34 Contrast-Enhanced Renal Ultrasound - p. 186 51. Chapter 35 Traditional Radiology, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Critical Care Nephrology - p. 191 52. Chapter 36 Radionuclides Diagnostic Techniques - p. 197 53. Section 10 Clinical Syndromes and Acute Kidney Injury - p. 204.e1 54. Chapter 37 Multiple Organ Dysfunction - p. 205 55. Chapter 38 Acute Kidney Injury in Burns and Trauma - p. 209 56. Chapter 39 Drug-Induced Acute Kidney Injury - p. 214 57. Chapter 40 Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnancy - p. 222 58. Chapter 41 Acute Kidney Injury in Oncology and Tumor Lysis Syndrome - p. 234 59. Chapter 42 Acute Kidney Injury in Cardiac Surgery - p. 250 60. Chapter 43 Acute Kidney Injury in Major Surgery - p. 254 61. Chapter 44 Acute Kidney Injury in Heart Failure - p. 257 62. Chapter 45 Acute Kidney Injury in Cirrhosis - p. 263 63. Chapter 46 Acute Renal Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients - p. 271 64. Chapter 47 Acute Glomerulonephritis - p. 275 65. Chapter 48 Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury - p. 282 66. Chapter 49 Abdominal Compartment Syndrome - p. 288 67. Chapter 50 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome - p. 294 68. Section 11 Prevention and Treatment: General Treatment Concepts - p. 301.e2 69. Chapter 51 Nonpharmacologic Management of Acute Renal Injury - p. 302 70. Chapter 52 Novel Drugs for Acute Kidney Injury - p. 307 71. Chapter 53 Remote Ischemic Preconditioning - p. 314 72. Section 12 Fluid and Electrolytes - p. 319.e2 73. Chapter 54 Blood Biochemistry - p. 320 74. Chapter 55 Assessment of Urine Biochemistry - p. 323 75. Chapter 56 Disorders of Sodium and Water Balance - p. 328 76. Chapter 57 Disorders of Potassium and Magnesium - p. 339 77. Chapter 58 Calcium and Phosphate Physiology - p. 345 78. Chapter 59 Principles of Fluid Therapy - p. 350 79. Chapter 60 Blood Transfusion Therapy - p. 353 80. Chapter 61 Loop and Thiazide Diuretics - p. 358 81. Chapter 62 Vaptans and the Treatment of Hyponatremia - p. 364 82. Chapter 63 Aldosterone Antagonists, Amiloride, and Triamterene - p. 368 83. Section 13 Acid-Base - p. 373.e1 84. Chapter 64 Laboratory Tests - p. 374 85. Chapter 65 Acid-Base Physiology and Diagnosis of Disorders - p. 378 86. Chapter 66 Metabolic Acidosis - p. 388 87. Chapter 67 Hyperlactatemia and Lactic Acidosis - p. 394 88. Chapter 68 Renal Tubular Acidosis - p. 405 89. Chapter 69 Metabolic Alkalosis - p. 409 90. Chapter 70 Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders - p. 411 91. Chapter 71 Iatrogenic and Poison-Derived Acid Base Disorders - p. 417 92. Section 14 Metabolism and Nutrition in Critical Illness and Acute Kidney Injury - p. 423.e2 93. Chapter 72 Energy Requirement and Consumption in the Critically Ill Patient - p. 424 94. Chapter 73 Impact of Renal Replacement Therapy on Metabolism and Nutrient Requirements in the Critically Ill Patient - p. 429 95. Chapter 74 Amino Acid Turnover, Protein Metabolism, and Nitrogen Balance in Acute Kidney Injury - p. 434 96. Chapter 75 Carbohydrates and Lipids - p. 442 97. Chapter 76 Endocrinology of the Stress Response During Critical Illness - p. 446 98. Chapter 77 Anemia of Critical Illness - p. 454 99. Chapter 78 Management of Nutrition in Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Replacement Therapy - p. 459 100. Chapter 79 Blood Glucose Control in Critical Care - p. 464 101. Chapter 80 Enteral Nutrition - p. 469 102. Section 15 Infectious Diseases and Sepsis - p. 472.e2 103. Chapter 81 Microbiologic Considerations in the Intensive Care Patient - p. 473 104. Chapter 82 Innate Immunity and the Kidney - p. 476 105. Chapter 83 Adaptive Immunity and Critical Illness - p. 483 106. Chapter 84 Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis and Hepatorenal Syndrome - p. 487 107. Chapter 85 Tropical Infections Causing Acute Kidney Injury - p. 492 108. Chapter 86 Sepsis and Septic Shock - p. 500 109. Chapter 87 Complement and Its Consequences in Sepsis - p. 504 110. Chapter 88 Coagulation Abnormalities in Sepsis - p. 508 111. Chapter 89 Endothelial Dysfunction of the Kidney in Sepsis - p. 518 112. Chapter 90 Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury - p. 524 113. Chapter 91 Recommendations for Sepsis Management - p. 534 114. Chapter 92 Principles of Antimicrobial Prescription in Intensive Care Unit Patients With Acute Kidney Injury - p. 539 115. Chapter 93 Renal Replacement Therapy for Septic Acute Kidney Injury - p. 543 116. Chapter 94 Blood Purification for Sepsis - p. 548 117. Chapter 95 Management of Infection in Patients With Kidney Transplant - p. 552 118. Chapter 96 Critical Care Viral Infections - p. 560 119. Chapter 97 Principles of Antibiotic Prescription in Intensive Care Unit Patients and Patients With Acute Renal Failure - p. 567 120. Section 16 Acute Intoxication and Poisoning - p. 573.e1 121. Chapter 98 Drugs and Antidotes in Acute Intoxication - p. 574 122. Chapter 99 Extracorporeal Therapies in Acute Intoxication and Poisoning - p. 588 123. Chapter 100 Plasmapheresis in Acute Intoxication and Poisoning - p. 595 124. Chapter 101 Poisoning - p. 600 125. Some Basic Principles of Pharmacokinetics - p. 601 126. Differences Between Pharmacokinetics and Toxicokinetics - p. 602 127. Management of Poisoning - p. 603 128. General Supportive Treatment - p. 607 129. Extracorporeal Life Supportive Treatment - p. 608 130. Conclusion - p. 608 131. References - p. 629.e1 132. Section 17 Acute Kidney Injury and Organ Crosstalk - p. 629.e7 133. Chapter 102 Bleeding and Hemostasis in Acute Renal Failure - p. 630 134. Chapter 103 Gastrointestinal Problems in Acute Kidney Injury - p. 635 135. Chapter 104 Cardiovascular Problems in Acute Kidney Injury - p. 641 136. Chapter 105 Water and Electrolyte Disturbances in Acute Renal Failure - p. 645 137. Chapter 106 Neurologic Problems in Acute Renal Failure - p. 649 138. Chapter 107 Immunologic and Infectious Complications of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 654 139. Chapter 108 Cellular Response to Acute Kidney Injury - p. 659 140. Section 18 Interaction of the Heart and the Kidney - p. 663.e2 141. Chapter 109 Heart-Kidney Cross-Talk - p. 664 142. Chapter 110 Classification of Cardiorenal Syndrome - p. 670 143. Chapter 111 Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 1 - p. 677 144. Chapter 112 Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 2 - p. 690 145. Chapter 113 Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 3 - p. 695 146. Chapter 114 Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 4 - p. 702 147. Chapter 115 Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 5 - p. 704 148. Chapter 116 Renal Function During Cardiac Mechanical Support and Artificial Heart - p. 712 149. Chapter 117 The Kidney in Diastolic Dysfunction - p. 718 150. Chapter 118 Principles of Diuretic Management in Heart Failure - p. 721 151. Chapter 119 Management of Overhydration in Heart Failure Patients - p. 727 152. Chapter 120 Recent Advances for Stroke Prevention in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Advanced Kidney Disease - p. 736 153. Section 19 Interaction of the Lung and Kidney - p. 740.e2 154. Chapter 121 Lung-Kidney Cross-Talk - p. 741 155. Chapter 122 The Kidney During Mechanical Ventilation - p. 747 156. Chapter 123 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Renal Function - p. 751 157. Chapter 124 Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal - p. 755 158. Chapter 125 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Adults and Children - p. 759 159. Chapter 126 Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome - p. 764 160. Section 20 The Liver and the Kidney - p. 769.e2 161. Chapter 127 Liver-Kidney Interaction - p. 770 162. Chapter 128 Pathophysiology and Management of the Hepatorenal Syndrome - p. 774 163. Chapter 129 Kidney Dysfunction After Liver Transplantation - p. 781 164. Chapter 130 Extracorporeal Liver Support Devices - p. 793 165. Section 21 Interaction of the Brain and the Kidney - p. 799.e2 166. Chapter 131 Treatment of Combined Acute Renal Failure and Cerebral Edema - p. 800 167. Chapter 132 Renal Protection in the Organ Donor - p. 805 168. Chapter 133 Effect of Extracorporeal Therapies on the Brain - p. 811 169. Section 22 Fluid Balance and its Management in the Critically Ill - p. 815.e2 170. Chapter 134 Components of Fluid Balance and Monitoring - p. 816 171. Chapter 135 Noninvasive Methods of Fluid Status Assessment in Critically Ill Patients - p. 821 172. Chapter 136 Management of Fluid Overload in Cardiorenal Patients - p. 825 173. Chapter 137 Mechanical Fluid Removal - p. 835 174. Section 23 General Principles of Acute Renal Replacement Therapy - p. 837.e1 175. Chapter 138 Indications for Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill - p. 838 176. Chapter 139 Principles of Extracorporeal Circulation and Transport Phenomena - p. 841 177. Chapter 140 Membranes and Filters for Use in Acute Renal Failure - p. 847 178. Chapter 141 Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Machine Technology - p. 853 179. Chapter 142 Principles of Anticoagulation in Extracorporeal Circuits - p. 860 180. Chapter 143 Dialysis Solutions and Replacement Fluids - p. 867 181. Chapter 144 Starting and Stopping Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill - p. 873 182. Chapter 145 The Concept of Renal Replacement Therapy Dose and Efficiency - p. 879 183. Chapter 146 Quantification of Acute Renal Replacement Therapy - p. 883 184. Chapter 147 Principles of Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Drugs Used in Extracorporeal Therapies - p. 892 185. Chapter 148 Ethical Considerations in Acute Renal Replacement Therapy - p. 896 186. Section 24 Intermittent Renal Replacement Therapies - p. 904.e3 187. Chapter 149 Intermittent Techniques for Acute Dialysis - p. 905 188. Chapter 150 Solute and Water Transport in Hemodialysis - p. 909 189. Chapter 151 Biocompatibility of the Dialysis System - p. 918 190. Chapter 152 Composition of Hemodialysis Fluid - p. 922 191. Chapter 153 Indications for and Contraindications to Intermittent Hemodialysis in Critically Ill Patients - p. 928 192. Chapter 154 Technical and Clinical Complications of Intermittent Hemodialysis in the Intensive Care Unit - p. 933 193. Chapter 155 Correction of Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Derangements by Hemodialysis and Derived Techniques - p. 941 194. Chapter 156 Urea Kinetics, Efficiency, and Adequacy of Hemodialysis and Other Intermittent Treatments - p. 947 195. Chapter 157 Assessment of Fluid Status and Body Composition and Control of Fluid Balance With Intermittent Hemodialysis in the Critically Ill Patient - p. 956 196. Chapter 158 Outcomes of Intermittent Hemodialysis in Critically Ill Patients With Acute Kidney Injury - p. 960 197. Chapter 159 Hybrid Dialysis Techniques in the Intensive Care Unit - p. 966 198. Chapter 160 The Role of Plasmapheresis in Critical Illness - p. 973 199. Chapter 161 Cascade Filtration for ABO Incompatible Transplant - p. 977 200. Chapter 162 Nursing Issues and Procedures in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy - p. 980 201. Section 25 Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies (CRRT) - p. 986.e2 202. Chapter 163 Indications for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy - p. 987 203. Chapter 164 Beginning and Ending Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in the Intensive Care Unit - p. 993 204. Chapter 165 Solute and Water Kinetics in Continuous Therapies - p. 1000 205. Chapter 166 Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy - p. 1005 206. Chapter 167 Vascular Access for Acute Renal Replacement Therapy - p. 1010 207. Chapter 168 Anticoagulation Strategies for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy - p. 1018 208. Chapter 169 Nursing Strategies to Prevent Coagulation of the Extracorporeal Circuit - p. 1024 209. Chapter 170 Adequacy of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy - p. 1029 210. Chapter 171 High-Volume Hemofiltration in the Intensive Care Unit - p. 1034 211. Chapter 172 Pulse High-Volume Hemofiltration in Management of Critically Ill Patients With Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock - p. 1038 212. Chapter 173 High Cutoff Membranes for Mediators Removal - p. 1042 213. Chapter 174 Clinical Effects of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies - p. 1046 214. Chapter 175 Antibiotic Adjustment in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy - p. 1051 215. Chapter 176 Nomenclature - p. 1068 216. Chapter 177 Nomenclature - p. 1077 217. Section 26 Peritoneal Dialysis in the Intensive Care Unit - p. 1083.e1 218. Chapter 178 Peritoneal Dialysis System - p. 1084 219. Chapter 179 Indications, Contraindications, and Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Renal Failure - p. 1088 220. Chapter 180 Solute and Water Transport Across the Peritoneal Barrier - p. 1096 221. Chapter 181 Choice of Peritoneal Dialysis Technique - p. 1102 222. Chapter 182 Correction of Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Derangements by Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury - p. 1105 223. Chapter 183 Feasibility, Efficiency, and Adequacy of Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury - p. 1108 224. Chapter 184 Clinical Results and Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury - p. 1113 225. Chapter 185 Treatment of Peritonitis and Other Clinical Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in the Critically Ill Patient - p. 1120 226. Chapter 186 Comparison of Peritoneal Dialysis With Other Treatments for Acute Kidney Injury - p. 1125 227. Chapter 187 Continuous-Flow Peritoneal Dialysis as Acute Therapy - p. 1128 228. Chapter 188 Nursing and Procedure Issues in Peritoneal Dialysis - p. 1134 229. Section 27 Extracorporeal Blood Purification Techniques Beyond Dialysis - p. 1136.e1 230. Chapter 189 Sorbents - p. 1137 231. Chapter 190 Therapeutic Apheresis in Critically Ill Patients - p. 1154 232. Chapter 191 Extracorporeal Blood Purification Techniques Beyond Dialysis - p. 1161 233. Chapter 192 Prometheus System - p. 1167 234. Chapter 193 Toraymyxin and Other Endotoxin Adsorption Systems - p. 1169 235. Chapter 194 Plasmafiltration-Adsorption-Dialysis System - p. 1174 236. Chapter 195 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Cardiac Support - p. 1179 237. Chapter 196 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Pulmonary Support - p. 1183 238. Chapter 197 Cell-Based Therapies - p. 1190 239. Section 28 Critical Care Nephrology in Pediatrics - p. 1193.e1 240. Chapter 198 Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 1194 241. Chapter 199 Epidemiology of Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury - p. 1205 242. Chapter 200 Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury in Children - p. 1207 243. Chapter 201 Technical Aspects of Pediatric Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy - p. 1210 244. Chapter 202 Multiple Organ Dysfunction in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit - p. 1215 245. Chapter 203 Drug Dosing in Pediatric Acute Kidney Insufficiency and Renal Replacement Therapy - p. 1218 246. Chapter 204 Nutrition of Critically Ill Children With Acute Renal Failure - p. 1224 247. Chapter 205 Outcome of Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury - p. 1228 248. Chapter 206 Renal Replacement Therapy for the Critically Ill Infant - p. 1230 249. Chapter 207 Neonatal Hyperammonemia and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy - p. 1235 250. Chapter 208 Modified Ultrafiltration in Pediatric Heart Surgery - p. 1238 251. Chapter 209 Techniques and Machines for Pediatric Renal Replacement Therapy - p. 1244 252. Chapter 210 Antibiotics in Critically Ill Newborns and Children - p. 1247 253. Section 29 Kidney Transplantation and Critical Care - p. 1263.e2 254. Chapter 211 Patient Selection and Pretransplantation Care for Kidney Transplant Recipients - p. 1264 255. Chapter 212 Kidney Support and Perioperative Care in Kidney Transplantation - p. 1270 256. Chapter 213 Acute Renal Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients - p. 1279 257. Section 30 Special Kidney Problems in the Intensive Care Unit - p. 1285.e3 258. Chapter 214 Management of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Kidney Disease Patients in the Intensive Care Unit - p. 1286 259. Chapter 215 Management of Patients with Diabetes in the Intensive Care Unit - p. 1293 260. Chapter 216 Diagnosis and Management of Acute Kidney Injury in the Emergency Department - p. 1296 261. Chapter 217 Anticancer Drugs and the Kidney - p. 1302 262. Chapter 218 Antiinflammatory Drugs and the Kidney - p. 1306 263. Chapter 219 Calcineurin Inhibitors and Other Immunosuppressive Drugs and the Kidney - p. 1309 264. Chapter 220 Alternative Medicine and Chinese Herbs and the Kidney - p. 1313 265. Chapter 221 Environment, Smoking, Obesity, and the Kidney - p. 1320 266. Chapter 222 Lead and Heavy Metals and the Kidney - p. 1324 267. Chapter 223 Statins and the Kidney - p. 1330 268. Chapter 224 Erythropoietin Therapy in Critically Ill and Acute Kidney Injury Patients - p. 1333 269. Chapter 225 Vasoactive Drugs, Renal Function, and Acute Kidney Injury - p. 1344 270. Chapter 226 End Points for Clinical Trials in Acute Kidney Injury - p. 1349 271. Chapter 227 Hypothermia and the Kidney - p. 1353 272. Chapter 228 Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers and Acute Kidney Injury - p. 1357 273. Index - p. 1362