New nanomaterials are leading to a range of emerging dental treatments that utilize more biomimetic materials that more closely duplicate natural tooth structure (or bone, in the case of implants). The use of nanostructures that will work in harmony with the body’s own regenerative processes (eg, to restore tooth structure or alveolar bone) are moving into clinical practice. This book brings together an international team of experts from the fields of nanomaterials, biomedical engineering and dentistry, to cover the new materials and techniques with potential for use intra-orally or extra-orally for the restoration, fixation, replacement, or regeneration of hard and soft tissues in and about the oral cavity and craniofacial region. New dental nanotechnologies include the use of advanced inorganic and organic materials, smart and biomimetic materials, tissue engineering and drug delivery strategies.
1. 1.1. Introduction 2. 1.2. Nanotechnology Approaches 3. 1.3. Nanotechnology to Nanomanufacturing 4. 1.4. Nanodentistry 5. 1.5. Future Directions and Conclusions 6. Chapter 2. Nanoparticles for Dental Materials 7. 2.1. Introduction: Why Use Nanoparticles? 8. 2.2. Synthesis of Nanoparticles 9. 2.3. Examples of Dental Materials Using Nanoparticles 10. 2.4. Selected Properties of Dental Materials Containing Nanoparticles 11. 2.5. Clinical Experience with Dental Materials Containing Nanoparticles 12. 2.6. Conclusions 13. Chapter 3. Antimicrobial Nanoparticles in Restorative Composites 14. 3.1. Introduction 15. 3.2. Antibacterial Restorative Composites 16. 3.3. Antimicrobial Macromolecules 17. 3.4. Nanoparticles 18. 3.5. Conclusions 19. Chapter 4. Nanotechnology in Operative Dentistry 20. 4.1. Introduction 21. 4.2. Historical Review: Nanotechnology Applications in Operative Dentistry 22. 4.3. Biomimetics 23. 4.4. Fillers in Composite Resins 24. 4.5. SEM and EDS Evaluation 25. 4.6. Filler Weight Content (wt%) 26. 4.7. Water Sorption 27. 4.8. Mechanical Behavior 28. 4.9. Clinical Applications 29. 4.10. Conclusions 30. Chapter 5. Impact of Nanotechnology on Dental Implants 31. 5.1. Introduction 32. 5.2. Nanoscale Surface Modifications 33. 5.3. Interactions of Surface Dental Implants with Blood 34. 5.4. Interactions Between Surfaces and MSCs 35. 5.5. Tissue Integration 36. 5.6. Conclusion 37. Chapter 6. Titanium Surface Modification Techniques for Dental Implants—From Microscale to Nanoscale 38. 6.1. Introduction 39. 6.2. Titanium Surface Modification Methods 40. 6.3. Limitations and Conclusion 41. Chapter 7. Titanium Nanotubes as Carriers of Osteogenic Growth Factors and Antibacterial Drugs for Applications in Dental Implantology 42. 7.1. Introduction 43. 7.2. Titanium Nanotubes 44. 7.3. TiO2 Nanotubes for Implant Fabrication 45. 7.4. Functionalization of TiO2 Nanotubes with Growth Factors and Antibacterial/Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 46. 7.5. Conclusions 47. Chapter 8. Cellular Responses to Nanoscale Surface Modifications of Titanium Implants for Dentistry and Bone Tissue Engineering Applications 48. 8.1. Introduction 49. 8.2. Nanotopography Generated from Surface Modification of Ti Implants 50. 8.3. Nanotopography and Protein Absorption 51. 8.4. Nanotopography Alters Osteoblast Responses 52. 8.5. Nanotopography and Stem Cell Responses 53. 8.6. Conclusions 54. Chapter 9. Corrosion Resistance of Ti6Al4V with Nanostructured TiO2 Coatings 55. 9.1. Introduction 56. 9.2. Nanostructured TiO2 Deposited on Ti6Al4V 57. 9.3. Characterization Techniques 58. 9.4. Corrosion Tests with Electrochemical Techniques 59. 9.5. Conclusions 60. Chapter 10. Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes/Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Incorporated GTR Membranes 61. 10.1. Introduction 62. 10.2. Periodontal Defects and GTR 63. 10.3. Use of Electrospinning for Preparation of Nanocomposites 64. 10.4. GTR Membranes Based on Electrospun CNT/HA Nanoparticles Incorporated Composite Nanofibers 65. 10.5. Conclusions 66. Chapter 11. Fabrication of PEG Hydrogel Micropatterns by Soft-Photolithography and PEG Hydrogel as Guided Bone Regeneration Membrane in Dental Implantology 67. 11.1. Introduction 68. 11.2. Microfabrication 69. 11.3. Lithography 70. 11.4. Hydrogel as a Biomaterial 71. 11.5. Soft-Photolithography of Hydrogel Micropatterns 72. 11.6. PEG Hydrogel as GBR Membrane in Dental Implantology 73. 11.7. Conclusions 74. Chapter 12. Nano-Apatitic Composite Scaffolds for Stem Cell Delivery and Bone Tissue Engineering 75. 12.1. Introduction 76. 12.2. Development of Nano-Apatitic and Macroporous Scaffolds 77. 12.3. Cell Infiltration into Scaffold 78. 12.4. Biomimetic Nano-Apatite–Collagen Fiber Scaffold 79. 12.5. Fast Fracture of Nano-Apatite Scaffold 80. 12.6. Fatigue of Nano-Apatite Scaffold 81. 12.7. Nano-Apatite Scaffold–Human Umbilical Cord Stem Cell Interactions 82. 12.8. Seeding Bone Marrow Stem Cells on Nano-Apatite Scaffolds 83. 12.9. Conclusions 84. Chapter 13. Self-Assembly of Proteins and Peptides and Their Applications in Bionanotechnology and Dentistry 85. 13.1. Introduction 86. 13.2. Mechanism of Molecular Self-Assembly 87. 13.3. Classification of Self-Assembly 88. 13.4. Self-Assembly of Proteins and Peptides 89. 13.5. Bionanotechnology Applications 90. 13.6. Peptide Nanofibers, Nanotubes, and Nanowires 91. 13.7. Three-Dimensional Peptide Matrix Scaffolds 92. 13.8. Advantages and Limitations of Self-Assembling Peptide Matrix Scaffolds 93. 13.9. Self-Assembly in Regenerative Biology and Dentistry 94. 13.10. Conclusions 95. Chapter 14. Bone Regeneration Using Self-Assembled Nanoparticle-Based Scaffolds 96. 14.1. Introduction 97. 14.2. Scaffolding Biomaterials 98. 14.3. Growth Factors 99. 14.4. Controlled Release Technology 100. 14.5. Controlled Release Systems for Bone Regeneration 101. 14.6. Conclusions 102. Chapter 15. Surface Engineering of Dental Tools with Diamond for Improved Life and Performance 103. 15.1. Tooth Materials 104. 15.2. Dental Burs 105. 15.3. Chemical Vapor Deposition of Diamond Films onto Dental Burs 106. 15.4. Bur Performance Investigations 107. 15.5. Conclusions 108. Chapter 16. Nanomechanical Characterization of Mineralized Tissues in the Oral Cavity 109. 16.1. Introduction 110. 16.2. Basic Data Analysis Protocol for Nanoindentation 111. 16.3. Nanoindentation of Oral Mineralized Tissues 112. 16.4. Conclusions 113. Chapter 17. Nanoindentation Techniques for the Determination of Mechanical Properties of Materials in Dentistry 114. 17.1. Introduction 115. 17.2. Basic Information from the Load–Displacement Curves 116. 17.3. Characterization of Inelastic Properties 117. 17.4. Determination of Properties in Nonhomogeneous Bodies 118. 17.5. Characterization of Time-Dependent Load Response 119. 17.6. Resistance Against Crack Propagation 120. 17.7. Scratch Tests for the Evaluation of Friction and Wear Resistance 121. 17.8. Devices for Nanoindentation 122. Chapter 18. Nanocharacterization Techniques for Dental Implant Development 123. 18.1. Measurement of the Topology of Nanostructures 124. 18.2. Measurement of Nanostructure Internal Geometries 125. 18.3. Measurement of Composition of Nanostructures 126. 18.4. Measurement of the Mechanical Properties of Nanostructures 127. 18.5. Conclusions 128. Chapter 19. Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems for Oral Cancer Treatment 129. 19.1. Introduction 130. 19.2. Cancer Treatment Techniques 131. 19.3. Mechanism of Action of Chemotherapeutic Agents 132. 19.4. Oral Cancer 133. 19.5. TNM Classification of Tumors 134. 19.6. Management of Oral Cancer 135. 19.7. Nanoparticulate-Based Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment 136. 19.8. Conclusions 137. Chapter 20. Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Therapy and Drug Delivery 138. 20.1. Introduction 139. 20.2. Cellular Uptake of CNTs 140. 20.3. CNTs as Carriers for Drug, Gene, and Protein 141. 20.4. CNTs for Oral Cancer Therapy 142. 20.5. Conclusions 143. Chapter 21. Nanodiagnostics in Microbiology and Dentistry 144. 21.1. Introduction 145. 21.2. Nanomaterials 146. 21.3. Biomedical Applications of Nanotechnology and its Limitations 147. 21.4. Nanotechnology Applications in Drug Delivery Systems, Nanodiagnostics, and Various Other Fields 148. 21.5. Contribution of Microbiology to Nanotechnology 149. 21.6. AFM Imaging of Microorganisms 150. 21.7. Nanoplasmonic Sensors Detecting Live Viruses 151. 21.8. Nanodentistry 152. 21.9. Conclusions 153. Index
New nanomaterials are leading to a range of emerging dental treatments that utilize more biomimetic materials that more closely duplicate natural tooth structure (or bone, in the case of implants). The use of nanostructures that will work in harmony with the body’s own regenerative processes (eg, to restore tooth structure or alveolar bone) are moving into clinical practice. This book brings together an international team of experts from the fields of nanomaterials, biomedical engineering and dentistry, to cover the new materials and techniques with potential for use intra-orally or extra-orally for the restoration, fixation, replacement, or regeneration of hard and soft tissues in and about the oral cavity and craniofacial region. New dental nanotechnologies include the use of advanced inorganic and organic materials, smart and biomimetic materials, tissue engineering and drug delivery strategies.
1. 1.1. Introduction 2. 1.2. Nanotechnology Approaches 3. 1.3. Nanotechnology to Nanomanufacturing 4. 1.4. Nanodentistry 5. 1.5. Future Directions and Conclusions 6. Chapter 2. Nanoparticles for Dental Materials 7. 2.1. Introduction: Why Use Nanoparticles? 8. 2.2. Synthesis of Nanoparticles 9. 2.3. Examples of Dental Materials Using Nanoparticles 10. 2.4. Selected Properties of Dental Materials Containing Nanoparticles 11. 2.5. Clinical Experience with Dental Materials Containing Nanoparticles 12. 2.6. Conclusions 13. Chapter 3. Antimicrobial Nanoparticles in Restorative Composites 14. 3.1. Introduction 15. 3.2. Antibacterial Restorative Composites 16. 3.3. Antimicrobial Macromolecules 17. 3.4. Nanoparticles 18. 3.5. Conclusions 19. Chapter 4. Nanotechnology in Operative Dentistry 20. 4.1. Introduction 21. 4.2. Historical Review: Nanotechnology Applications in Operative Dentistry 22. 4.3. Biomimetics 23. 4.4. Fillers in Composite Resins 24. 4.5. SEM and EDS Evaluation 25. 4.6. Filler Weight Content (wt%) 26. 4.7. Water Sorption 27. 4.8. Mechanical Behavior 28. 4.9. Clinical Applications 29. 4.10. Conclusions 30. Chapter 5. Impact of Nanotechnology on Dental Implants 31. 5.1. Introduction 32. 5.2. Nanoscale Surface Modifications 33. 5.3. Interactions of Surface Dental Implants with Blood 34. 5.4. Interactions Between Surfaces and MSCs 35. 5.5. Tissue Integration 36. 5.6. Conclusion 37. Chapter 6. Titanium Surface Modification Techniques for Dental Implants—From Microscale to Nanoscale 38. 6.1. Introduction 39. 6.2. Titanium Surface Modification Methods 40. 6.3. Limitations and Conclusion 41. Chapter 7. Titanium Nanotubes as Carriers of Osteogenic Growth Factors and Antibacterial Drugs for Applications in Dental Implantology 42. 7.1. Introduction 43. 7.2. Titanium Nanotubes 44. 7.3. TiO2 Nanotubes for Implant Fabrication 45. 7.4. Functionalization of TiO2 Nanotubes with Growth Factors and Antibacterial/Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 46. 7.5. Conclusions 47. Chapter 8. Cellular Responses to Nanoscale Surface Modifications of Titanium Implants for Dentistry and Bone Tissue Engineering Applications 48. 8.1. Introduction 49. 8.2. Nanotopography Generated from Surface Modification of Ti Implants 50. 8.3. Nanotopography and Protein Absorption 51. 8.4. Nanotopography Alters Osteoblast Responses 52. 8.5. Nanotopography and Stem Cell Responses 53. 8.6. Conclusions 54. Chapter 9. Corrosion Resistance of Ti6Al4V with Nanostructured TiO2 Coatings 55. 9.1. Introduction 56. 9.2. Nanostructured TiO2 Deposited on Ti6Al4V 57. 9.3. Characterization Techniques 58. 9.4. Corrosion Tests with Electrochemical Techniques 59. 9.5. Conclusions 60. Chapter 10. Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes/Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Incorporated GTR Membranes 61. 10.1. Introduction 62. 10.2. Periodontal Defects and GTR 63. 10.3. Use of Electrospinning for Preparation of Nanocomposites 64. 10.4. GTR Membranes Based on Electrospun CNT/HA Nanoparticles Incorporated Composite Nanofibers 65. 10.5. Conclusions 66. Chapter 11. Fabrication of PEG Hydrogel Micropatterns by Soft-Photolithography and PEG Hydrogel as Guided Bone Regeneration Membrane in Dental Implantology 67. 11.1. Introduction 68. 11.2. Microfabrication 69. 11.3. Lithography 70. 11.4. Hydrogel as a Biomaterial 71. 11.5. Soft-Photolithography of Hydrogel Micropatterns 72. 11.6. PEG Hydrogel as GBR Membrane in Dental Implantology 73. 11.7. Conclusions 74. Chapter 12. Nano-Apatitic Composite Scaffolds for Stem Cell Delivery and Bone Tissue Engineering 75. 12.1. Introduction 76. 12.2. Development of Nano-Apatitic and Macroporous Scaffolds 77. 12.3. Cell Infiltration into Scaffold 78. 12.4. Biomimetic Nano-Apatite–Collagen Fiber Scaffold 79. 12.5. Fast Fracture of Nano-Apatite Scaffold 80. 12.6. Fatigue of Nano-Apatite Scaffold 81. 12.7. Nano-Apatite Scaffold–Human Umbilical Cord Stem Cell Interactions 82. 12.8. Seeding Bone Marrow Stem Cells on Nano-Apatite Scaffolds 83. 12.9. Conclusions 84. Chapter 13. Self-Assembly of Proteins and Peptides and Their Applications in Bionanotechnology and Dentistry 85. 13.1. Introduction 86. 13.2. Mechanism of Molecular Self-Assembly 87. 13.3. Classification of Self-Assembly 88. 13.4. Self-Assembly of Proteins and Peptides 89. 13.5. Bionanotechnology Applications 90. 13.6. Peptide Nanofibers, Nanotubes, and Nanowires 91. 13.7. Three-Dimensional Peptide Matrix Scaffolds 92. 13.8. Advantages and Limitations of Self-Assembling Peptide Matrix Scaffolds 93. 13.9. Self-Assembly in Regenerative Biology and Dentistry 94. 13.10. Conclusions 95. Chapter 14. Bone Regeneration Using Self-Assembled Nanoparticle-Based Scaffolds 96. 14.1. Introduction 97. 14.2. Scaffolding Biomaterials 98. 14.3. Growth Factors 99. 14.4. Controlled Release Technology 100. 14.5. Controlled Release Systems for Bone Regeneration 101. 14.6. Conclusions 102. Chapter 15. Surface Engineering of Dental Tools with Diamond for Improved Life and Performance 103. 15.1. Tooth Materials 104. 15.2. Dental Burs 105. 15.3. Chemical Vapor Deposition of Diamond Films onto Dental Burs 106. 15.4. Bur Performance Investigations 107. 15.5. Conclusions 108. Chapter 16. Nanomechanical Characterization of Mineralized Tissues in the Oral Cavity 109. 16.1. Introduction 110. 16.2. Basic Data Analysis Protocol for Nanoindentation 111. 16.3. Nanoindentation of Oral Mineralized Tissues 112. 16.4. Conclusions 113. Chapter 17. Nanoindentation Techniques for the Determination of Mechanical Properties of Materials in Dentistry 114. 17.1. Introduction 115. 17.2. Basic Information from the Load–Displacement Curves 116. 17.3. Characterization of Inelastic Properties 117. 17.4. Determination of Properties in Nonhomogeneous Bodies 118. 17.5. Characterization of Time-Dependent Load Response 119. 17.6. Resistance Against Crack Propagation 120. 17.7. Scratch Tests for the Evaluation of Friction and Wear Resistance 121. 17.8. Devices for Nanoindentation 122. Chapter 18. Nanocharacterization Techniques for Dental Implant Development 123. 18.1. Measurement of the Topology of Nanostructures 124. 18.2. Measurement of Nanostructure Internal Geometries 125. 18.3. Measurement of Composition of Nanostructures 126. 18.4. Measurement of the Mechanical Properties of Nanostructures 127. 18.5. Conclusions 128. Chapter 19. Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems for Oral Cancer Treatment 129. 19.1. Introduction 130. 19.2. Cancer Treatment Techniques 131. 19.3. Mechanism of Action of Chemotherapeutic Agents 132. 19.4. Oral Cancer 133. 19.5. TNM Classification of Tumors 134. 19.6. Management of Oral Cancer 135. 19.7. Nanoparticulate-Based Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment 136. 19.8. Conclusions 137. Chapter 20. Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Therapy and Drug Delivery 138. 20.1. Introduction 139. 20.2. Cellular Uptake of CNTs 140. 20.3. CNTs as Carriers for Drug, Gene, and Protein 141. 20.4. CNTs for Oral Cancer Therapy 142. 20.5. Conclusions 143. Chapter 21. Nanodiagnostics in Microbiology and Dentistry 144. 21.1. Introduction 145. 21.2. Nanomaterials 146. 21.3. Biomedical Applications of Nanotechnology and its Limitations 147. 21.4. Nanotechnology Applications in Drug Delivery Systems, Nanodiagnostics, and Various Other Fields 148. 21.5. Contribution of Microbiology to Nanotechnology 149. 21.6. AFM Imaging of Microorganisms 150. 21.7. Nanoplasmonic Sensors Detecting Live Viruses 151. 21.8. Nanodentistry 152. 21.9. Conclusions 153. Index
