Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine, Third Edition builds on the strength of its predecessor whilst providing a more modern, digital-friendly infrastructure. Unlike the previous A-Z approach to chapter organization, it is thematically structured around sections and topics via a taxonomic approach, thus making navigation far easier for the user. New to this edition are articles encompassing the history, application, future trends, and clinical/pathological professional issues of the discipline, including topics on: forensic taphonomy, non-fatal strangulation, coercive control, forensic biology, extrajudicial-summary or arbitrary executions.
This modern, fully up-to-date, easy to navigate edition, with its electronic platform and logistically and consistently structured chapters will be ideal for readers from a variety of disciplines.
1. Introduction to The First Edition - p. xviii 2. Preface to the First Edition - p. xviii 3. Preface to the Second Edition - p. xxii 4. Preface to the Third Edition - p. xxiv 5. Dedication - p. xxvi 6. List of Illustrations - p. xxvi 7. List of Tables - p. xxvi 8. Volume 1 - p. xxvi 9. Chapter 1: Access to Medical Records - p. xxvi 10. Chapter 2: Accreditation: Crime Scene Investigators - p. 8 11. Chapter 3: Accreditation: Forensic Physicians - p. 20 12. Chapter 4: Accreditation: Regulation of Forensic Science - p. 20 13. Chapter 5: Accreditation: Toxicology Laboratories - p. 32 14. Chapter 6: Acid Attacks—Forensic and Medicolegal Features - p. 32 15. Chapter 7: Adult Autopsy - p. 32 16. Chapter 8: Age Estimation in the Living - p. 32 17. Chapter 9: Age Estimation in the Living: Dental Age Estimation (DAE) — Theory and Practice - p. 32 18. Chapter 10: Age Estimation in the Living: Imaging and Age Estimation - p. 81 19. Chapter 11: Age Estimation in the Living: Osteology and Age Estimation - p. 114 20. Chapter 12: Air or Gas Embolism - p. 114 21. Chapter 13: Airborne Sports Injury - p. 132 22. Chapter 14: Alcohol, Analysis in Breath - p. 142 23. Chapter 15: Alcohol: Postmortem Findings - Acute and Chronic - p. 142 24. Chapter 16: Allergy: Postmortem Findings - p. 189 25. Chapter 17: Animal Attacks and Injuries: Nonfatal - p. 189 26. Chapter 18: Animal Attacks and Scavenging: Forensic Anthropological Interpretation - p. 209 27. Chapter 19: Animal Attacks—Fatal - p. 209 28. Chapter 20: Anthropology: Cremated and Burned Human Bones—Anthropology - p. 228 29. Chapter 21: Anthropology: Morphological Age Estimation - p. 228 30. Chapter 22: Anthropology: Overview - p. 228 31. Chapter 23: Anthropology: Population Affinity Estimation - p. 228 32. Chapter 24: Anthropology: Role of DNA - p. 228 33. Chapter 25: Anthropology: Sex Estimation of the Human Skeleton - p. 228 34. Chapter 26: Anthropology: Skeletal Pathology and Antemortem Trauma - p. 228 35. Chapter 27: Anthropology: Stature Estimation From the Skeleton - p. 291 36. Chapter 28: Anthropology: Taphonomy in the Forensic Context - p. 291 37. Chapter 29: Anthropology: The Use of Forensic Archeology and Anthropology in the Search and Recovery of Buried Evidence - p. 291 38. Chapter 30: Anthropology—Pediatric and Juvenile - p. 322 39. Chapter 31: Artificial Intelligence and Forensic Science—Ethical Issues, Integrity and Challenges - p. 322 40. Chapter 32: Asphyxia: Clinical Findings - p. 340 41. Chapter 33: Asphyxia: Pathological Features - p. 348 42. Chapter 34: Assessment of Criminal Maturity in Juvenile Homicide Offenders - p. 352 43. Chapter 35: Autopsies: Medico-legal Considerations, Including the Role and Responsibilities of the Forensic Pathologist - p. 368 44. Chapter 36: Autopsy and Organic Toxins - p. 378 45. Chapter 37: Autopsy Findings: Postmortem Drug Redistribution and Other Artifacts - p. 378 46. Chapter 38: Autopsy Findings: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome—Epidemiology and Etiology - p. 378 47. Chapter 39: Autopsy Findings: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome—Pathological Findings and Autopsy Approach - p. 378 48. Chapter 40: Autopsy in Drug Use - p. 419 49. Chapter 41: Autopsy of Drowning and Submersion Deaths - p. 419 50. Chapter 42: Autopsy: Infectious and Serious Communicable Diseases - p. 419 51. Chapter 43: Autopsy: Pediatric - p. 419 52. Chapter 44: Autopsy: Procedures and Standards - p. 475 53. Chapter 45: Aviation Accidents—Role of the Pathologist - p. 479 54. Chapter 46: Backtracking Calculations for Alcohol and Drugs - p. 492 55. Chapter 47: Ballistic Trauma: Wound Ballistics—An Overview - p. 503 56. Chapter 48: Bite Mark Analysis and Controversies - p. 503 57. Chapter 49: Blood Grouping - p. 526 58. Chapter 50: Body Cavity Searches: Practical Issues and Consent - p. 526 59. Chapter 51: Body Recovery - p. 526 60. Chapter 52: Carbon Monoxide Exposure: Autopsy Findings - p. 526 61. Chapter 53: Carbon Monoxide Exposure: Clinical Findings—Sequelae in Survivors - p. 567 62. Chapter 54: Care in Prison Custody, United Kingdom - p. 573 63. Chapter 55: Child Death Investigation - p. 573 64. Chapter 56: Child Neglect - p. 573 65. Chapter 57: Child Sexual Abuse, Epidemiology - p. 573 66. Chapter 58: Child Torture - p. 573 67. Chapter 59: Children: Emotional Abuse - p. 573 68. Chapter 60: Children: Noninflicted Causes of Childhood Death - p. 573 69. Chapter 61: Children: Normal Anogenital Anatomy and Variants - p. 573 70. Chapter 62: Children: Physical Abuse - p. 573 71. Chapter 63: Children: Sexual Abuse—Overview - p. 654 72. Chapter 64: Children: Sudden Natural Infant and Childhood Death - p. 654 73. Chapter 65: Clinical Trials: Legal Aspects and Consent - p. 654 74. Chapter 66: Cold-Case Review: UK Experience - p. 695 75. Chapter 67: Coma: Definitions and Differential Diagnoses – Pediatric - p. 704 76. Chapter 68: Coma: Definitions and Differential Diagnoses—Adult - p. 704 77. Chapter 69: Comparative Evidence and Forensic Medicine - p. 716 78. Chapter 70: Consent: Confidentiality and Disclosure - p. 722 79. Chapter 71: Consent: Mental Capacity and Case Law - p. 730 80. Chapter 72: Coronavirus Disease 2019 Histology and Histopathology - p. 730 81. Chapter 73: Court and Tribunal Report Writing in England and Wales - p. 730 82. Chapter 74: Court System – India - p. 730 83. Chapter 75: Court Systems: European Community Law - p. 759 84. Chapter 76: Court Systems: Japanese Law and Courts - p. 767 85. Chapter 77: Court Systems: United States of America – Law and Courts - p. 777 86. Chapter 78: COVID-19 Autopsy Principles and Protocols - p. 783 87. Chapter 79: COVID-19 Clinical Manifestation Including Long COVID - p. 783 88. Chapter 80: COVID-19 History & Epidemiology - p. 793 89. Chapter 81: Crime Scene Investigation and Examination: Death-Scene Investigation—United States of America - p. 804 90. Chapter 82: Crime Scene Investigation and Examination: Underwater Crime Scenes - p. 804 91. Chapter 83: Crime Scene Management Systems: Continental Europe - p. 804 92. Chapter 84: Crime Scene Management Systems: United States of America - p. 836 93. Chapter 85: Criminal Profiling - p. 853 94. Chapter 86: Criminal Responsibility - p. 857 95. Chapter 87: Custody Medicine – Consent From the Detainee - p. 857 96. Chapter 88: Custody: In-Custody Deaths—United Kingdom and Europe - p. 857 97. Chapter 89: Death Investigation System: Egypt - p. 882 98. Chapter 90: Death Investigation System: India - p. 882 99. Chapter 91: Death Investigation Systems: China - p. 882 100. Chapter 92: Death Investigation Systems: Corporate Liability for Manslaughter - p. 904 101. Chapter 93: Death Investigation Systems: Decomposition, Patterns, and Rates - p. 904 102. Chapter 94: Death Investigation Systems: Fatal Accident Inquiry—Scotland - p. 904 103. Chapter 95: Death Investigation Systems: Japan - p. 922 104. Volume 2 - p. 929 105. Chapter 96: Death Investigation Systems: Murder, Manslaughter, Homicide, and Attempts—Definitions - p. 929 106. Chapter 97: Death Investigation Systems: The Nordic Countries - p. 929 107. Chapter 98: Death Investigation Systems: United States of America - p. 929 108. Chapter 99: Death Investigation Within Canada - p. 24 109. Chapter 100: Death Investigation—England & Wales - p. 27 110. Chapter 101: Death Penalty: Medical Involvement in the Administration of Capital Punishment in the United States - p. 37 111. Chapter 102: Death: Trauma, Abdominal Cavity - p. 37 112. Chapter 103: Deaths and Post-mortem Findings in Combat Sports Practitioners - p. 64 113. Chapter 104: Deaths: Autoerotic Deaths - p. 64 114. Chapter 105: Deaths: Dowry Killings - p. 77 115. Chapter 106: Deaths: Iatrogenic Deaths—Pathology - p. 77 116. Chapter 107: Deaths: Obesity—Pathology - p. 77 117. Chapter 108: Deaths: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Neuropathology of Death due to Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 97 118. Chapter 109: Deaths: Perioperative and Postoperative – Pathology - p. 113 119. Chapter 110: Deaths: Placental Conditions—Pathology - p. 135 120. Chapter 111: Deaths: Resuscitation Related Injuries - p. 135 121. Chapter 112: Deaths: Sudden Unexpected Death and Inherited Metabolic Disease–Pathology - p. 135 122. Chapter 113: Deaths: Trauma, Thorax—Pathology - p. 135 123. Chapter 114: Deaths: Trauma, Vascular System—Pathology - p. 135 124. Chapter 115: Deliberate Self-Harm in Adult Prisoners: Psychology - p. 135 125. Chapter 116: Deliberate Self-Harm—Patterns of Injury - p. 190 126. Chapter 117: Detention: Care in Police Custody—United Kingdom - p. 204 127. Chapter 118: Detention: Fitness to be Interviewed - p. 214 128. Chapter 119: Detention: Istanbul Protocol 2022 Edition—Global Standards for the Effective Investigation of Torture and Ill-Treatment - p. 214 129. Chapter 120: Detention: Medicines Management in Custodial Settings - p. 214 130. Chapter 121: Disaster Victim Identification From an American Perspective - p. 214 131. Chapter 122: Disaster Victim Identification International Protocols - p. 214 132. Chapter 123: Disaster Victim Management: DNA Identification - p. 257 133. Chapter 124: Disaster Victim Management: Role of Anthropologist - p. 257 134. Chapter 125: Disaster Victim Management: Role of Forensic Odontology - p. 257 135. Chapter 126: Disaster Victim Management: Role of Forensic Pathologists - p. 285 136. Chapter 127: Disaster Victim Management: Setting Up Emergency Mortuary Facility - p. 285 137. Chapter 128: Disaster Victim Management: Underwater Management - p. 285 138. Chapter 129: DNA: Basic Principles - p. 285 139. Chapter 130: DNA: Risks of Contamination to the Evidential Sample - p. 285 140. Chapter 131: DNA: Statistical Analysis - p. 331 141. Chapter 132: Dogs; Use in Police Investigations - p. 335 142. Chapter 133: Domestic Violence: Elder Abuse - p. 343 143. Chapter 134: Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault - p. 347 144. Chapter 135: Drug-Induced Injury, Accidental and Iatrogenic - p. 347 145. Chapter 136: Drugs, Prescribed: Drug Licensing and Registration - p. 364 146. Chapter 137: Drugs, Prescribed: Drug Product Liability - p. 364 147. Chapter 138: Drugs, Prescribed: Hair Analysis—Substance Use - p. 364 148. Chapter 139: Drugs, Prescribed: Testamentary Capacity—Assessment - p. 387 149. Chapter 140: Ear Marks and Controversies - p. 387 150. Chapter 141: Electrocution and Lightning, Clinical Effects and Pathology - p. 401 151. Chapter 142: Electrolyte Disturbances - p. 409 152. Chapter 143: Entomology - p. 426 153. Chapter 144: Ethics of Age Assessment in the Living: Global Perspective - p. 426 154. Chapter 145: Expert Testimony in the USA - p. 456 155. Chapter 146: Expert Witness: Qualifications, Testimony, and Malpractice - p. 456 156. Chapter 147: Extremes of Temperature: Hyperthermia - p. 474 157. Chapter 148: Extremes of Temperature: Hypothermia - p. 474 158. Chapter 149: Falls From Height; Physical Findings—Adult - p. 474 159. Chapter 150: Falls in Children - p. 474 160. Chapter 151: Fauna and Flora Related Deaths - p. 508 161. Chapter 152: Female Genital Mutilation - p. 520 162. Chapter 153: Femicide - p. 530 163. Chapter 154: Fire Deaths - p. 530 164. Chapter 155: Fire Investigation: Evidence Recovery - p. 530 165. Chapter 156: Firearm Injuries - p. 566 166. Chapter 157: Fitness or Competency to Plead or Stand Trial - p. 597 167. Chapter 158: Footprints and Controversies - p. 597 168. Chapter 159: Forensic & Legal Medicine in Bulgaria - p. 634 169. Chapter 160: Forensic & Legal Medicine in Denmark - p. 641 170. Chapter 161: Forensic & Legal Medicine in Italy - p. 641 171. Chapter 162: Forensic & Legal Medicine in Norway - p. 662 172. Chapter 163: Forensic & Legal Medicine in Serbia - p. 662 173. Chapter 164: Forensic & Legal Medicine in Slovenia - p. 670 174. Chapter 165: Forensic & Legal Medicine in the People's Republic of China - p. 681 175. Chapter 166: Forensic & Legal Medicine in the United Kingdom - p. 681 176. Chapter 167: Forensic & Legal Medicine in Ukraine - p. 693 177. Chapter 168: Forensic & Legal Medicine, History of - p. 700 178. Chapter 169: Forensic and Legal Medicine in Australia - p. 707 179. Chapter 170: Forensic and Legal Medicine in Chile - p. 721 180. Chapter 171: Forensic and Legal Medicine in Egypt - p. 724 181. Chapter 172: Forensic and Legal Medicine in Germany - p. 735 182. Chapter 173: Forensic and Legal Medicine in Ghana - p. 737 183. Chapter 174: Forensic and Legal Medicine in Poland - p. 739 184. Chapter 175: Forensic and Legal Medicine in Saudi Arabia - p. 746 185. Chapter 176: Forensic and Legal Medicine in Slovakia - p. 749 186. Chapter 177: Forensic and Legal Medicine in Turkey - p. 749 187. Chapter 178: Forensic Approach to Death as an Adverse Event Following Immunization - p. 758 188. Chapter 179: Forensic Botany - p. 762 189. Chapter 180: Forensic Medical Investigation of Police Shootings - p. 769 190. Chapter 181: Forensic Medicine and Cause of Death Investigation in Finland - p. 778 191. Chapter 182: Forensic Medicine and Medicolegal Studies in Indonesia - p. 787 192. Chapter 183: Forensic Medicine in Estonia - p. 787 193. Chapter 184: Forensic Medicine in Georgia - p. 808 194. Chapter 185: Forensic Medicine in Hungary - p. 811 195. Chapter 186: Forensic Medicine in Malta - p. 825 196. Chapter 187: Forensic Medicine in Portugal - p. 825 197. Chapter 188: Forensic Medicine in Spain - p. 835 198. Chapter 189: Forensic Medicine in Sri Lanka - p. 838 199. Chapter 190: Forensic Medicine in Sweden - p. 855 200. Chapter 191: Forensic Mycology: The Use of Fungi in Criminal Investigations - p. 861 201. Chapter 192: Forensic Odontology - p. 861 202. Chapter 193: Forensic Photography - p. 872 203. Chapter 194: Forensic Psychiatry and Forensic Psychology: Autism Spectrum Disorder - p. 872 204. Chapter 195: Forensic Psychiatry and Forensic Psychology: Dissociative Identity Disorder - p. 894 205. Chapter 196: Forensic Psychiatry and Forensic Psychology: Drug and Alcohol Addiction—Psychoactive Substances Addiction - p. 894 206. Chapter 197: Forensic Psychiatry and Forensic Psychology: Forensic Interviewing - p. 914 207. Volume 3 - p. 921 208. Chapter 198: Forensic Psychiatry and Forensic Psychology: Mental Handicap and Learning Disability - p. 921 209. Chapter 199: Forensic Psychiatry and Forensic Psychology: Personality Disorder - p. 23 210. Chapter 200: Forensic Psychiatry and Forensic Psychology: Psychological Autopsy - p. 23 211. Chapter 201: Forensic Psychiatry and Forensic Psychology: Sex Offenders - p. 23 212. Chapter 202: Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry: Malingering and Related Response Styles - p. 48 213. Chapter 203: Forensic Psychology—Education, Training, and Certification - p. 53 214. Chapter 204: Forensic Publishing: Trends and Developments - p. 53 215. Chapter 205: Forensic Serology—A Paradigm Shift - p. 69 216. Chapter 206: Ghana Prisons Services—Intergrated Healthcare System Inclusive of Forensics in Secure and Detention Centers - p. 89 217. Chapter 207: Hair Analysis - p. 89 218. Chapter 208: Hair: DNA Analysis - p. 98 219. Chapter 209: Head Trauma: Adult and Pediatric Clinical Aspects - p. 98 220. Chapter 210: Head Trauma: Neuropathology of Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 123 221. Chapter 211: Healing and Repair of Wounds and Bones - p. 123 222. Chapter 212: Histopathology - p. 151 223. Chapter 213: History of Forensic Medicine and Sciences in the Middle Ages in Islamic Arabia - p. 188 224. Chapter 214: History of Toxicology - p. 205 225. Chapter 215: Honor Crimes - p. 217 226. Chapter 216: How Litigation, Inquiries and Forensic Analysis Have Driven Developments in Professional Regulation - p. 217 227. Chapter 217: Human Rights: Controls and Principles - p. 217 228. Chapter 218: Identification: Facial Restoration - p. 239 229. Chapter 219: Identification: Fingerprints: Detection, Identification, and Interpretation - p. 248 230. Chapter 220: Imaging: Radiology – Overview - p. 248 231. Chapter 221: Imaging: Radiology, Pediatric, and Child Abuse—Skeletal Imaging - p. 276 232. Chapter 222: Immunoassays, Forensic Applications - p. 292 233. Chapter 223: Infectious Diseases and Sudden Death - p. 299 234. Chapter 224: Injury, Fatal and Nonfatal: Blunt Force Injury - p. 312 235. Chapter 225: Injury, Fatal and Nonfatal: Burns and Scalds - p. 321 236. Chapter 226: Injury, Fatal and Nonfatal: Explosive Injuries - p. 321 237. Chapter 227: Injury, Fatal and Nonfatal: Injury Documentation - p. 360 238. Chapter 228: Injury, Fatal and Non-fatal: Legal Classifications - p. 376 239. Chapter 229: Injury, Fatal and Nonfatal: Sharp and Cutting-Edge Wounds - p. 376 240. Chapter 230: Injury, Recreational: Water Sports Injury - p. 386 241. Chapter 231: Injury, Transportation: Air Disaster Injury - p. 408 242. Chapter 232: International Mortality Statistics - p. 418 243. Chapter 233: Intimate Partner Homicide - p. 420 244. Chapter 234: Judicial Punishment - p. 420 245. Chapter 235: Legal Precedent and Case Law - p. 440 246. Chapter 236: Legal System: England and Wales—Law and Courts - p. 445 247. Chapter 237: Lessons for the Living From the Autopsy Table - p. 445 248. Chapter 238: Management of Disaster Victim Identification - p. 445 249. Chapter 239: Mass Murder - p. 463 250. Chapter 240: Mass Poisonings - p. 463 251. Chapter 241: Medical Definitions of Death - p. 463 252. Chapter 242: Medical Ethics: Advance Directives (“Living Will”) - p. 489 253. Chapter 243: Medical Ethics: Euthanasia, Assisted Suicide, and Medical Aid in Dying - p. 489 254. Chapter 244: Medical Ethics: Principles of Medical Ethics - p. 489 255. Chapter 245: Medical Ethics: Role of Ethics and Research Committees - p. 507 256. Chapter 246: Medical Ethics: Withholding or Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Treatment - p. 513 257. Chapter 247: Medical Malpractice – Medicolegal Perspectives: Negligence, Causation - p. 518 258. Chapter 248: Medical Malpractice – Medicolegal Perspectives: Negligence, Duty of Care - p. 525 259. Chapter 249: Medical Malpractice – Medicolegal Perspectives: Negligence, Quantum - p. 529 260. Chapter 250: Medical Malpractice – Medicolegal Perspectives: Negligence, Standard of Care - p. 533 261. Chapter 251: Medical Malpractice: Anesthesiology - p. 538 262. Chapter 252: Medical Malpractice: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry - p. 549 263. Chapter 253: Medical Malpractice: Clinical Forensic Medicine - p. 554 264. Chapter 254: Medical Malpractice: Clinical Governance - p. 556 265. Chapter 255: Medical Malpractice: Colorectal Surgery - p. 556 266. Chapter 256: Medical Malpractice: Ear, Nose, and Throat Surgery - p. 570 267. Chapter 257: Medical Malpractice: Facio-Maxillary Surgery - p. 580 268. Chapter 258: Medical Malpractice: Fitness to Practice Procedures—Healthcare - p. 586 269. Chapter 259: Medical Malpractice: General Practice - p. 591 270. Chapter 260: Medical Malpractice: Health Service Fraud Investigation - p. 596 271. Chapter 261: Medical Malpractice: Laparoscopic Surgery - p. 596 272. Chapter 262: Medical Malpractice: Oncology - p. 604 273. Chapter 263: Medical Malpractice: Oral Surgery - p. 610 274. Chapter 264: Medical Malpractice: Orthopedics - p. 616 275. Chapter 265: Medical Malpractice: Overview - p. 624 276. Chapter 266: Medical Malpractice: Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery - p. 629 277. Chapter 267: Medical Malpractice: Psychiatry - p. 635 278. Chapter 268: Medical Malpractice: Psychology - p. 642 279. Chapter 269: Medical Malpractice: Radiotherapy - p. 648 280. Chapter 270: Medical Malpractice: Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery - p. 648 281. Chapter 271: Medical Malpractice: Vascular Surgery - p. 655 282. Chapter 272: Medical Malpractice—Emergency Medicine - p. 668 283. Chapter 273: Medical Malpractice—Neonatology - p. 668 284. Chapter 274: Medical Malpractice—Neurosurgery - p. 668 285. Chapter 275: Medical Malpractice—Rheumatology - p. 688 286. Chapter 276: Medical Misadventure - p. 694 287. Chapter 277: Medical Records: Documentation, Confidentiality, and Obligations - p. 694 288. Chapter 278: Mental Health: Crime and Mental Health - p. 694 289. Chapter 279: Mental Health: Detention of Mentally Incapacitated Adults - p. 712 290. Chapter 280: Mental Health: Detention Under the Mental Health Act 1983 – England and Wales - p. 712 291. Chapter 281: Mental Health: Treatment Without Consent - p. 712 292. Chapter 282: Murder–Suicide (Dyadic Death) - p. 712 293. Chapter 283: Necrophilia - p. 741 294. Chapter 284: Neonaticide - p. 747 295. Chapter 285: Nonfatal Strangulation - p. 747 296. Chapter 286: Novel Psychoactive Substances and Legal Highs - p. 747 297. Chapter 287: Occupational Health: Autopsy – Occupational Health and Safety - p. 747 298. Chapter 288: Occupational Health: Police and Occupational Health - p. 791 299. Chapter 289: Parentage Testing - p. 799 300. Chapter 290: Pattern Evidence - p. 809 301. Chapter 291: Pharmacology of Legal and Illicit Drugs - p. 829 302. Chapter 292: Physical Intervention and Restraint - p. 829 303. Chapter 293: Piercings: Body Piercings - p. 829 304. Chapter 294: Poisoning: Overview and Statistics - p. 859 305. Chapter 295: Postmortem Changes: Overview - p. 871 306. Chapter 296: Postmortem Drug Measurements, Interpretation - p. 895 307. Chapter 297: Postmortem Molecular Autopsy in Heritable Channelopathies and Selected Cardiomyopathies - p. 909 308. Volume 4 - p. 916 309. Chapter 298: Pregnancy Related Deaths—Pathology - p. 916 310. Chapter 299: Preparation of Witnesses (US) - p. 916 311. Chapter 300: Preparation of Witnesses: Witness Preparation—Scotland - p. 9 312. Chapter 301: Professional Bodies: France—Forensic, Medical and Scientific Training - p. 14 313. Chapter 302: Professional Bodies: India - p. 16 314. Chapter 303: Professional Bodies: Middle East - p. 26 315. Chapter 304: Professional Bodies: Rest of the World - p. 26 316. Chapter 305: Refugee Medicine - p. 43 317. Chapter 306: Restraint Techniques, Injuries, and Death: Baton - p. 51 318. Chapter 307: Restraint Techniques, Injuries, and Death: Conducted Energy Weapons - p. 56 319. Chapter 308: Restraint Techniques, Injuries, and Death: Handcuffs - p. 63 320. Chapter 309: Restraint Techniques, Injuries, and Death: Irritant Sprays and Riot Control Agents - p. 68 321. Chapter 310: Restraint Techniques, Injuries, and Death: Kinetic Energy Projectiles - p. 75 322. Chapter 311: Restraint Techniques, Injuries, and Death: Monitoring of Less-Lethal Weapons - p. 80 323. Chapter 312: Rights of Children and Legal Protection - p. 88 324. Chapter 313: Ritualistic Crime - p. 96 325. Chapter 314: Road Injuries and Fatalities - p. 112 326. Chapter 315: Road Traffic Accidents: Airbag-Related Injuries and Deaths - p. 128 327. Chapter 316: Road Traffic: Determination of Fitness to Drive – Driving Offense - p. 149 328. Chapter 317: Road Traffic: Determination of Fitness to Drive – General - p. 158 329. Chapter 318: Road Traffic: Determination of Fitness to Drive – Sobriety Tests and Drug Recognition - p. 185 330. Chapter 319: Road Traffic: Global Overview of Drug and Alcohol Statistics - p. 203 331. Chapter 320: Scene and Mortuary Management Following a Mass Fatality Incident - p. 213 332. Chapter 321: Serial Murder - p. 213 333. Chapter 322: Serious Reportable Communicable Diseases - p. 227 334. Chapter 323: Serology: Blood Identification - p. 233 335. Chapter 324: Sexual Offenses, Adult: Human Normal Sexual Response - p. 238 336. Chapter 325: Sexual Offenses, Adult: Injuries and Findings After Sexual Contact - p. 246 337. Chapter 326: Sexual Offenses, Adult: Normal and Variant Anal and Genital Anatomy - p. 254 338. Chapter 327: Sexual Offenses, Adult: Psychological Sequelae of Rape and Other Forms of Sexual Assault - p. 284 339. Chapter 328: Sexual Offenses, Adult: Sexual Assault—Management Post-assault - p. 290 340. Chapter 329: Sexual Offenses, Adult: Sexual Offense – Global Crime Figures and Statistics - p. 300 341. Chapter 330: Sexual Offenses: Sexual Assault- Persistence of Biological Evidence - p. 311 342. Chapter 331: Sexual Offenses: Sexual Assault—Evidential Sample Collection - p. 314 343. Chapter 332: Shari'ah Law and Courts - p. 333 344. Chapter 333: Solitary Confinement - p. 333 345. Chapter 334: Sports—Pathology - p. 333 346. Chapter 335: Stalking - p. 333 347. Chapter 336: Starvation - p. 333 348. Chapter 337: Substance Misuse: Alternative Body Fluids Analysis - p. 382 349. Chapter 338: Substance Misuse: Cocaine - p. 398 350. Chapter 339: Substance Misuse: Herbal Medicine - p. 398 351. Chapter 340: Substance Misuse: Heroin - p. 410 352. Chapter 341: Substance Misuse: Miscellaneous Drugs - p. 425 353. Chapter 342: Substance Misuse: Sedatives - p. 433 354. Chapter 343: Substance Misuse: Substance Abuse—Patterns and Statistics - p. 433 355. Chapter 344: Substance Misuse: Urine Analysis - p. 444 356. Chapter 345: Substance Use: Medical Effects - p. 454 357. Chapter 346: Substance Use: Methods of Administration - p. 462 358. Chapter 347: Substance Use: Substance Use and Crime - p. 466 359. Chapter 348: Sudden Natural Death: Central Nervous System and Miscellaneous Causes - p. 466 360. Chapter 349: Suicide Bombing, Investigation - p. 480 361. Chapter 350: Suicide Predictors and Statistics - p. 494 362. Chapter 351: Suicide: Etiology, Methods, and Statistics - p. 514 363. Chapter 352: Suicide: Self-Harm - p. 514 364. Chapter 353: Suicide: Youth Suicide - p. 534 365. Chapter 354: Tactical Medicine - p. 539 366. Chapter 355: Tattoos: Medicolegal Significance—Forensic Issues - p. 555 367. Chapter 356: Termination of Pregnancy - p. 569 368. Chapter 357: Terrorism-Medico-Legal Aspects - p. 581 369. Chapter 358: The Assessment of Disputed Confessions - p. 595 370. Chapter 359: The Collection of Evidence and Chain of Custody - p. 602 371. Chapter 360: The Depravity Standard: Application to Classifying Crime and Its Perpetration - p. 608 372. Chapter 361: The International Criminal Court - p. 617 373. Chapter 362: The Investigation of Diving-Related Deaths - p. 617 374. Chapter 363: The Medical Examiner System in England & Wales - p. 617 375. Chapter 364: The Role and Effectiveness of Innocence Projects - p. 640 376. Chapter 365: The Role and Function of the Forensic Science Regulator in the UK - p. 646 377. Chapter 366: The Sydney Declaration—Recapturing the Essence of Forensic Science - p. 653 378. Chapter 367: Torture and Cruel or Inhuman and Degrading Treatment: Physical Findings - p. 661 379. Chapter 368: Torture, History of - p. 661 380. Chapter 369: Torture: Psychological Assessment - p. 674 381. Chapter 370: Toxicology: Methods of Analysis, Antemortem - p. 682 382. Chapter 371: Toxicology: Methods of Analysis, Postmortem - p. 689 383. Chapter 372: Toxicology: Overview - p. 689 384. Chapter 373: Trauma, Musculo-Skeletal System - p. 689 385. Chapter 374: Venom - p. 689 386. Chapter 375: Veterinary Aspects of Forensic Medicine: Wild Animals – Wildlife Forensic Pathology - p. 736 387. Chapter 376: War Crime Law and Tribunals - p. 740 388. Chapter 377: War Crimes: Pathological Investigation - p. 755 389. Chapter 378: War Crimes: Site Investigation - p. 768 390. Chapter 379: War Injuries - p. 768 391. Index - p. 768 392. Authors - p. 768
Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine, Third Edition builds on the strength of its predecessor whilst providing a more modern, digital-friendly infrastructure. Unlike the previous A-Z approach to chapter organization, it is thematically structured around sections and topics via a taxonomic approach, thus making navigation far easier for the user. New to this edition are articles encompassing the history, application, future trends, and clinical/pathological professional issues of the discipline, including topics on: forensic taphonomy, non-fatal strangulation, coercive control, forensic biology, extrajudicial-summary or arbitrary executions.
This modern, fully up-to-date, easy to navigate edition, with its electronic platform and logistically and consistently structured chapters will be ideal for readers from a variety of disciplines.
1. Introduction to The First Edition - p. xviii 2. Preface to the First Edition - p. xviii 3. Preface to the Second Edition - p. xxii 4. Preface to the Third Edition - p. xxiv 5. Dedication - p. xxvi 6. List of Illustrations - p. xxvi 7. List of Tables - p. xxvi 8. Volume 1 - p. xxvi 9. Chapter 1: Access to Medical Records - p. xxvi 10. Chapter 2: Accreditation: Crime Scene Investigators - p. 8 11. Chapter 3: Accreditation: Forensic Physicians - p. 20 12. Chapter 4: Accreditation: Regulation of Forensic Science - p. 20 13. Chapter 5: Accreditation: Toxicology Laboratories - p. 32 14. Chapter 6: Acid Attacks—Forensic and Medicolegal Features - p. 32 15. Chapter 7: Adult Autopsy - p. 32 16. Chapter 8: Age Estimation in the Living - p. 32 17. Chapter 9: Age Estimation in the Living: Dental Age Estimation (DAE) — Theory and Practice - p. 32 18. Chapter 10: Age Estimation in the Living: Imaging and Age Estimation - p. 81 19. Chapter 11: Age Estimation in the Living: Osteology and Age Estimation - p. 114 20. Chapter 12: Air or Gas Embolism - p. 114 21. Chapter 13: Airborne Sports Injury - p. 132 22. Chapter 14: Alcohol, Analysis in Breath - p. 142 23. Chapter 15: Alcohol: Postmortem Findings - Acute and Chronic - p. 142 24. Chapter 16: Allergy: Postmortem Findings - p. 189 25. Chapter 17: Animal Attacks and Injuries: Nonfatal - p. 189 26. Chapter 18: Animal Attacks and Scavenging: Forensic Anthropological Interpretation - p. 209 27. Chapter 19: Animal Attacks—Fatal - p. 209 28. Chapter 20: Anthropology: Cremated and Burned Human Bones—Anthropology - p. 228 29. Chapter 21: Anthropology: Morphological Age Estimation - p. 228 30. Chapter 22: Anthropology: Overview - p. 228 31. Chapter 23: Anthropology: Population Affinity Estimation - p. 228 32. Chapter 24: Anthropology: Role of DNA - p. 228 33. Chapter 25: Anthropology: Sex Estimation of the Human Skeleton - p. 228 34. Chapter 26: Anthropology: Skeletal Pathology and Antemortem Trauma - p. 228 35. Chapter 27: Anthropology: Stature Estimation From the Skeleton - p. 291 36. Chapter 28: Anthropology: Taphonomy in the Forensic Context - p. 291 37. Chapter 29: Anthropology: The Use of Forensic Archeology and Anthropology in the Search and Recovery of Buried Evidence - p. 291 38. Chapter 30: Anthropology—Pediatric and Juvenile - p. 322 39. Chapter 31: Artificial Intelligence and Forensic Science—Ethical Issues, Integrity and Challenges - p. 322 40. Chapter 32: Asphyxia: Clinical Findings - p. 340 41. Chapter 33: Asphyxia: Pathological Features - p. 348 42. Chapter 34: Assessment of Criminal Maturity in Juvenile Homicide Offenders - p. 352 43. Chapter 35: Autopsies: Medico-legal Considerations, Including the Role and Responsibilities of the Forensic Pathologist - p. 368 44. Chapter 36: Autopsy and Organic Toxins - p. 378 45. Chapter 37: Autopsy Findings: Postmortem Drug Redistribution and Other Artifacts - p. 378 46. Chapter 38: Autopsy Findings: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome—Epidemiology and Etiology - p. 378 47. Chapter 39: Autopsy Findings: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome—Pathological Findings and Autopsy Approach - p. 378 48. Chapter 40: Autopsy in Drug Use - p. 419 49. Chapter 41: Autopsy of Drowning and Submersion Deaths - p. 419 50. Chapter 42: Autopsy: Infectious and Serious Communicable Diseases - p. 419 51. Chapter 43: Autopsy: Pediatric - p. 419 52. Chapter 44: Autopsy: Procedures and Standards - p. 475 53. Chapter 45: Aviation Accidents—Role of the Pathologist - p. 479 54. Chapter 46: Backtracking Calculations for Alcohol and Drugs - p. 492 55. Chapter 47: Ballistic Trauma: Wound Ballistics—An Overview - p. 503 56. Chapter 48: Bite Mark Analysis and Controversies - p. 503 57. Chapter 49: Blood Grouping - p. 526 58. Chapter 50: Body Cavity Searches: Practical Issues and Consent - p. 526 59. Chapter 51: Body Recovery - p. 526 60. Chapter 52: Carbon Monoxide Exposure: Autopsy Findings - p. 526 61. Chapter 53: Carbon Monoxide Exposure: Clinical Findings—Sequelae in Survivors - p. 567 62. Chapter 54: Care in Prison Custody, United Kingdom - p. 573 63. Chapter 55: Child Death Investigation - p. 573 64. Chapter 56: Child Neglect - p. 573 65. Chapter 57: Child Sexual Abuse, Epidemiology - p. 573 66. Chapter 58: Child Torture - p. 573 67. Chapter 59: Children: Emotional Abuse - p. 573 68. Chapter 60: Children: Noninflicted Causes of Childhood Death - p. 573 69. Chapter 61: Children: Normal Anogenital Anatomy and Variants - p. 573 70. Chapter 62: Children: Physical Abuse - p. 573 71. Chapter 63: Children: Sexual Abuse—Overview - p. 654 72. Chapter 64: Children: Sudden Natural Infant and Childhood Death - p. 654 73. Chapter 65: Clinical Trials: Legal Aspects and Consent - p. 654 74. Chapter 66: Cold-Case Review: UK Experience - p. 695 75. Chapter 67: Coma: Definitions and Differential Diagnoses – Pediatric - p. 704 76. Chapter 68: Coma: Definitions and Differential Diagnoses—Adult - p. 704 77. Chapter 69: Comparative Evidence and Forensic Medicine - p. 716 78. Chapter 70: Consent: Confidentiality and Disclosure - p. 722 79. Chapter 71: Consent: Mental Capacity and Case Law - p. 730 80. Chapter 72: Coronavirus Disease 2019 Histology and Histopathology - p. 730 81. Chapter 73: Court and Tribunal Report Writing in England and Wales - p. 730 82. Chapter 74: Court System – India - p. 730 83. Chapter 75: Court Systems: European Community Law - p. 759 84. Chapter 76: Court Systems: Japanese Law and Courts - p. 767 85. Chapter 77: Court Systems: United States of America – Law and Courts - p. 777 86. Chapter 78: COVID-19 Autopsy Principles and Protocols - p. 783 87. Chapter 79: COVID-19 Clinical Manifestation Including Long COVID - p. 783 88. Chapter 80: COVID-19 History & Epidemiology - p. 793 89. Chapter 81: Crime Scene Investigation and Examination: Death-Scene Investigation—United States of America - p. 804 90. Chapter 82: Crime Scene Investigation and Examination: Underwater Crime Scenes - p. 804 91. Chapter 83: Crime Scene Management Systems: Continental Europe - p. 804 92. Chapter 84: Crime Scene Management Systems: United States of America - p. 836 93. Chapter 85: Criminal Profiling - p. 853 94. Chapter 86: Criminal Responsibility - p. 857 95. Chapter 87: Custody Medicine – Consent From the Detainee - p. 857 96. Chapter 88: Custody: In-Custody Deaths—United Kingdom and Europe - p. 857 97. Chapter 89: Death Investigation System: Egypt - p. 882 98. Chapter 90: Death Investigation System: India - p. 882 99. Chapter 91: Death Investigation Systems: China - p. 882 100. Chapter 92: Death Investigation Systems: Corporate Liability for Manslaughter - p. 904 101. Chapter 93: Death Investigation Systems: Decomposition, Patterns, and Rates - p. 904 102. Chapter 94: Death Investigation Systems: Fatal Accident Inquiry—Scotland - p. 904 103. Chapter 95: Death Investigation Systems: Japan - p. 922 104. Volume 2 - p. 929 105. Chapter 96: Death Investigation Systems: Murder, Manslaughter, Homicide, and Attempts—Definitions - p. 929 106. Chapter 97: Death Investigation Systems: The Nordic Countries - p. 929 107. Chapter 98: Death Investigation Systems: United States of America - p. 929 108. Chapter 99: Death Investigation Within Canada - p. 24 109. Chapter 100: Death Investigation—England & Wales - p. 27 110. Chapter 101: Death Penalty: Medical Involvement in the Administration of Capital Punishment in the United States - p. 37 111. Chapter 102: Death: Trauma, Abdominal Cavity - p. 37 112. Chapter 103: Deaths and Post-mortem Findings in Combat Sports Practitioners - p. 64 113. Chapter 104: Deaths: Autoerotic Deaths - p. 64 114. Chapter 105: Deaths: Dowry Killings - p. 77 115. Chapter 106: Deaths: Iatrogenic Deaths—Pathology - p. 77 116. Chapter 107: Deaths: Obesity—Pathology - p. 77 117. Chapter 108: Deaths: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Neuropathology of Death due to Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 97 118. Chapter 109: Deaths: Perioperative and Postoperative – Pathology - p. 113 119. Chapter 110: Deaths: Placental Conditions—Pathology - p. 135 120. Chapter 111: Deaths: Resuscitation Related Injuries - p. 135 121. Chapter 112: Deaths: Sudden Unexpected Death and Inherited Metabolic Disease–Pathology - p. 135 122. Chapter 113: Deaths: Trauma, Thorax—Pathology - p. 135 123. Chapter 114: Deaths: Trauma, Vascular System—Pathology - p. 135 124. Chapter 115: Deliberate Self-Harm in Adult Prisoners: Psychology - p. 135 125. Chapter 116: Deliberate Self-Harm—Patterns of Injury - p. 190 126. Chapter 117: Detention: Care in Police Custody—United Kingdom - p. 204 127. Chapter 118: Detention: Fitness to be Interviewed - p. 214 128. Chapter 119: Detention: Istanbul Protocol 2022 Edition—Global Standards for the Effective Investigation of Torture and Ill-Treatment - p. 214 129. Chapter 120: Detention: Medicines Management in Custodial Settings - p. 214 130. Chapter 121: Disaster Victim Identification From an American Perspective - p. 214 131. Chapter 122: Disaster Victim Identification International Protocols - p. 214 132. Chapter 123: Disaster Victim Management: DNA Identification - p. 257 133. Chapter 124: Disaster Victim Management: Role of Anthropologist - p. 257 134. Chapter 125: Disaster Victim Management: Role of Forensic Odontology - p. 257 135. Chapter 126: Disaster Victim Management: Role of Forensic Pathologists - p. 285 136. Chapter 127: Disaster Victim Management: Setting Up Emergency Mortuary Facility - p. 285 137. Chapter 128: Disaster Victim Management: Underwater Management - p. 285 138. Chapter 129: DNA: Basic Principles - p. 285 139. Chapter 130: DNA: Risks of Contamination to the Evidential Sample - p. 285 140. Chapter 131: DNA: Statistical Analysis - p. 331 141. Chapter 132: Dogs; Use in Police Investigations - p. 335 142. Chapter 133: Domestic Violence: Elder Abuse - p. 343 143. Chapter 134: Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault - p. 347 144. Chapter 135: Drug-Induced Injury, Accidental and Iatrogenic - p. 347 145. Chapter 136: Drugs, Prescribed: Drug Licensing and Registration - p. 364 146. Chapter 137: Drugs, Prescribed: Drug Product Liability - p. 364 147. Chapter 138: Drugs, Prescribed: Hair Analysis—Substance Use - p. 364 148. Chapter 139: Drugs, Prescribed: Testamentary Capacity—Assessment - p. 387 149. Chapter 140: Ear Marks and Controversies - p. 387 150. Chapter 141: Electrocution and Lightning, Clinical Effects and Pathology - p. 401 151. Chapter 142: Electrolyte Disturbances - p. 409 152. Chapter 143: Entomology - p. 426 153. Chapter 144: Ethics of Age Assessment in the Living: Global Perspective - p. 426 154. Chapter 145: Expert Testimony in the USA - p. 456 155. Chapter 146: Expert Witness: Qualifications, Testimony, and Malpractice - p. 456 156. Chapter 147: Extremes of Temperature: Hyperthermia - p. 474 157. Chapter 148: Extremes of Temperature: Hypothermia - p. 474 158. Chapter 149: Falls From Height; Physical Findings—Adult - p. 474 159. Chapter 150: Falls in Children - p. 474 160. Chapter 151: Fauna and Flora Related Deaths - p. 508 161. Chapter 152: Female Genital Mutilation - p. 520 162. Chapter 153: Femicide - p. 530 163. Chapter 154: Fire Deaths - p. 530 164. Chapter 155: Fire Investigation: Evidence Recovery - p. 530 165. Chapter 156: Firearm Injuries - p. 566 166. Chapter 157: Fitness or Competency to Plead or Stand Trial - p. 597 167. Chapter 158: Footprints and Controversies - p. 597 168. Chapter 159: Forensic & Legal Medicine in Bulgaria - p. 634 169. Chapter 160: Forensic & Legal Medicine in Denmark - p. 641 170. Chapter 161: Forensic & Legal Medicine in Italy - p. 641 171. Chapter 162: Forensic & Legal Medicine in Norway - p. 662 172. Chapter 163: Forensic & Legal Medicine in Serbia - p. 662 173. Chapter 164: Forensic & Legal Medicine in Slovenia - p. 670 174. Chapter 165: Forensic & Legal Medicine in the People's Republic of China - p. 681 175. Chapter 166: Forensic & Legal Medicine in the United Kingdom - p. 681 176. Chapter 167: Forensic & Legal Medicine in Ukraine - p. 693 177. Chapter 168: Forensic & Legal Medicine, History of - p. 700 178. Chapter 169: Forensic and Legal Medicine in Australia - p. 707 179. Chapter 170: Forensic and Legal Medicine in Chile - p. 721 180. Chapter 171: Forensic and Legal Medicine in Egypt - p. 724 181. Chapter 172: Forensic and Legal Medicine in Germany - p. 735 182. Chapter 173: Forensic and Legal Medicine in Ghana - p. 737 183. Chapter 174: Forensic and Legal Medicine in Poland - p. 739 184. Chapter 175: Forensic and Legal Medicine in Saudi Arabia - p. 746 185. Chapter 176: Forensic and Legal Medicine in Slovakia - p. 749 186. Chapter 177: Forensic and Legal Medicine in Turkey - p. 749 187. Chapter 178: Forensic Approach to Death as an Adverse Event Following Immunization - p. 758 188. Chapter 179: Forensic Botany - p. 762 189. Chapter 180: Forensic Medical Investigation of Police Shootings - p. 769 190. Chapter 181: Forensic Medicine and Cause of Death Investigation in Finland - p. 778 191. Chapter 182: Forensic Medicine and Medicolegal Studies in Indonesia - p. 787 192. Chapter 183: Forensic Medicine in Estonia - p. 787 193. Chapter 184: Forensic Medicine in Georgia - p. 808 194. Chapter 185: Forensic Medicine in Hungary - p. 811 195. Chapter 186: Forensic Medicine in Malta - p. 825 196. Chapter 187: Forensic Medicine in Portugal - p. 825 197. Chapter 188: Forensic Medicine in Spain - p. 835 198. Chapter 189: Forensic Medicine in Sri Lanka - p. 838 199. Chapter 190: Forensic Medicine in Sweden - p. 855 200. Chapter 191: Forensic Mycology: The Use of Fungi in Criminal Investigations - p. 861 201. Chapter 192: Forensic Odontology - p. 861 202. Chapter 193: Forensic Photography - p. 872 203. Chapter 194: Forensic Psychiatry and Forensic Psychology: Autism Spectrum Disorder - p. 872 204. Chapter 195: Forensic Psychiatry and Forensic Psychology: Dissociative Identity Disorder - p. 894 205. Chapter 196: Forensic Psychiatry and Forensic Psychology: Drug and Alcohol Addiction—Psychoactive Substances Addiction - p. 894 206. Chapter 197: Forensic Psychiatry and Forensic Psychology: Forensic Interviewing - p. 914 207. Volume 3 - p. 921 208. Chapter 198: Forensic Psychiatry and Forensic Psychology: Mental Handicap and Learning Disability - p. 921 209. Chapter 199: Forensic Psychiatry and Forensic Psychology: Personality Disorder - p. 23 210. Chapter 200: Forensic Psychiatry and Forensic Psychology: Psychological Autopsy - p. 23 211. Chapter 201: Forensic Psychiatry and Forensic Psychology: Sex Offenders - p. 23 212. Chapter 202: Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry: Malingering and Related Response Styles - p. 48 213. Chapter 203: Forensic Psychology—Education, Training, and Certification - p. 53 214. Chapter 204: Forensic Publishing: Trends and Developments - p. 53 215. Chapter 205: Forensic Serology—A Paradigm Shift - p. 69 216. Chapter 206: Ghana Prisons Services—Intergrated Healthcare System Inclusive of Forensics in Secure and Detention Centers - p. 89 217. Chapter 207: Hair Analysis - p. 89 218. Chapter 208: Hair: DNA Analysis - p. 98 219. Chapter 209: Head Trauma: Adult and Pediatric Clinical Aspects - p. 98 220. Chapter 210: Head Trauma: Neuropathology of Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 123 221. Chapter 211: Healing and Repair of Wounds and Bones - p. 123 222. Chapter 212: Histopathology - p. 151 223. Chapter 213: History of Forensic Medicine and Sciences in the Middle Ages in Islamic Arabia - p. 188 224. Chapter 214: History of Toxicology - p. 205 225. Chapter 215: Honor Crimes - p. 217 226. Chapter 216: How Litigation, Inquiries and Forensic Analysis Have Driven Developments in Professional Regulation - p. 217 227. Chapter 217: Human Rights: Controls and Principles - p. 217 228. Chapter 218: Identification: Facial Restoration - p. 239 229. Chapter 219: Identification: Fingerprints: Detection, Identification, and Interpretation - p. 248 230. Chapter 220: Imaging: Radiology – Overview - p. 248 231. Chapter 221: Imaging: Radiology, Pediatric, and Child Abuse—Skeletal Imaging - p. 276 232. Chapter 222: Immunoassays, Forensic Applications - p. 292 233. Chapter 223: Infectious Diseases and Sudden Death - p. 299 234. Chapter 224: Injury, Fatal and Nonfatal: Blunt Force Injury - p. 312 235. Chapter 225: Injury, Fatal and Nonfatal: Burns and Scalds - p. 321 236. Chapter 226: Injury, Fatal and Nonfatal: Explosive Injuries - p. 321 237. Chapter 227: Injury, Fatal and Nonfatal: Injury Documentation - p. 360 238. Chapter 228: Injury, Fatal and Non-fatal: Legal Classifications - p. 376 239. Chapter 229: Injury, Fatal and Nonfatal: Sharp and Cutting-Edge Wounds - p. 376 240. Chapter 230: Injury, Recreational: Water Sports Injury - p. 386 241. Chapter 231: Injury, Transportation: Air Disaster Injury - p. 408 242. Chapter 232: International Mortality Statistics - p. 418 243. Chapter 233: Intimate Partner Homicide - p. 420 244. Chapter 234: Judicial Punishment - p. 420 245. Chapter 235: Legal Precedent and Case Law - p. 440 246. Chapter 236: Legal System: England and Wales—Law and Courts - p. 445 247. Chapter 237: Lessons for the Living From the Autopsy Table - p. 445 248. Chapter 238: Management of Disaster Victim Identification - p. 445 249. Chapter 239: Mass Murder - p. 463 250. Chapter 240: Mass Poisonings - p. 463 251. Chapter 241: Medical Definitions of Death - p. 463 252. Chapter 242: Medical Ethics: Advance Directives (“Living Will”) - p. 489 253. Chapter 243: Medical Ethics: Euthanasia, Assisted Suicide, and Medical Aid in Dying - p. 489 254. Chapter 244: Medical Ethics: Principles of Medical Ethics - p. 489 255. Chapter 245: Medical Ethics: Role of Ethics and Research Committees - p. 507 256. Chapter 246: Medical Ethics: Withholding or Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Treatment - p. 513 257. Chapter 247: Medical Malpractice – Medicolegal Perspectives: Negligence, Causation - p. 518 258. Chapter 248: Medical Malpractice – Medicolegal Perspectives: Negligence, Duty of Care - p. 525 259. Chapter 249: Medical Malpractice – Medicolegal Perspectives: Negligence, Quantum - p. 529 260. Chapter 250: Medical Malpractice – Medicolegal Perspectives: Negligence, Standard of Care - p. 533 261. Chapter 251: Medical Malpractice: Anesthesiology - p. 538 262. Chapter 252: Medical Malpractice: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry - p. 549 263. Chapter 253: Medical Malpractice: Clinical Forensic Medicine - p. 554 264. Chapter 254: Medical Malpractice: Clinical Governance - p. 556 265. Chapter 255: Medical Malpractice: Colorectal Surgery - p. 556 266. Chapter 256: Medical Malpractice: Ear, Nose, and Throat Surgery - p. 570 267. Chapter 257: Medical Malpractice: Facio-Maxillary Surgery - p. 580 268. Chapter 258: Medical Malpractice: Fitness to Practice Procedures—Healthcare - p. 586 269. Chapter 259: Medical Malpractice: General Practice - p. 591 270. Chapter 260: Medical Malpractice: Health Service Fraud Investigation - p. 596 271. Chapter 261: Medical Malpractice: Laparoscopic Surgery - p. 596 272. Chapter 262: Medical Malpractice: Oncology - p. 604 273. Chapter 263: Medical Malpractice: Oral Surgery - p. 610 274. Chapter 264: Medical Malpractice: Orthopedics - p. 616 275. Chapter 265: Medical Malpractice: Overview - p. 624 276. Chapter 266: Medical Malpractice: Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery - p. 629 277. Chapter 267: Medical Malpractice: Psychiatry - p. 635 278. Chapter 268: Medical Malpractice: Psychology - p. 642 279. Chapter 269: Medical Malpractice: Radiotherapy - p. 648 280. Chapter 270: Medical Malpractice: Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery - p. 648 281. Chapter 271: Medical Malpractice: Vascular Surgery - p. 655 282. Chapter 272: Medical Malpractice—Emergency Medicine - p. 668 283. Chapter 273: Medical Malpractice—Neonatology - p. 668 284. Chapter 274: Medical Malpractice—Neurosurgery - p. 668 285. Chapter 275: Medical Malpractice—Rheumatology - p. 688 286. Chapter 276: Medical Misadventure - p. 694 287. Chapter 277: Medical Records: Documentation, Confidentiality, and Obligations - p. 694 288. Chapter 278: Mental Health: Crime and Mental Health - p. 694 289. Chapter 279: Mental Health: Detention of Mentally Incapacitated Adults - p. 712 290. Chapter 280: Mental Health: Detention Under the Mental Health Act 1983 – England and Wales - p. 712 291. Chapter 281: Mental Health: Treatment Without Consent - p. 712 292. Chapter 282: Murder–Suicide (Dyadic Death) - p. 712 293. Chapter 283: Necrophilia - p. 741 294. Chapter 284: Neonaticide - p. 747 295. Chapter 285: Nonfatal Strangulation - p. 747 296. Chapter 286: Novel Psychoactive Substances and Legal Highs - p. 747 297. Chapter 287: Occupational Health: Autopsy – Occupational Health and Safety - p. 747 298. Chapter 288: Occupational Health: Police and Occupational Health - p. 791 299. Chapter 289: Parentage Testing - p. 799 300. Chapter 290: Pattern Evidence - p. 809 301. Chapter 291: Pharmacology of Legal and Illicit Drugs - p. 829 302. Chapter 292: Physical Intervention and Restraint - p. 829 303. Chapter 293: Piercings: Body Piercings - p. 829 304. Chapter 294: Poisoning: Overview and Statistics - p. 859 305. Chapter 295: Postmortem Changes: Overview - p. 871 306. Chapter 296: Postmortem Drug Measurements, Interpretation - p. 895 307. Chapter 297: Postmortem Molecular Autopsy in Heritable Channelopathies and Selected Cardiomyopathies - p. 909 308. Volume 4 - p. 916 309. Chapter 298: Pregnancy Related Deaths—Pathology - p. 916 310. Chapter 299: Preparation of Witnesses (US) - p. 916 311. Chapter 300: Preparation of Witnesses: Witness Preparation—Scotland - p. 9 312. Chapter 301: Professional Bodies: France—Forensic, Medical and Scientific Training - p. 14 313. Chapter 302: Professional Bodies: India - p. 16 314. Chapter 303: Professional Bodies: Middle East - p. 26 315. Chapter 304: Professional Bodies: Rest of the World - p. 26 316. Chapter 305: Refugee Medicine - p. 43 317. Chapter 306: Restraint Techniques, Injuries, and Death: Baton - p. 51 318. Chapter 307: Restraint Techniques, Injuries, and Death: Conducted Energy Weapons - p. 56 319. Chapter 308: Restraint Techniques, Injuries, and Death: Handcuffs - p. 63 320. Chapter 309: Restraint Techniques, Injuries, and Death: Irritant Sprays and Riot Control Agents - p. 68 321. Chapter 310: Restraint Techniques, Injuries, and Death: Kinetic Energy Projectiles - p. 75 322. Chapter 311: Restraint Techniques, Injuries, and Death: Monitoring of Less-Lethal Weapons - p. 80 323. Chapter 312: Rights of Children and Legal Protection - p. 88 324. Chapter 313: Ritualistic Crime - p. 96 325. Chapter 314: Road Injuries and Fatalities - p. 112 326. Chapter 315: Road Traffic Accidents: Airbag-Related Injuries and Deaths - p. 128 327. Chapter 316: Road Traffic: Determination of Fitness to Drive – Driving Offense - p. 149 328. Chapter 317: Road Traffic: Determination of Fitness to Drive – General - p. 158 329. Chapter 318: Road Traffic: Determination of Fitness to Drive – Sobriety Tests and Drug Recognition - p. 185 330. Chapter 319: Road Traffic: Global Overview of Drug and Alcohol Statistics - p. 203 331. Chapter 320: Scene and Mortuary Management Following a Mass Fatality Incident - p. 213 332. Chapter 321: Serial Murder - p. 213 333. Chapter 322: Serious Reportable Communicable Diseases - p. 227 334. Chapter 323: Serology: Blood Identification - p. 233 335. Chapter 324: Sexual Offenses, Adult: Human Normal Sexual Response - p. 238 336. Chapter 325: Sexual Offenses, Adult: Injuries and Findings After Sexual Contact - p. 246 337. Chapter 326: Sexual Offenses, Adult: Normal and Variant Anal and Genital Anatomy - p. 254 338. Chapter 327: Sexual Offenses, Adult: Psychological Sequelae of Rape and Other Forms of Sexual Assault - p. 284 339. Chapter 328: Sexual Offenses, Adult: Sexual Assault—Management Post-assault - p. 290 340. Chapter 329: Sexual Offenses, Adult: Sexual Offense – Global Crime Figures and Statistics - p. 300 341. Chapter 330: Sexual Offenses: Sexual Assault- Persistence of Biological Evidence - p. 311 342. Chapter 331: Sexual Offenses: Sexual Assault—Evidential Sample Collection - p. 314 343. Chapter 332: Shari'ah Law and Courts - p. 333 344. Chapter 333: Solitary Confinement - p. 333 345. Chapter 334: Sports—Pathology - p. 333 346. Chapter 335: Stalking - p. 333 347. Chapter 336: Starvation - p. 333 348. Chapter 337: Substance Misuse: Alternative Body Fluids Analysis - p. 382 349. Chapter 338: Substance Misuse: Cocaine - p. 398 350. Chapter 339: Substance Misuse: Herbal Medicine - p. 398 351. Chapter 340: Substance Misuse: Heroin - p. 410 352. Chapter 341: Substance Misuse: Miscellaneous Drugs - p. 425 353. Chapter 342: Substance Misuse: Sedatives - p. 433 354. Chapter 343: Substance Misuse: Substance Abuse—Patterns and Statistics - p. 433 355. Chapter 344: Substance Misuse: Urine Analysis - p. 444 356. Chapter 345: Substance Use: Medical Effects - p. 454 357. Chapter 346: Substance Use: Methods of Administration - p. 462 358. Chapter 347: Substance Use: Substance Use and Crime - p. 466 359. Chapter 348: Sudden Natural Death: Central Nervous System and Miscellaneous Causes - p. 466 360. Chapter 349: Suicide Bombing, Investigation - p. 480 361. Chapter 350: Suicide Predictors and Statistics - p. 494 362. Chapter 351: Suicide: Etiology, Methods, and Statistics - p. 514 363. Chapter 352: Suicide: Self-Harm - p. 514 364. Chapter 353: Suicide: Youth Suicide - p. 534 365. Chapter 354: Tactical Medicine - p. 539 366. Chapter 355: Tattoos: Medicolegal Significance—Forensic Issues - p. 555 367. Chapter 356: Termination of Pregnancy - p. 569 368. Chapter 357: Terrorism-Medico-Legal Aspects - p. 581 369. Chapter 358: The Assessment of Disputed Confessions - p. 595 370. Chapter 359: The Collection of Evidence and Chain of Custody - p. 602 371. Chapter 360: The Depravity Standard: Application to Classifying Crime and Its Perpetration - p. 608 372. Chapter 361: The International Criminal Court - p. 617 373. Chapter 362: The Investigation of Diving-Related Deaths - p. 617 374. Chapter 363: The Medical Examiner System in England & Wales - p. 617 375. Chapter 364: The Role and Effectiveness of Innocence Projects - p. 640 376. Chapter 365: The Role and Function of the Forensic Science Regulator in the UK - p. 646 377. Chapter 366: The Sydney Declaration—Recapturing the Essence of Forensic Science - p. 653 378. Chapter 367: Torture and Cruel or Inhuman and Degrading Treatment: Physical Findings - p. 661 379. Chapter 368: Torture, History of - p. 661 380. Chapter 369: Torture: Psychological Assessment - p. 674 381. Chapter 370: Toxicology: Methods of Analysis, Antemortem - p. 682 382. Chapter 371: Toxicology: Methods of Analysis, Postmortem - p. 689 383. Chapter 372: Toxicology: Overview - p. 689 384. Chapter 373: Trauma, Musculo-Skeletal System - p. 689 385. Chapter 374: Venom - p. 689 386. Chapter 375: Veterinary Aspects of Forensic Medicine: Wild Animals – Wildlife Forensic Pathology - p. 736 387. Chapter 376: War Crime Law and Tribunals - p. 740 388. Chapter 377: War Crimes: Pathological Investigation - p. 755 389. Chapter 378: War Crimes: Site Investigation - p. 768 390. Chapter 379: War Injuries - p. 768 391. Index - p. 768 392. Authors - p. 768
