Susan Standring, MBE, PhD, DSc, FKC, Hon FAS, Hon FRCS
Trust Gray’s. Building on over 160 years of anatomical excellence
In 1858, Drs Henry Gray and Henry Vandyke Carter created a book for their surgical colleagues that established an enduring standard among anatomical texts. After more than 160 years of continuous publication, Gray’s Anatomy remains the definitive, comprehensive reference on the subject, offering ready access to the information you need to ensure safe, effective practice.
This 42nd edition has been meticulously revised and updated throughout, reflecting the very latest understanding of clinical anatomy from the world’s leading clinicians and biomedical scientists. The book’s acclaimed, lavish art programme and clear text has been further enhanced, while major advances in imaging techniques and the new insights they bring are fully captured in state of the art X-ray, CT, MR and ultrasonic images.
The accompanying eBook version is richly enhanced with additional content and media, covering all the body regions, cell biology, development and embryogenesis – and now includes two new systems-orientated chapters. This combines to unlock a whole new level of related information and interactivity, in keeping with the spirit of innovation that has characterised Gray’s Anatomy since its inception.
The result is a more complete, practical and engaging resource than ever before, which will prove invaluable to all clinicians who require an accurate, in-depth knowledge of anatomy.
1. Historical Introduction - p. xv.e1 2. Anatomical Nomenclature - p. xvi 3. Section 1. Cells, Tissues and Systems - p. xvii 4. Chapter 1. Basic structure and function of cells - p. 1 5. Chapter 2. Integrating cells into tissues - p. 28.e2 6. Chapter 3. Nervous system - p. 43 7. Chapter 4. Blood, lymphoid tissues and haemopoiesis - p. 71 8. Chapter 5. Functional anatomy of the musculoskeletal system - p. 85 9. Cartilage - p. 85 10. Bone - p. 88 11. Joints - p. 100 12. Muscle - p. 107 13. Tendons and Ligaments - p. 118 14. Biomechanics - p. 120 15. Chapter 6. Smooth muscle and the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems - p. 127 16. Chapter 7. Skin and its appendages - p. 145 17. Commentary 1.1. Fluorescence microscopy today: A perspective - p. 165 18. Commentary 1.2. Electron microscopy in the twenty-first century - p. 166 19. Commentary 1.3. Metaplasia - p. 166 20. Commentary 1.4. Merkel cells - p. 166 21. Commentary 1.5. The reaction of peripheral nerves to injury - p. 166 22. Commentary 1.6. A critical evaluation of the current status of myofascial chains - p. 166 23. Section 2. Embryogenesis and Development - p. 166 24. Chapter 8. Preimplantation development - p. 166 25. Chapter 9. Implantation and placentation - p. 177 26. Chapter 10. Cell populations at gastrulation - p. 188 27. Chapter 11. Overarching concepts in development - p. 195 28. Chapter 12. Cell populations at the start of organogenesis - p. 200 29. Chapter 13. Development of the heart and circulation - p. 206 30. Chapter 14. Development of the nervous system - p. 233 31. Chapter 15. Development of the eye - p. 264 32. Chapter 16. Development of the ear - p. 268 33. Chapter 17. Development of the head and neck - p. 271 34. Chapter 18. Development of the back - p. 292 35. Chapter 19. Development of the limbs - p. 303 36. Chapter 20. Development of the lungs, thorax and respiratory diaphragm - p. 314 37. Chapter 21. Development of the peritoneal cavity, gastrointestinal tract and its adnexae - p. 322 38. Chapter 22. Development of the urogenital system - p. 341 39. Chapter 23. Pre- and postnatal growth and the neonate - p. 365 40. Commentary 2.1. Head–trunk interface in the vertebrate embryo - p. 384 41. Section 3. Neuroanatomy - p. 385 42. Chapter 24. Overview of the nervous system - p. 385 43. Chapter 25. Meninges and ventricular system - p. 397 44. Chapter 26. Vascular supply and drainage of the brain - p. 415 45. Chapter 27. Spinal cord - p. 425 46. Chapter 28. Brainstem - p. 441 47. Chapter 29. Cerebellum - p. 465 48. Chapter 30. Diencephalon - p. 489 49. Chapter 31. Basal ganglia - p. 503 50. Chapter 32. Cerebral hemispheres - p. 512 51. Cerebral Hemisphere Surfaces, Sulci and GYRI - p. 512 52. Neuronal Types in the Cerebral Cortex - p. 514 53. Maps of the Human Cerebral Cortex - p. 515 54. Transmitters in the Human Cerebral Cortex - p. 515 55. Fundamental Segregation of Cortical Structures - p. 516 56. White Matter of the Cerebral Hemispheres - p. 534 57. Commentary 3.1. Comparative anatomy of the corticospinal system - p. 542 58. Section 4. Head and Neck - p. 545 59. Chapter 33. Head and neck: Overview and surface anatomy - p. 545 60. Head and neck - p. 558 61. Chapter 34. The skull - p. 558 62. Chapter 35. Neck - p. 573 63. Chapter 36. Face and scalp - p. 607 64. Upper aerodigestive tract - p. 636 65. Chapter 37. Mouth - p. 636 66. Chapter 38. Infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae and temporomandibular joint - p. 664 67. Chapter 39. Nose, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses - p. 686 68. Chapter 40. Pharynx - p. 701 69. Chapter 41. Larynx - p. 717 70. Special senses - p. 735 71. Chapter 42. External and middle ear - p. 735 72. Chapter 43. Inner ear - p. 752 73. Chapter 44. Orbit and accessory visual apparatus - p. 769 74. Chapter 45. Eye - p. 790 75. Section 5. Back - p. 814 76. Chapter 46. Back - p. 814 77. Skin - p. 814 78. Fascial Layers - p. 814 79. Bones - p. 817 80. Ligaments of the Vertebral Column - p. 835 81. Joints - p. 837 82. Muscles - p. 843 83. Movements of the Vertebral Column - p. 849 84. Posture and Ergonomics - p. 851 85. Surface Anatomy - p. 851 86. Clinical Examination - p. 853 87. Chapter 47. Spinal cord and spinal nerves: gross anatomy - p. 856 88. Section 6. Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb - p. 868 89. Chapter 48. Pectoral girdle and upper limb: Overview and surface anatomy - p. 868 90. Chapter 49. Shoulder girdle and arm - p. 890 91. Skin and Soft Tissues - p. 890 92. Bones - p. 892 93. Joints - p. 900 94. Muscles - p. 908 95. Vascular Supply and Lymphatic Drainage - p. 919 96. Innervation - p. 923 97. Axilla - p. 927 98. Chapter 50. Elbow and forearm - p. 928 99. Chapter 51. Wrist and hand - p. 955 100. Skin and Soft Tissues - p. 955 101. Bones - p. 960 102. Joints - p. 964 103. Muscles - p. 973 104. Movements of the Hand - p. 980 105. Vascular Supply - p. 980 106. Innervation - p. 983 107. Surface Anatomy of the Wrist And Hand - p. 985 108. Commentary 6.1. Nerve biomechanics - p. 986 109. Commentary 6.2. The anatomy and variation of the coracoid attachment of the subclavius muscle and its relation to the clavi-coraco-axillary aponeurosis - p. 987 110. Commentary 6.3. Instability of the shoulder – a neurological disease - p. 987 111. Section 7. Thorax - p. 990 112. Chapter 52. Thorax: overview and surface anatomy - p. 990 113. Chapter 53. Chest wall and breast - p. 997 114. Lungs and respiratory diaphragm - p. 1020 115. Chapter 54. Pleura, lungs, trachea and bronchi - p. 1020 116. Chapter 55. Respiratory diaphragm and phrenic nerves - p. 1037 117. Heart and mediastinum - p. 1047 118. Chapter 56. Mediastinum - p. 1047 119. Chapter 57. Heart - p. 1066 120. Chapter 58. Great vessels - p. 1097 121. Commentary 7.1. Breast cancer - p. 1103 122. Commentary 7.2. Computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) of anomalous coronary vasculature - p. 1105 123. Section 8. Abdomen and Pelvis - p. 1107 124. Chapter 59. Abdomen and pelvis: Overview and surface anatomy - p. 1107 125. Chapter 60. Anterior abdominal wall - p. 1121 126. Chapter 61. Posterior abdominal wall and retroperitoneum - p. 1136 127. Chapter 62. Peritoneum, mesentery and peritoneal cavity - p. 1150 128. Gastrointestinal tract - p. 1160 129. Chapter 63. Abdominal oesophagus and stomach - p. 1160 130. Chapter 64. Small intestine - p. 1173 131. Chapter 65. Large intestine - p. 1185 132. Abdominal viscera - p. 1205 133. Chapter 66. Liver - p. 1205 134. Chapter 67. Gallbladder and biliary tree - p. 1217 135. Chapter 68. Pancreas - p. 1223 136. Chapter 69. Spleen - p. 1232 137. Chapter 70. Suprarenal gland - p. 1239 138. Urogenital system - p. 1244 139. Chapter 71. Lesser pelvis and perineum - p. 1244 140. Chapter 72. Kidney and ureter - p. 1259 141. Chapter 73. Bladder, prostate and urethra - p. 1276 142. Chapter 74. Male reproductive system - p. 1292 143. Chapter 75. Female reproductive system - p. 1307 144. Commentary 8.1. The mesentery and the mesenteric model of abdominal compartmentalization - p. 1330 145. Section 9. Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb - p. 1330 146. Chapter 76. Pelvic girdle and lower limb: Overview and surface anatomy - p. 1330 147. Chapter 77. Pelvic girdle, hip, gluteal region and thigh - p. 1352 148. Skin and Soft Tissues - p. 1352 149. Bones - p. 1354 150. Joints - p. 1366 151. Muscles - p. 1374 152. Vascular Supply and Lymphatic Drainage - p. 1387 153. Innervation - p. 1391 154. Chapter 78. Knee and leg - p. 1395 155. Chapter 79. Ankle and foot - p. 1429 156. Commentary 9.1. Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the pelvis - p. 1465 157. Commentary 9.2. A proposed novel action of psoas minor - p. 1465 158. Commentary 9.3. Anterolateral ligament of the knee - p. 1465 159. Chapter 80. The anatomy of the peripheral nervous system - p. 1465 160. Cranial Nerves - p. 1465 161. Olfactory nerve - p. 1465 162. Optic Nerve - p. 1465 163. Oculomotor Nerve - p. 1465 164. Trochlear Nerve - p. 1465 165. Trigeminal Nerve - p. 1465 166. Abducens Nerve - p. 1465 167. Facial nerve - p. 1465 168. Vestibulocochlear Nerve - p. 1465 169. Glossopharyngeal Nerve - p. 1465 170. Vagus nerve - p. 1465 171. Accessory nerve - p. 1465 172. Hypoglossal Nerve - p. 1465 173. Spinal Nerves - p. 1465 174. Rami of the Spinal Nerves - p. 1465 175. Peripheral Nerve Plexuses - p. 1465 176. Autonomic Nervous System - p. 1465 177. Sympathetic Nervous System - p. 1465 178. Parasympathetic Nervous System - p. 1465 179. Autonomic Plexuses - p. 1465 180. Enteric Nervous System - p. 1465 181. Chapter 81. The anatomy of the vascular and lymphatic systems - p. 1465 182. Arterial Supply of the Head and Neck - p. 1465 183. Arterial Supply of the Brain and Meninges - p. 1465 184. Arterial Supply of the Spinal Cord, Roots and Nerves - p. 1465 185. Arterial Supply of the Thorax, Abdomen and Pelvis - p. 1465 186. Subclavian Artery and Arterial Supply of the Upper Limb - p. 1465 187. Arterial Supply of the Lower Limb - p. 1465 188. Venous Drainage of the Head and Neck - p. 1465 189. Venous Drainage of the Brain and Spinal Cord - p. 1465 190. Venous Drainage of the Vertebral Column - p. 1465 191. Venous Drainage of the Upper Limb - p. 1465 192. Venous Drainage of the Thorax - p. 1465 193. Venous Drainage of the Abdomen and Pelvis - p. 1465 194. Venous Drainage of the Lower Limb - p. 1465 195. Lymphatic Drainage - p. 1465 196. Lymphatic Drainage of the Head and Neck - p. 1465 197. Lymphatic Drainage of the Thorax - p. 1465 198. Lymphatic Drainage of the Abdomen and Pelvis - p. 1465 199. Lymphatic Drainage of the Vertebral Column - p. 1465 200. Lymphatic Drainage of the Limbs - p. 1465 201. Commentary I.1. A note on anatomy from an imaging perspective - p. 1465 202. Commentary I.2. Technical aspects and applications of diagnostic radiology - p. 1465 203. Commentary I.3. Imaging the ageing musculoskeletal system - p. 1465 204. Commentary I.4. Cinematic rendering offers entirely new possibilities for studying human anatomy - p. 1465 205. Eponyms - p. 1465 206. Subject Index - p. 1465
Susan Standring, MBE, PhD, DSc, FKC, Hon FAS, Hon FRCS
Trust Gray’s. Building on over 160 years of anatomical excellence
In 1858, Drs Henry Gray and Henry Vandyke Carter created a book for their surgical colleagues that established an enduring standard among anatomical texts. After more than 160 years of continuous publication, Gray’s Anatomy remains the definitive, comprehensive reference on the subject, offering ready access to the information you need to ensure safe, effective practice.
This 42nd edition has been meticulously revised and updated throughout, reflecting the very latest understanding of clinical anatomy from the world’s leading clinicians and biomedical scientists. The book’s acclaimed, lavish art programme and clear text has been further enhanced, while major advances in imaging techniques and the new insights they bring are fully captured in state of the art X-ray, CT, MR and ultrasonic images.
The accompanying eBook version is richly enhanced with additional content and media, covering all the body regions, cell biology, development and embryogenesis – and now includes two new systems-orientated chapters. This combines to unlock a whole new level of related information and interactivity, in keeping with the spirit of innovation that has characterised Gray’s Anatomy since its inception.
The result is a more complete, practical and engaging resource than ever before, which will prove invaluable to all clinicians who require an accurate, in-depth knowledge of anatomy.
1. Historical Introduction - p. xv.e1 2. Anatomical Nomenclature - p. xvi 3. Section 1. Cells, Tissues and Systems - p. xvii 4. Chapter 1. Basic structure and function of cells - p. 1 5. Chapter 2. Integrating cells into tissues - p. 28.e2 6. Chapter 3. Nervous system - p. 43 7. Chapter 4. Blood, lymphoid tissues and haemopoiesis - p. 71 8. Chapter 5. Functional anatomy of the musculoskeletal system - p. 85 9. Cartilage - p. 85 10. Bone - p. 88 11. Joints - p. 100 12. Muscle - p. 107 13. Tendons and Ligaments - p. 118 14. Biomechanics - p. 120 15. Chapter 6. Smooth muscle and the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems - p. 127 16. Chapter 7. Skin and its appendages - p. 145 17. Commentary 1.1. Fluorescence microscopy today: A perspective - p. 165 18. Commentary 1.2. Electron microscopy in the twenty-first century - p. 166 19. Commentary 1.3. Metaplasia - p. 166 20. Commentary 1.4. Merkel cells - p. 166 21. Commentary 1.5. The reaction of peripheral nerves to injury - p. 166 22. Commentary 1.6. A critical evaluation of the current status of myofascial chains - p. 166 23. Section 2. Embryogenesis and Development - p. 166 24. Chapter 8. Preimplantation development - p. 166 25. Chapter 9. Implantation and placentation - p. 177 26. Chapter 10. Cell populations at gastrulation - p. 188 27. Chapter 11. Overarching concepts in development - p. 195 28. Chapter 12. Cell populations at the start of organogenesis - p. 200 29. Chapter 13. Development of the heart and circulation - p. 206 30. Chapter 14. Development of the nervous system - p. 233 31. Chapter 15. Development of the eye - p. 264 32. Chapter 16. Development of the ear - p. 268 33. Chapter 17. Development of the head and neck - p. 271 34. Chapter 18. Development of the back - p. 292 35. Chapter 19. Development of the limbs - p. 303 36. Chapter 20. Development of the lungs, thorax and respiratory diaphragm - p. 314 37. Chapter 21. Development of the peritoneal cavity, gastrointestinal tract and its adnexae - p. 322 38. Chapter 22. Development of the urogenital system - p. 341 39. Chapter 23. Pre- and postnatal growth and the neonate - p. 365 40. Commentary 2.1. Head–trunk interface in the vertebrate embryo - p. 384 41. Section 3. Neuroanatomy - p. 385 42. Chapter 24. Overview of the nervous system - p. 385 43. Chapter 25. Meninges and ventricular system - p. 397 44. Chapter 26. Vascular supply and drainage of the brain - p. 415 45. Chapter 27. Spinal cord - p. 425 46. Chapter 28. Brainstem - p. 441 47. Chapter 29. Cerebellum - p. 465 48. Chapter 30. Diencephalon - p. 489 49. Chapter 31. Basal ganglia - p. 503 50. Chapter 32. Cerebral hemispheres - p. 512 51. Cerebral Hemisphere Surfaces, Sulci and GYRI - p. 512 52. Neuronal Types in the Cerebral Cortex - p. 514 53. Maps of the Human Cerebral Cortex - p. 515 54. Transmitters in the Human Cerebral Cortex - p. 515 55. Fundamental Segregation of Cortical Structures - p. 516 56. White Matter of the Cerebral Hemispheres - p. 534 57. Commentary 3.1. Comparative anatomy of the corticospinal system - p. 542 58. Section 4. Head and Neck - p. 545 59. Chapter 33. Head and neck: Overview and surface anatomy - p. 545 60. Head and neck - p. 558 61. Chapter 34. The skull - p. 558 62. Chapter 35. Neck - p. 573 63. Chapter 36. Face and scalp - p. 607 64. Upper aerodigestive tract - p. 636 65. Chapter 37. Mouth - p. 636 66. Chapter 38. Infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae and temporomandibular joint - p. 664 67. Chapter 39. Nose, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses - p. 686 68. Chapter 40. Pharynx - p. 701 69. Chapter 41. Larynx - p. 717 70. Special senses - p. 735 71. Chapter 42. External and middle ear - p. 735 72. Chapter 43. Inner ear - p. 752 73. Chapter 44. Orbit and accessory visual apparatus - p. 769 74. Chapter 45. Eye - p. 790 75. Section 5. Back - p. 814 76. Chapter 46. Back - p. 814 77. Skin - p. 814 78. Fascial Layers - p. 814 79. Bones - p. 817 80. Ligaments of the Vertebral Column - p. 835 81. Joints - p. 837 82. Muscles - p. 843 83. Movements of the Vertebral Column - p. 849 84. Posture and Ergonomics - p. 851 85. Surface Anatomy - p. 851 86. Clinical Examination - p. 853 87. Chapter 47. Spinal cord and spinal nerves: gross anatomy - p. 856 88. Section 6. Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb - p. 868 89. Chapter 48. Pectoral girdle and upper limb: Overview and surface anatomy - p. 868 90. Chapter 49. Shoulder girdle and arm - p. 890 91. Skin and Soft Tissues - p. 890 92. Bones - p. 892 93. Joints - p. 900 94. Muscles - p. 908 95. Vascular Supply and Lymphatic Drainage - p. 919 96. Innervation - p. 923 97. Axilla - p. 927 98. Chapter 50. Elbow and forearm - p. 928 99. Chapter 51. Wrist and hand - p. 955 100. Skin and Soft Tissues - p. 955 101. Bones - p. 960 102. Joints - p. 964 103. Muscles - p. 973 104. Movements of the Hand - p. 980 105. Vascular Supply - p. 980 106. Innervation - p. 983 107. Surface Anatomy of the Wrist And Hand - p. 985 108. Commentary 6.1. Nerve biomechanics - p. 986 109. Commentary 6.2. The anatomy and variation of the coracoid attachment of the subclavius muscle and its relation to the clavi-coraco-axillary aponeurosis - p. 987 110. Commentary 6.3. Instability of the shoulder – a neurological disease - p. 987 111. Section 7. Thorax - p. 990 112. Chapter 52. Thorax: overview and surface anatomy - p. 990 113. Chapter 53. Chest wall and breast - p. 997 114. Lungs and respiratory diaphragm - p. 1020 115. Chapter 54. Pleura, lungs, trachea and bronchi - p. 1020 116. Chapter 55. Respiratory diaphragm and phrenic nerves - p. 1037 117. Heart and mediastinum - p. 1047 118. Chapter 56. Mediastinum - p. 1047 119. Chapter 57. Heart - p. 1066 120. Chapter 58. Great vessels - p. 1097 121. Commentary 7.1. Breast cancer - p. 1103 122. Commentary 7.2. Computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) of anomalous coronary vasculature - p. 1105 123. Section 8. Abdomen and Pelvis - p. 1107 124. Chapter 59. Abdomen and pelvis: Overview and surface anatomy - p. 1107 125. Chapter 60. Anterior abdominal wall - p. 1121 126. Chapter 61. Posterior abdominal wall and retroperitoneum - p. 1136 127. Chapter 62. Peritoneum, mesentery and peritoneal cavity - p. 1150 128. Gastrointestinal tract - p. 1160 129. Chapter 63. Abdominal oesophagus and stomach - p. 1160 130. Chapter 64. Small intestine - p. 1173 131. Chapter 65. Large intestine - p. 1185 132. Abdominal viscera - p. 1205 133. Chapter 66. Liver - p. 1205 134. Chapter 67. Gallbladder and biliary tree - p. 1217 135. Chapter 68. Pancreas - p. 1223 136. Chapter 69. Spleen - p. 1232 137. Chapter 70. Suprarenal gland - p. 1239 138. Urogenital system - p. 1244 139. Chapter 71. Lesser pelvis and perineum - p. 1244 140. Chapter 72. Kidney and ureter - p. 1259 141. Chapter 73. Bladder, prostate and urethra - p. 1276 142. Chapter 74. Male reproductive system - p. 1292 143. Chapter 75. Female reproductive system - p. 1307 144. Commentary 8.1. The mesentery and the mesenteric model of abdominal compartmentalization - p. 1330 145. Section 9. Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb - p. 1330 146. Chapter 76. Pelvic girdle and lower limb: Overview and surface anatomy - p. 1330 147. Chapter 77. Pelvic girdle, hip, gluteal region and thigh - p. 1352 148. Skin and Soft Tissues - p. 1352 149. Bones - p. 1354 150. Joints - p. 1366 151. Muscles - p. 1374 152. Vascular Supply and Lymphatic Drainage - p. 1387 153. Innervation - p. 1391 154. Chapter 78. Knee and leg - p. 1395 155. Chapter 79. Ankle and foot - p. 1429 156. Commentary 9.1. Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the pelvis - p. 1465 157. Commentary 9.2. A proposed novel action of psoas minor - p. 1465 158. Commentary 9.3. Anterolateral ligament of the knee - p. 1465 159. Chapter 80. The anatomy of the peripheral nervous system - p. 1465 160. Cranial Nerves - p. 1465 161. Olfactory nerve - p. 1465 162. Optic Nerve - p. 1465 163. Oculomotor Nerve - p. 1465 164. Trochlear Nerve - p. 1465 165. Trigeminal Nerve - p. 1465 166. Abducens Nerve - p. 1465 167. Facial nerve - p. 1465 168. Vestibulocochlear Nerve - p. 1465 169. Glossopharyngeal Nerve - p. 1465 170. Vagus nerve - p. 1465 171. Accessory nerve - p. 1465 172. Hypoglossal Nerve - p. 1465 173. Spinal Nerves - p. 1465 174. Rami of the Spinal Nerves - p. 1465 175. Peripheral Nerve Plexuses - p. 1465 176. Autonomic Nervous System - p. 1465 177. Sympathetic Nervous System - p. 1465 178. Parasympathetic Nervous System - p. 1465 179. Autonomic Plexuses - p. 1465 180. Enteric Nervous System - p. 1465 181. Chapter 81. The anatomy of the vascular and lymphatic systems - p. 1465 182. Arterial Supply of the Head and Neck - p. 1465 183. Arterial Supply of the Brain and Meninges - p. 1465 184. Arterial Supply of the Spinal Cord, Roots and Nerves - p. 1465 185. Arterial Supply of the Thorax, Abdomen and Pelvis - p. 1465 186. Subclavian Artery and Arterial Supply of the Upper Limb - p. 1465 187. Arterial Supply of the Lower Limb - p. 1465 188. Venous Drainage of the Head and Neck - p. 1465 189. Venous Drainage of the Brain and Spinal Cord - p. 1465 190. Venous Drainage of the Vertebral Column - p. 1465 191. Venous Drainage of the Upper Limb - p. 1465 192. Venous Drainage of the Thorax - p. 1465 193. Venous Drainage of the Abdomen and Pelvis - p. 1465 194. Venous Drainage of the Lower Limb - p. 1465 195. Lymphatic Drainage - p. 1465 196. Lymphatic Drainage of the Head and Neck - p. 1465 197. Lymphatic Drainage of the Thorax - p. 1465 198. Lymphatic Drainage of the Abdomen and Pelvis - p. 1465 199. Lymphatic Drainage of the Vertebral Column - p. 1465 200. Lymphatic Drainage of the Limbs - p. 1465 201. Commentary I.1. A note on anatomy from an imaging perspective - p. 1465 202. Commentary I.2. Technical aspects and applications of diagnostic radiology - p. 1465 203. Commentary I.3. Imaging the ageing musculoskeletal system - p. 1465 204. Commentary I.4. Cinematic rendering offers entirely new possibilities for studying human anatomy - p. 1465 205. Eponyms - p. 1465 206. Subject Index - p. 1465
