Advanced Smart Hydrogel Modeling provides structured computational models alongside experimental validation for predicting hydrogel performance under complex biochemical and physical stimuli. Guidance on using these models in specific biomedical and engineering applications is also covered, as are the latest developments in the area of hydrogels. Stimuli discussed include magnetic field, pressure coupled with temperature, pH coupled with magnetic field, salt concentration, light, glucose or carbohydrate concentration, urea concentration, and pH coupled with oxygen concentration.
The book also includes a chapter discussing the plant mimosa pudica as a smart natural plant system, focusing on two-dimensional biochemical-electrical-mechanical transient models to capture its rapid collapse and slow recovery movements, providing a bridge from smart artificial synthesis materials to smart natural materials.
1. 1. Introduction - p. 1 2. 2. Development of Multi-Effect-Coupling Magnetic-Stimulus (MECm) Model for Magnetic-Sensitive Hydrogels - p. 29 3. 2.1 Introduction - p. 29 4. 2.2 Theoretical Assumptions - p. 29 5. 2.3 Formulation for the MECm model - p. 30 6. 2.4 Simplification of the MECm Model for Equilibrium State - p. 43 7. 2.5 Extension of the MECm Model for Moving Fluid Environment - p. 47 8. 2.6 Examinations of the MECm Model - p. 50 9. 2.7 Optimization for Magnetic Hydrogels and Design for Devices Based on Hydrogels - p. 60 10. 2.8 Remarks - p. 80 11. 3. Development of Multi-Effect-Coupling Magnetic-pH-Stimuli (MECmpH) Model for Dual Magnetic-pH-Sensitive Hydrogels - p. 91 12. 4. Development of Magneto-Mechanical Model for Magnetic Elastomers Based Microactuators - p. 115 13. 5. Development of Multi-Effect-Coupling Ionic-Strength-Stimulus (MECis) Model for Ionic-Strength-Sensitive Hydrogel - p. 133 14. 5.1 Introduction - p. 133 15. 5.2 MECis Model Developed within Three-Dimensional Domain - p. 134 16. 5.3 MECis Model Developed within One-Dimensional Domain - p. 146 17. 5.4 Remarks of MECis Model - p. 149 18. 5.5 Equilibrium Analysis of the Smart Hydrogel - p. 150 19. 5.5.1 Introduction - p. 150 20. 5.5.2 Numerical Technique - p. 151 21. 5.5.3 Validation of the MECis Model at Steady State - p. 160 22. 5.5.3.1 Comparison with Published Experiments - p. 161 23. 5.5.3.2 Comparison with Other Published Theories - p. 172 24. 5.5.3.3 Remarks on Validation for the Steady-State MECis Model - p. 176 25. 5.5.4 Parameter Studies - p. 176 26. 5.5.5 Remarks of Equilibrium Analysis - p. 198 27. 5.6 Kinetic Analysis of the Smart Hydrogel - p. 200 28. 5.6.1 Introduction - p. 200 29. 5.6.2 Numerical Technique - p. 200 30. 5.6.3 Validation of the Transient MECis Model - p. 211 31. 5.6.3.1 Kinetics of Reversible Swelling-Shrinking HMDT - p. 211 32. 5.6.3.2 Kinetics of Reversible Swelling-Shrinking CPMA - p. 213 33. 5.6.3.3 Kinetics of Shrinking SMA - p. 215 34. 5.6.3.4 Kinetics of Shrinking HEMA–VBT - p. 216 35. 5.6.4 Parameter Studies - p. 218 36. 5.6.5 Remarks of Kinetics Analysis - p. 233 37. 6. Development of Multi-Effect-Coupling Photostimulation (MECp) Model for Photosensitive Hydrogel - p. 239 38. 6.1 Development of MECp Model - p. 239 39. 6.1.1 Kinetics for Chemical Reactions - p. 239 40. 6.1.2 Conservation Law of Mass - p. 246 41. 6.1.3 Conservation Law of Momentum - p. 250 42. 6.1.4 Electrostatic Field - p. 251 43. 6.1.5 Thermodynamics Based Constitutive Relationship - p. 252 44. 6.2 Procedure for Simulation - p. 259 45. 6.3 Examination for the MECp Model - p. 267 46. 6.4 Case Studies of Photosensitive Hydrogel in Response to Multiple Stimuli - p. 268 47. 6.5 Remarks for the MECp Model - p. 281 48. 7. Development of Multi-Effect-Coupling Glucose-Stimulus (MECglu) Model for Glucose-Sensitive Hydrogel - p. 285 49. 7.1 Introduction - p. 285 50. 7.2 MECglu Formulation - p. 286 51. 7.2.1 Hydrogel Swelling Mechanism and Assumptions - p. 286 52. 7.2.2 MECglu Formulations - p. 289 53. 7.2.2.1 Diffusions and Reactions - p. 290 54. 7.2.2.2 Electric Potential Distributed Spatially via Poisson Equation - p. 300 55. 7.2.2.3 Density of Fixed Charges - p. 301 56. 7.2.2.4 Nonlinear Elastic Deformation - p. 305 57. 7.2.2.5 One-Dimensional MECglu Governing Equations - p. 310 58. 7.2.2.6 Boundary Conditions - p. 311 59. 7.3 Examinations for MECglu Formulations - p. 312 60. 7.4 Parameter Studies - p. 316 61. 7.5 Conclusions - p. 358 62. 8. Development of Multi-Effect-Coupling Urea-Stimulus (MECu) Model for Urease-Loaded Hydrogels - p. 371 63. 8.1 Introduction - p. 371 64. 8.2 Formulations of MECu Model - p. 371 65. 8.3 Validations of Model - p. 380 66. 8.4 Case Studies and Discussion - p. 391 67. 8.5 Remarks - p. 412 68. 9. Development of Multi-Effect-Coupling Oxygen-pH-Stimuli (MECopH) Model for Hemoglobin-Loaded Polyelectrolyte Hydrogels - p. 419 69. 9.1 Introduction - p. 419 70. 9.2 Formulation of the MECopH Model - p. 419 71. 9.3 Implementation of Numerical Simulations - p. 424 72. 9.4 Examinations of the MECopH Model With Published Experiments - p. 425 73. 9.5 Case Studies and Discussion - p. 430 74. 9.6 Remarks - p. 455 75. 10. Development of Multi-Effect-Coupling Pressure-Thermal-Stimuli (MECpresstherm) Model for Dual Pressure-Thermal-Sensitive Hydrogels - p. 459 76. 11. Mechanical Characteristics of Gel, Dielectric Gel, and Smart Hydrogel by Finite Element Analysis - p. 477 77. 11.1 Introduction - p. 477 78. 11.2 Transient Gels Immersed Inside Solvent - p. 479 79. 11.3 Steady-State Dielectric Gels - p. 507 80. 11.4 Remarks for Gel and Dielectric Gel - p. 521 81. 11.5 Modeling of Fractures in Thermosensitive Hydrogels With Nonlinear Deformations and Diffusion - p. 522 82. 12. Development of Chemo-Electro-Thermo-Mechanical Models for Transitions of Phases in Physical Hydrogels Between Gel and Solution Phases Identified via Density of Crosslinks - p. 569 83. 12.1 Introduction - p. 569 84. 12.2 Models for Transitions of Phases for Physical Hydrogels via Sharp Interfaces via Configurational Forces - p. 570 85. 12.2.1 Brief Background and Assumptions - p. 571 86. 12.2.2 Three-Dimensional Formulations - p. 572 87. 12.2.2.1 Kinematics - p. 572 88. 12.2.2.2 Force Balance - p. 575 89. 12.2.2.3 Mass Conservation - p. 576 90. 12.2.2.4 Energy Conservation - p. 577 91. 12.2.2.5 Entropy Subjected to the Second Law of Thermodynamics - p. 580 92. 12.2.2.6 Constitutive Equation - p. 583 93. 12.2.2.7 Novel Formulations for Free Energy of Bulk Phase with Effects of Crosslinking Density - p. 586 94. 12.2.2.8 Surface Tensions - p. 591 95. 12.2.3 Reduction of Models to One-Dimensional Domain - p. 592 96. 12.2.3.1 Forces - p. 592 97. 12.2.3.2 Temperatures - p. 594 98. 12.2.3.3 Electrochemical Potentials - p. 594 99. 12.2.3.4 Electric Fields - p. 595 100. 12.2.3.5 Density of Crosslinks and Identification of Phases - p. 595 101. 12.2.3.6 States of Equilibrium - p. 596 102. 12.2.3.7 Kinetics - p. 597 103. 12.2.4 Case Studies via Numerical Simulations - p. 598 104. 12.2.5 Remarks - p. 606 105. 12.3 A Model for Physical Hydrogel Phase Transitions with Diffuse Interfaces - p. 608 106. 12.3.1 Brief Background and Assumptions - p. 608 107. 12.3.2 Three-Dimensional Formulations - p. 609 108. 12.3.2.1 Force Balance - p. 609 109. 12.3.2.2 Mass Conservation - p. 610 110. 12.3.2.3 Energy Conservation - p. 610 111. 12.3.2.4 Entropy Subjected to the Second Law of Thermodynamics - p. 611 112. 12.3.2.5 Constitutive Equation - p. 613 113. 12.3.2.6 Kinetics: Density of Crosslinks as a Parameter of Thermodynamically Consistent Phase Field - p. 615 114. 12.3.2.7 Double-Well Free Energies Identified via Density of Crosslinks - p. 616 115. 12.3.3 Reduction of Models to One-Dimensional Study - p. 618 116. 12.3.4 Case Studies via Numerical Simulations - p. 622 117. 12.3.5 Remarks - p. 632 118. 13. Theoretically Modeling Extension to Mimosa pudica as a Smart Natural Plant System: Development of Two-Dimensional Biochemical-Electrical-Mechanical Transient Models for Rapid Collapse and Slow Recovery Movements of Mimosa pudica - p. 637 119. 13.1 Formulations of the Multiphysics Models with Biochemical, Electrical and Mechanical Coupled Field - p. 637 120. 13.2 Experiments of Rapid Collapse and Slow Recovery Movements of Mimosa pudica - p. 657 121. 13.3 Validations of the Models with Published Experiments - p. 673 122. 13.4 Parameter Study for Important Effects on Bending Angle Δθ - p. 681 123. 13.5 Remarks for Collapse Movement of Mimosa pudica - p. 684 124. 13.6 Modifications of the Two-Dimensional Biochemical-Electrical-Mechanical Transient Models for Slow Recovery Movement of Mimosa pudica - p. 684 125. Index - p. 717
Advanced Smart Hydrogel Modeling provides structured computational models alongside experimental validation for predicting hydrogel performance under complex biochemical and physical stimuli. Guidance on using these models in specific biomedical and engineering applications is also covered, as are the latest developments in the area of hydrogels. Stimuli discussed include magnetic field, pressure coupled with temperature, pH coupled with magnetic field, salt concentration, light, glucose or carbohydrate concentration, urea concentration, and pH coupled with oxygen concentration.
The book also includes a chapter discussing the plant mimosa pudica as a smart natural plant system, focusing on two-dimensional biochemical-electrical-mechanical transient models to capture its rapid collapse and slow recovery movements, providing a bridge from smart artificial synthesis materials to smart natural materials.
1. 1. Introduction - p. 1 2. 2. Development of Multi-Effect-Coupling Magnetic-Stimulus (MECm) Model for Magnetic-Sensitive Hydrogels - p. 29 3. 2.1 Introduction - p. 29 4. 2.2 Theoretical Assumptions - p. 29 5. 2.3 Formulation for the MECm model - p. 30 6. 2.4 Simplification of the MECm Model for Equilibrium State - p. 43 7. 2.5 Extension of the MECm Model for Moving Fluid Environment - p. 47 8. 2.6 Examinations of the MECm Model - p. 50 9. 2.7 Optimization for Magnetic Hydrogels and Design for Devices Based on Hydrogels - p. 60 10. 2.8 Remarks - p. 80 11. 3. Development of Multi-Effect-Coupling Magnetic-pH-Stimuli (MECmpH) Model for Dual Magnetic-pH-Sensitive Hydrogels - p. 91 12. 4. Development of Magneto-Mechanical Model for Magnetic Elastomers Based Microactuators - p. 115 13. 5. Development of Multi-Effect-Coupling Ionic-Strength-Stimulus (MECis) Model for Ionic-Strength-Sensitive Hydrogel - p. 133 14. 5.1 Introduction - p. 133 15. 5.2 MECis Model Developed within Three-Dimensional Domain - p. 134 16. 5.3 MECis Model Developed within One-Dimensional Domain - p. 146 17. 5.4 Remarks of MECis Model - p. 149 18. 5.5 Equilibrium Analysis of the Smart Hydrogel - p. 150 19. 5.5.1 Introduction - p. 150 20. 5.5.2 Numerical Technique - p. 151 21. 5.5.3 Validation of the MECis Model at Steady State - p. 160 22. 5.5.3.1 Comparison with Published Experiments - p. 161 23. 5.5.3.2 Comparison with Other Published Theories - p. 172 24. 5.5.3.3 Remarks on Validation for the Steady-State MECis Model - p. 176 25. 5.5.4 Parameter Studies - p. 176 26. 5.5.5 Remarks of Equilibrium Analysis - p. 198 27. 5.6 Kinetic Analysis of the Smart Hydrogel - p. 200 28. 5.6.1 Introduction - p. 200 29. 5.6.2 Numerical Technique - p. 200 30. 5.6.3 Validation of the Transient MECis Model - p. 211 31. 5.6.3.1 Kinetics of Reversible Swelling-Shrinking HMDT - p. 211 32. 5.6.3.2 Kinetics of Reversible Swelling-Shrinking CPMA - p. 213 33. 5.6.3.3 Kinetics of Shrinking SMA - p. 215 34. 5.6.3.4 Kinetics of Shrinking HEMA–VBT - p. 216 35. 5.6.4 Parameter Studies - p. 218 36. 5.6.5 Remarks of Kinetics Analysis - p. 233 37. 6. Development of Multi-Effect-Coupling Photostimulation (MECp) Model for Photosensitive Hydrogel - p. 239 38. 6.1 Development of MECp Model - p. 239 39. 6.1.1 Kinetics for Chemical Reactions - p. 239 40. 6.1.2 Conservation Law of Mass - p. 246 41. 6.1.3 Conservation Law of Momentum - p. 250 42. 6.1.4 Electrostatic Field - p. 251 43. 6.1.5 Thermodynamics Based Constitutive Relationship - p. 252 44. 6.2 Procedure for Simulation - p. 259 45. 6.3 Examination for the MECp Model - p. 267 46. 6.4 Case Studies of Photosensitive Hydrogel in Response to Multiple Stimuli - p. 268 47. 6.5 Remarks for the MECp Model - p. 281 48. 7. Development of Multi-Effect-Coupling Glucose-Stimulus (MECglu) Model for Glucose-Sensitive Hydrogel - p. 285 49. 7.1 Introduction - p. 285 50. 7.2 MECglu Formulation - p. 286 51. 7.2.1 Hydrogel Swelling Mechanism and Assumptions - p. 286 52. 7.2.2 MECglu Formulations - p. 289 53. 7.2.2.1 Diffusions and Reactions - p. 290 54. 7.2.2.2 Electric Potential Distributed Spatially via Poisson Equation - p. 300 55. 7.2.2.3 Density of Fixed Charges - p. 301 56. 7.2.2.4 Nonlinear Elastic Deformation - p. 305 57. 7.2.2.5 One-Dimensional MECglu Governing Equations - p. 310 58. 7.2.2.6 Boundary Conditions - p. 311 59. 7.3 Examinations for MECglu Formulations - p. 312 60. 7.4 Parameter Studies - p. 316 61. 7.5 Conclusions - p. 358 62. 8. Development of Multi-Effect-Coupling Urea-Stimulus (MECu) Model for Urease-Loaded Hydrogels - p. 371 63. 8.1 Introduction - p. 371 64. 8.2 Formulations of MECu Model - p. 371 65. 8.3 Validations of Model - p. 380 66. 8.4 Case Studies and Discussion - p. 391 67. 8.5 Remarks - p. 412 68. 9. Development of Multi-Effect-Coupling Oxygen-pH-Stimuli (MECopH) Model for Hemoglobin-Loaded Polyelectrolyte Hydrogels - p. 419 69. 9.1 Introduction - p. 419 70. 9.2 Formulation of the MECopH Model - p. 419 71. 9.3 Implementation of Numerical Simulations - p. 424 72. 9.4 Examinations of the MECopH Model With Published Experiments - p. 425 73. 9.5 Case Studies and Discussion - p. 430 74. 9.6 Remarks - p. 455 75. 10. Development of Multi-Effect-Coupling Pressure-Thermal-Stimuli (MECpresstherm) Model for Dual Pressure-Thermal-Sensitive Hydrogels - p. 459 76. 11. Mechanical Characteristics of Gel, Dielectric Gel, and Smart Hydrogel by Finite Element Analysis - p. 477 77. 11.1 Introduction - p. 477 78. 11.2 Transient Gels Immersed Inside Solvent - p. 479 79. 11.3 Steady-State Dielectric Gels - p. 507 80. 11.4 Remarks for Gel and Dielectric Gel - p. 521 81. 11.5 Modeling of Fractures in Thermosensitive Hydrogels With Nonlinear Deformations and Diffusion - p. 522 82. 12. Development of Chemo-Electro-Thermo-Mechanical Models for Transitions of Phases in Physical Hydrogels Between Gel and Solution Phases Identified via Density of Crosslinks - p. 569 83. 12.1 Introduction - p. 569 84. 12.2 Models for Transitions of Phases for Physical Hydrogels via Sharp Interfaces via Configurational Forces - p. 570 85. 12.2.1 Brief Background and Assumptions - p. 571 86. 12.2.2 Three-Dimensional Formulations - p. 572 87. 12.2.2.1 Kinematics - p. 572 88. 12.2.2.2 Force Balance - p. 575 89. 12.2.2.3 Mass Conservation - p. 576 90. 12.2.2.4 Energy Conservation - p. 577 91. 12.2.2.5 Entropy Subjected to the Second Law of Thermodynamics - p. 580 92. 12.2.2.6 Constitutive Equation - p. 583 93. 12.2.2.7 Novel Formulations for Free Energy of Bulk Phase with Effects of Crosslinking Density - p. 586 94. 12.2.2.8 Surface Tensions - p. 591 95. 12.2.3 Reduction of Models to One-Dimensional Domain - p. 592 96. 12.2.3.1 Forces - p. 592 97. 12.2.3.2 Temperatures - p. 594 98. 12.2.3.3 Electrochemical Potentials - p. 594 99. 12.2.3.4 Electric Fields - p. 595 100. 12.2.3.5 Density of Crosslinks and Identification of Phases - p. 595 101. 12.2.3.6 States of Equilibrium - p. 596 102. 12.2.3.7 Kinetics - p. 597 103. 12.2.4 Case Studies via Numerical Simulations - p. 598 104. 12.2.5 Remarks - p. 606 105. 12.3 A Model for Physical Hydrogel Phase Transitions with Diffuse Interfaces - p. 608 106. 12.3.1 Brief Background and Assumptions - p. 608 107. 12.3.2 Three-Dimensional Formulations - p. 609 108. 12.3.2.1 Force Balance - p. 609 109. 12.3.2.2 Mass Conservation - p. 610 110. 12.3.2.3 Energy Conservation - p. 610 111. 12.3.2.4 Entropy Subjected to the Second Law of Thermodynamics - p. 611 112. 12.3.2.5 Constitutive Equation - p. 613 113. 12.3.2.6 Kinetics: Density of Crosslinks as a Parameter of Thermodynamically Consistent Phase Field - p. 615 114. 12.3.2.7 Double-Well Free Energies Identified via Density of Crosslinks - p. 616 115. 12.3.3 Reduction of Models to One-Dimensional Study - p. 618 116. 12.3.4 Case Studies via Numerical Simulations - p. 622 117. 12.3.5 Remarks - p. 632 118. 13. Theoretically Modeling Extension to Mimosa pudica as a Smart Natural Plant System: Development of Two-Dimensional Biochemical-Electrical-Mechanical Transient Models for Rapid Collapse and Slow Recovery Movements of Mimosa pudica - p. 637 119. 13.1 Formulations of the Multiphysics Models with Biochemical, Electrical and Mechanical Coupled Field - p. 637 120. 13.2 Experiments of Rapid Collapse and Slow Recovery Movements of Mimosa pudica - p. 657 121. 13.3 Validations of the Models with Published Experiments - p. 673 122. 13.4 Parameter Study for Important Effects on Bending Angle Δθ - p. 681 123. 13.5 Remarks for Collapse Movement of Mimosa pudica - p. 684 124. 13.6 Modifications of the Two-Dimensional Biochemical-Electrical-Mechanical Transient Models for Slow Recovery Movement of Mimosa pudica - p. 684 125. Index - p. 717
