Toxic fire effluents are responsible for the majority of fire deaths, and an increasing large majority of fire injuries, driven by the widespread and increasing use of synthetic polymers. Fire safety has focused on preventing ignition and reducing flame spread through reducing the rate of heat release, while neglecting the important issue of fire toxicity. This is the first reference work on fire toxicity and the only scientific publication on the subject in the last 15 years.
Assessment of toxic effects of fires is increasingly being recognised as a key factor in the assessment of fire hazards. This book raises important issues including the types of toxic effluents that different fires produce, their physiological effects, methods for generation and assessment of fire toxicity, current and proposed regulations and approaches to modelling the toxic impact of fires.
The contributors to Fire toxicity represent an international team of the leading experts in each aspect of this challenging and important field. This book provides an important reference work for professionals in the fire community, including fire fighters, fire investigators, regulators, fire safety engineers, and formulators of fire-safe materials. It will also prove invaluable to researchers in academia and industry.
1. Part I: Introduction - p. xxxi 2. Chapter 1: Introduction to fire toxicity - p. xxxi 3. Chapter 2: Fire scenarios and combustion conditions - p. 25 4. Part II: Harmful effects of fire effluents - p. 47 5. Chapter 3: Hazards from smoke and irritants - p. 47 6. Chapter 4: Asphyxiant components of fire effluents - p. 117 7. Chapter 5: Effects of fire effluents on fire victims - p. 198 8. Part III: Biological assessment of fire toxicity - p. 213 9. Chapter 6: Experimental methods in combustion toxicology - p. 213 10. Chapter 7: Animal exposure studies - p. 228 11. Chapter 8: Application of human and animal exposure studies to human fire safety - p. 281 12. Chapter 9: In Vitro biological toxicity assessments for fire combustion products - p. 345 13. Chapter 10: A combined fire smoke and lung model test equipment - p. 365 14. Part IV: Toxicity assessment using chemical analysis - p. 382 15. Chapter 11: Sampling and measurement of toxic fire effluent - p. 382 16. Chapter 12: Bench-scale generation of fire effluents - p. 423 17. Chapter 13: Large-scale generation and characterisation of fire effluents - p. 460 18. Chapter 14: Effects of the material and fire conditions on toxic product yields - p. 514 19. Chapter 15: Estimation of toxicity during burning of common materials - p. 540 20. Part V: National and international fire safety regulations - p. 558 21. Chapter 16: Prescriptive regulations and tests considering the toxicity of fire effluents - p. 558 22. Chapter 17: An international standardised framework for prediction of fire gas toxicity - p. 582 23. Part VI: Numerical simulation of fires and their hazards - p. 603 24. Chapter 18: Computer simulation of fire hazards and evacuation - p. 603 25. Chapter 19: Toxic hazard calculation models for use with fire effluent data - p. 618 26. Chapter 20: Modelling fire growth and toxic gas formation - p. 636 27. Index - p. 667
Toxic fire effluents are responsible for the majority of fire deaths, and an increasing large majority of fire injuries, driven by the widespread and increasing use of synthetic polymers. Fire safety has focused on preventing ignition and reducing flame spread through reducing the rate of heat release, while neglecting the important issue of fire toxicity. This is the first reference work on fire toxicity and the only scientific publication on the subject in the last 15 years.
Assessment of toxic effects of fires is increasingly being recognised as a key factor in the assessment of fire hazards. This book raises important issues including the types of toxic effluents that different fires produce, their physiological effects, methods for generation and assessment of fire toxicity, current and proposed regulations and approaches to modelling the toxic impact of fires.
The contributors to Fire toxicity represent an international team of the leading experts in each aspect of this challenging and important field. This book provides an important reference work for professionals in the fire community, including fire fighters, fire investigators, regulators, fire safety engineers, and formulators of fire-safe materials. It will also prove invaluable to researchers in academia and industry.
1. Part I: Introduction - p. xxxi 2. Chapter 1: Introduction to fire toxicity - p. xxxi 3. Chapter 2: Fire scenarios and combustion conditions - p. 25 4. Part II: Harmful effects of fire effluents - p. 47 5. Chapter 3: Hazards from smoke and irritants - p. 47 6. Chapter 4: Asphyxiant components of fire effluents - p. 117 7. Chapter 5: Effects of fire effluents on fire victims - p. 198 8. Part III: Biological assessment of fire toxicity - p. 213 9. Chapter 6: Experimental methods in combustion toxicology - p. 213 10. Chapter 7: Animal exposure studies - p. 228 11. Chapter 8: Application of human and animal exposure studies to human fire safety - p. 281 12. Chapter 9: In Vitro biological toxicity assessments for fire combustion products - p. 345 13. Chapter 10: A combined fire smoke and lung model test equipment - p. 365 14. Part IV: Toxicity assessment using chemical analysis - p. 382 15. Chapter 11: Sampling and measurement of toxic fire effluent - p. 382 16. Chapter 12: Bench-scale generation of fire effluents - p. 423 17. Chapter 13: Large-scale generation and characterisation of fire effluents - p. 460 18. Chapter 14: Effects of the material and fire conditions on toxic product yields - p. 514 19. Chapter 15: Estimation of toxicity during burning of common materials - p. 540 20. Part V: National and international fire safety regulations - p. 558 21. Chapter 16: Prescriptive regulations and tests considering the toxicity of fire effluents - p. 558 22. Chapter 17: An international standardised framework for prediction of fire gas toxicity - p. 582 23. Part VI: Numerical simulation of fires and their hazards - p. 603 24. Chapter 18: Computer simulation of fire hazards and evacuation - p. 603 25. Chapter 19: Toxic hazard calculation models for use with fire effluent data - p. 618 26. Chapter 20: Modelling fire growth and toxic gas formation - p. 636 27. Index - p. 667
