Mastery of Cardiothoracic Surgery

1. INTRODUCTION - p. 1 2. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 3 3. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 6 4. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 12 5. CONCLUSIONS - p. 13 6. CHAPTER 2: Open Right-Sided Pulmonary Resections - p. 15 7. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO PULMONARY RESECTIONS - p. 15 8. PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION - p. 15 9. INTRODUCTION TO RIGHT-SIDED RESECTIONS - p. 18 10. BILOBECTOMY - p. 27 11. CHAPTER 3: Open Left-Sided Pulmonary Resections - p. 30 12. INTRODUCTION TO LEFT-SIDED PULMONARY RESECTIONS - p. 30 13. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 30 14. CHAPTER 4: Right-Sided Thoracoscopic Lobectomy - p. 37 15. INTRODUCTION - p. 37 16. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 37 17. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 38 18. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 46 19. CHAPTER 5: Left-Sided Thoracoscopic Lobectomy - p. 47 20. INTRODUCTION - p. 47 21. THORACOSCOPIC STRATEGIES FOR LEFT UPPER AND LEFT LOWER LOBECTOMY - p. 47 22. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 48 23. SUMMARY - p. 48 24. CHAPTER 6: Right-Sided Robotic Lobectomy - p. 50 25. INTRODUCTION - p. 50 26. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 50 27. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 50 28. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 52 29. OUTCOMES (INCLUDING LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP) - p. 52 30. CHAPTER 7: Left-Sided Robotic Lobectomy - p. 54 31. INTRODUCTION - p. 54 32. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 54 33. PREOPERATIVE TESTING - p. 54 34. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 54 35. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 60 36. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 61 37. CHAPTER 8: Segmentectomy - p. 62 38. INTRODUCTION - p. 62 39. INDICATIONS AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 63 40. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 64 41. INDIVIDUAL SEGMENTECTOMIES - p. 68 42. CHAPTER 9: Pneumonectomy - p. 73 43. INTRODUCTION - p. 73 44. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE - p. 73 45. DEFINITIONS AND TYPES OF PNEUMONECTOMY - p. 73 46. MINIMALLY INVASIVE PNEUMONECTOMY - p. 74 47. INDICATIONS - p. 74 48. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 74 49. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: ROBOTIC PNEUMONECTOMY - p. 75 50. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 77 51. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 78 52. CONCLUSION - p. 80 53. CHAPTER 10: Bronchoplastic Procedures - p. 82 54. HISTORY AND PRINCIPLES - p. 82 55. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 82 56. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 82 57. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 87 58. OUTCOMES - p. 87 59. CHAPTER 11: Tracheal and Carinal Resection and Reconstruction - p. 90 60. INTRODUCTION - p. 90 61. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 90 62. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 90 63. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 90 64. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 90 65. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 91 66. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 97 67. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 97 68. OUTCOMES - p. 97 69. CHAPTER 12: Lung Volume Reduction and Tracheobronchoplasty - p. 100 70. LUNG VOLUME REDUCTION SURGERY - p. 100 71. TRACHEOBRONCHOPLASTY - p. 104 72. CHAPTER 13: Management of Pneumothorax and Bullous Disease - p. 112 73. INTRODUCTION - p. 112 74. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 112 75. PRESENTATION AND PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION - p. 114 76. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 116 77. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 117 78. CHAPTER 14: Diagnostic Evaluation of Anterior Mediastinal Masses and Approach to Thymic Tumors via Sternotomy - p. 119 79. INTRODUCTION - p. 119 80. CLASSIFICATION - p. 119 81. GENERAL APPROACH TO PATIENTS WITH PREVASCULAR COMPARTMENT TUMORS - p. 119 82. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 124 83. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 125 84. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 126 85. SUMMARY - p. 126 86. Ethical Statement - p. 127 87. FINANCIAL/NONFINANCIAL DISCLOSURES - p. 127 88. CHAPTER 15: Thoracoscopic/Robotic Thymectomy - p. 129 89. INTRODUCTION - p. 129 90. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION, INDICATIONS, AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 129 91. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 129 92. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 130 93. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 132 94. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 132 95. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 132 96. OUTCOMES - p. 132 97. CHAPTER 16: Transcervical Thymectomy - p. 134 98. INTRODUCTION - p. 134 99. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCEDURE - p. 135 100. CONCLUSIONS - p. 138 101. CHAPTER 17: Resection of Posterior Mediastinal Lesions - p. 140 102. PRESENTATION AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 140 103. DECISION BETWEEN RESECTION AND OBSERVATION - p. 141 104. SURGICAL PRINCIPLES - p. 141 105. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 142 106. VIDEO-ASSISTED THORACOSCOPIC SURGERY RESECTION OF BENIGN CYSTS OF THE POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM - p. 145 107. RESECTION OF ESOPHAGEAL LEIOMYOMATA AND DUPLICATION CYSTS - p. 146 108. RESULTS - p. 146 109. CHAPTER 18: Minimally Invasive Antireflux Surgery and Hiatal Hernia Repair - p. 148 110. INTRODUCTION - p. 148 111. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 148 112. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 149 113. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 151 114. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 151 115. PRINCIPLES OF THE ANTIREFLUX SURGERY PROCEDURE - p. 152 116. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 154 117. TYPES OF FUNDOPLICATION - p. 155 118. THE TRANSTHORACIC APPROACH - p. 158 119. TECHNIQUE OF THE TRANSTHORACIC PROCEDURE - p. 158 120. TRANSTHORACIC INCISIONAL APPROACHES - p. 159 121. ESOPHAGEAL LENGTHENING PROCEDURES - p. 160 122. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 160 123. TECHNIQUE FOR REOPERATIVE SURGERY FOR RECURRENT HIATAL HERNIA - p. 161 124. EMERGING TREATMENTS - p. 162 125. CHAPTER 19: Advanced Endoscopic Esophageal Procedures: EMR, ESD, POEM, RFA, PDT, Stenting - p. 164 126. INTRODUCTION - p. 164 127. PREPROCEDURAL PLANNING AND EQUIPMENT - p. 164 128. ENDOSCOPIC THIRD-SPACE SURGERY: PERORAL ENDOSCOPIC MYOTOMY AND ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION - p. 165 129. ENDOSCOPIC ERADICATION AND ABLATIVE THERAPIES - p. 165 130. STENTING - p. 168 131. CONCLUSION - p. 169 132. CHAPTER 20: Open Approaches to Esophagectomy - p. 171 133. INTRODUCTION - p. 171 134. HISTORY - p. 171 135. EXTENT OF RESECTION - p. 171 136. OPEN TRANSTHORACIC (IVOR LEWIS) ESOPHAGEAL RESECTION AND RECONSTRUCTION - p. 172 137. MCKEOWN THREE-FIELD ESOPHAGECTOMY: NECK PORTION - p. 180 138. LEFT THORACOABDOMINAL APPROACH - p. 180 139. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 180 140. MORBIDITY - p. 180 141. CHAPTER 21: Minimally Invasive Approaches to Esophagectomy - p. 183 142. INTRODUCTION - p. 183 143. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 183 144. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 183 145. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 184 146. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 184 147. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 184 148. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE—ROBOTIC IVOR LEWIS ESOPHAGECTOMY - p. 184 149. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 188 150. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 189 151. OUTCOMES - p. 189 152. CHAPTER 22: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Achalasia and Other Motility Disorders - p. 191 153. INTRODUCTION - p. 191 154. PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF MOTILITY DISORDERS - p. 191 155. MANAGEMENT OF MOTILITY DISORDERS - p. 194 156. OTHER MOTILITY DISORDERS AND DIVERTICULI - p. 202 157. SUMMARY - p. 204 158. CHAPTER 23: Lung Transplantation - p. 206 159. INTRODUCTION - p. 206 160. REFERRAL, INDICATIONS, AND CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR LUNG TRANSPLANTATION - p. 206 161. CONTRAINDICATIONS AND RISK FACTORS FOR POOR OUTCOMES - p. 207 162. ASSESSMENT - p. 209 163. OPTIONAL CONSULTS AS REQUIRED - p. 209 164. DONOR SELECTION CRITERIA - p. 209 165. DONOR ASSESSMENT AND SURGERY - p. 210 166. DONOR SURGERY - p. 210 167. LUNG PRESERVATION - p. 211 168. EX VIVO LUNG PERFUSION (EVLP) - p. 212 169. BACK TABLE DONOR LUNG DISSECTION - p. 212 170. RECIPIENT SURGERY - p. 212 171. CARDIOPULMONARY SUPPORT (CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS OR EXTRACORPOREAL LUNG SUPPORT) - p. 214 172. CONCLUSION - p. 215 173. CHAPTER 24: Thoracic Outlet Procedures - p. 216 174. INTRODUCTION - p. 216 175. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 216 176. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 218 177. ARTERIAL THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME - p. 218 178. VENOUS THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME - p. 218 179. NEUROGENIC THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME - p. 218 180. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 218 181. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 219 182. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 219 183. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 225 184. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 226 185. OUTCOMES - p. 226 186. SUMMARY - p. 226 187. CHAPTER 25: Chest Wall Resections - p. 228 188. INTRODUCTION - p. 228 189. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 228 190. OPERATIVE PLANNING: OPTIMIZING THE APPROACH - p. 228 191. TECHNIQUE OF CHEST WALL RESECTION - p. 228 192. SYNTHETIC MATERIAL CHOICES - p. 230 193. BIOLOGIC MATERIAL CHOICES - p. 230 194. TISSUE TRANSFER OPTIONS - p. 232 195. STERNAL RESECTIONS - p. 232 196. TECHNIQUE FOR STERNAL RESECTION - p. 233 197. CONCLUSION - p. 233 198. CHAPTER 26: Resection of Superior Sulcus Non–small Cell Lung Cancers (Pancoast Tumors) - p. 235 199. INTRODUCTION - p. 235 200. ANATOMY AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 235 201. INITIAL ASSESSMENT AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 236 202. APPROACH TO POSTERIORLY LOCATED T3 TUMORS - p. 236 203. APPROACH TO POSTERIORLY LOCATED T4 TUMORS - p. 239 204. APPROACH TO ANTERIORLY LOCATED T3 OR T4 TUMORS - p. 240 205. POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS - p. 242 206. LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP - p. 243 207. CHAPTER 27: Surgical Correction of Pectus Excavatum and Carinatum - p. 244 208. INTRODUCTION - p. 244 209. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 244 210. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 245 211. SURGICAL INDICATIONS - p. 245 212. DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES FOR REPAIR OF PECTUS EXCAVATUM AND CARINATUM - p. 245 213. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 246 214. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 246 215. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 252 216. SUMMARY - p. 257 217. Acknowledgments - p. 257 218. CHAPTER 28: Diaphragmatic Paralysis and Pacing - p. 259 219. OVERVIEW - p. 259 220. EMBRYOLOGY AND SURGICAL ANATOMY - p. 259 221. FUNCTION - p. 260 222. DIAPHRAGMATIC PARALYSIS - p. 261 223. DIAPHRAGMATIC PACING - p. 265 224. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. 268 225. CHAPTER 29: The Thoracic Duct and the Management of Chylothorax - p. 269 226. THORACIC DUCT ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - p. 269 227. CHYLOTHORAX - p. 271 228. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 271 229. CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 272 230. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF CHYLOTHORAX - p. 272 231. THORACIC DUCT EMBOLIZATION - p. 278 232. OUTCOMES FOR TRAUMATIC AND IATROGENIC CHYLOTHORAX - p. 280 233. THORACIC DUCT EMBOLIZATION NONTRAUMATIC CHYLOTHORAX - p. 282 234. SUMMARY - p. 283 235. CHAPTER 30: Pericardial Procedures - p. 284 236. INTRODUCTION - p. 284 237. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 284 238. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 284 239. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 285 240. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 285 241. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 285 242. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 289 243. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 289 244. OUTCOMES - p. 289 245. CHAPTER 31: Surgical Management of Empyema - p. 291 246. HISTORY - p. 291 247. CLASSIFICATION - p. 291 248. ETIOLOGY - p. 291 249. BACTERIOLOGY - p. 292 250. FPO COMPLICATIONS - p. 292 251. RADIOLOGY - p. 292 252. MANAGEMENT - p. 292 253. TUBE THORACOSTOMY - p. 293 254. FIBRINOLYTICS - p. 293 255. DECORTICATION—OPEN VERSUS VIDEO-ASSISTED THORACOSCOPIC SURGERY - p. 293 256. SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES - p. 295 257. SUMMARY - p. 295 258. CHAPTER 32: Surgical Management of Malignant Mesothelioma - p. 297 259. INTRODUCTION - p. 297 260. OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES - p. 299 261. INVASIVE STAGING STUDIES - p. 300 262. EXTENDED PLEURECTOMY DECORTICATION AND EXTRAPLEURAL PNEUMONECTOMY TECHNIQUES—AS PART OF A MULTIMODAL APPROACH - p. 300 263. CHAPTER 33: Thoracic Sympathectomy (Sympathicotomy) - p. 307 264. INTRODUCTION - p. 307 265. NOMENCLATURE FOR SYMPATHETIC SURGERY - p. 307 266. PATIENT SELECTION FOR VIDEO-ASSISTED THORACIC SURGERY SYMPATHECTOMY - p. 308 267. LOCATION OF INTERRUPTION OF SYMPATHETIC CHAIN - p. 308 268. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 309 269. TREATMENT OF COMPENSATORY HYPERHIDROSIS - p. 311 270. OTHER SURGICAL TREATMENTS FOR HYPERHIDROSIS - p. 311 271. CONCLUSION - p. 312 272. section II: Adult Cardiac Surgery - p. 315 273. A. General Considerations - p. 315 274. CHAPTER 34: Incision and Cardiopulmonary Bypass - p. 315 275. INTRODUCTION - p. 315 276. DEVELOPING A PLAN - p. 315 277. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 315 278. CANNULATION - p. 319 279. CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS - p. 322 280. FEMOROFEMORAL BYPASS - p. 325 281. LEFT HEART BYPASS - p. 326 282. SUMMARY - p. 326 283. CHAPTER 35: Myocardial Protection - p. 327 284. INTRODUCTION - p. 327 285. COLD BLOOD CARDIOPLEGIA - p. 327 286. WARM BLOOD CARDIOPLEGIA - p. 328 287. ANTEGRADE/RETROGRADE PERFUSION: INTERMITTENT OR SIMULTANEOUS? - p. 328 288. INTERMITTENT/CONTINUOUS INFUSION - p. 328 289. CANNULAS AND DEVICES FOR DELIVERING AND MONITORING ANTEGRADE/RETROGRADE AND SIMULTANEOUS ANTEGRADE/RETROGRADE CARDIOPLEGIA - p. 330 290. CARDIOPLEGIC SOLUTIONS - p. 331 291. CORONARY BYPASS PROCEDURE - p. 332 292. REPEAT CARDIAC SURGERY - p. 333 293. MYOCARDIAL PROTECTION DURING MINIMALLY INVASIVE CARDIAC PROCEDURES - p. 333 294. MYOCARDIAL PROTECTION DURING MINIMALLY INVASIVE (ROBOTIC-ASSISTED) MITRAL VALVE REPAIR/REPLACEMENT: WITH OR WITHOUT TRICUSPID REPAIR - p. 333 295. MYOCARDIAL PROTECTION DURING ORTHOTOPIC HEART TRANSPLANT - p. 333 296. MYOCARDIAL PROTECTION DURING AORTIC ROOT REPLACEMENT - p. 334 297. MYOCARDIAL PROTECTION FOR VENTRICULAR RESTORATION - p. 334 298. CONCLUSION - p. 335 299. CHAPTER 36: Prevention of Neurological Injury in Cardiac Surgery - p. 336 300. INTRODUCTION - p. 336 301. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 337 302. STROKE - p. 338 303. NEUROCOGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION - p. 339 304. SEIZURES - p. 339 305. SPINAL ISCHEMIA - p. 340 306. PREVENTING NEUROLOGIC INJURY - p. 340 307. INTRAOPERATIVE STRATEGIES TO PREVENT NEUROLOGIC INJURY - p. 341 308. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 341 309. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 345 310. CHAPTER 37: Reoperative Cardiac Surgery: General Principles - p. 347 311. INTRODUCTION - p. 347 312. TRENDS - p. 347 313. POTENTIAL PITFALLS - p. 347 314. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 347 315. REOPERATIVE TECHNIQUE - p. 349 316. SPECIAL SITUATIONS - p. 351 317. CONCLUSIONS - p. 353 318. CHAPTER 38: Database - p. 354 319. INTRODUCTION - p. 354 320. HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 354 321. DATABASE DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION - p. 355 322. CURRENT STS DATABASES - p. 359 323. RECENT ADVANCES - p. 362 324. SUMMARY - p. 362 325. B. Coronary Artery Disease - p. 364 326. CHAPTER 39: Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Using Cardiopulmonary Bypass - p. 364 327. INTRODUCTION - p. 364 328. PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION OF CORONARY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - p. 364 329. INDICATIONS FOR SURGICAL REVASCULARIZATION - p. 365 330. HYBRID CORONARY REVASCULARIZATION - p. 366 331. ON-PUMP CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING VERSUS MEDICAL THERAPY - p. 367 332. ON-PUMP CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING VERSUS PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION - p. 367 333. ON-PUMP VERSUS OFF-PUMP CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTINGS - p. 368 334. TIMING OF CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING AFTER AN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION - p. 368 335. CHOICE OF BYPASS CONDUITS - p. 368 336. CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING IN PATIENTS WITH ISCHEMIC HEART FAILURE - p. 368 337. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 368 338. Outcomes and Complications - p. 370 339. RISK STRATIFICATION - p. 370 340. FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 370 341. CHAPTER 40: Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Using Multiple Arterial Grafts - p. 373 342. INTRODUCTION - p. 373 343. RIGHT INTERNAL THORACIC ARTERY - p. 373 344. RADIAL ARTERY - p. 375 345. GASTROEPIPLOIC ARTERY - p. 376 346. CHAPTER 41: Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery - p. 377 347. INTRODUCTION - p. 377 348. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 378 349. INTRAOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 379 350. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 380 351. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 387 352. OUTCOMES - p. 388 353. FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 390 354. CHAPTER 42: Minimally Invasive Multivessel Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting - p. 391 355. INTRODUCTION - p. 391 356. SURGICAL INDICATION AND PATIENT SELECTION - p. 392 357. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 392 358. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 394 359. OUTCOMES - p. 394 360. CHAPTER 43: Robotic Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting - p. 396 361. INTRODUCTION - p. 396 362. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 397 363. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 397 364. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 398 365. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 398 366. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 398 367. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 401 368. OUTCOMES - p. 401 369. C. Acquired Valvular Heart Disease - p. 403 370. CHAPTER 44: Surgery for Complications of Myocardial Infarction - p. 403 371. INTRODUCTION - p. 403 372. Free Ventricular Wall Rupture - p. 403 373. INCIDENCE AND PATHOGENESIS - p. 403 374. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 403 375. NATURAL HISTORY - p. 403 376. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 403 377. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 404 378. OUTCOMES - p. 404 379. Ventricular Septal Defect - p. 404 380. INCIDENCE AND PATHOGENESIS - p. 404 381. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 405 382. NATURAL HISTORY - p. 405 383. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 405 384. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 406 385. OUTCOMES - p. 408 386. Acute Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation - p. 409 387. INCIDENCE AND PATHOGENESIS - p. 409 388. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 409 389. NATURAL HISTORY - p. 411 390. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 411 391. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 411 392. OUTCOMES - p. 413 393. Pump Failure - p. 413 394. INCIDENCE AND PATHOGENESIS - p. 413 395. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 413 396. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 414 397. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE AND OUTCOMES - p. 415 398. CHAPTER 45: Degenerative Mitral Valve Repair: Restoring Foundational Anatomy - p. 416 399. INTRODUCTION - p. 416 400. PREAMBLE: EARLY CONCEPTS IN CORRECTIVE MITRAL VALVE SURGERY - p. 416 401. EVOLUTION OF SOCIETAL GUIDELINES - p. 417 402. DIFFERENTIATION OF DEGENERATIVE MITRAL VALVE DISEASE: IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE - p. 419 403. PRINCIPLES OF MITRAL VALVE RECONSTRUCTION: THE FRENCH CORRECTION TODAY - p. 420 404. MANAGING COMPLICATIONS - p. 428 405. MITRAL VALVE RE-REPAIR - p. 428 406. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES - p. 430 407. Disclosures - p. 430 408. CHAPTER 46: Degenerative Mitral Valve Repair: Respecting the Leaflets - p. 432 409. INTRODUCTION - p. 432 410. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 432 411. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 432 412. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 433 413. RATIONALE FOR MITRAL VALVE REPAIR - p. 433 414. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 433 415. ROLE OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY - p. 433 416. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 433 417. DEGENERATIVE MITRAL VALVE DISEASE - p. 438 418. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 438 419. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 438 420. OUTCOMES - p. 438 421. CONCLUSIONS - p. 439 422. CHAPTER 47: Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Surgery - p. 440 423. INTRODUCTION - p. 440 424. THE DIFFERENT APPROACHES - p. 440 425. WHAT CAN BE ADDRESSED MINIMALLY INVASIVE? - p. 440 426. THE RIGHT CHEST AS THE PREFERRED APPROACH - p. 441 427. PATIENT SELECTION - p. 441 428. MITRAL VALVE REPAIR, RESPECT OR RESECT - p. 449 429. MITRAL VALVE REPLACEMENT - p. 451 430. CONCOMITANT, LOW DIFFICULTY PROCEDURES (ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ABLATION, TRICUSPID VALVE REPAIR, AND ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT CLOSURE) - p. 452 431. MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE MITRAL ANNULAR CALCIFICATION - p. 455 432. MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY IN THE SETTING OF CARDIOGENIC SHOCK - p. 457 433. COMPLICATIONS AND HOW TO AVOID THEM - p. 458 434. OUTCOMES OF MINIMALLY INVASIVE MITRAL VALVE SURGERY - p. 459 435. LONG-TERM OUTCOMES - p. 459 436. CHAPTER 48: Secondary Mitral Regurgitation: Mitral Valve Repair, Annuloplasty, and Subvalvular Procedures - p. 460 437. INTRODUCTION - p. 460 438. NATURAL HISTORY OF SECONDARY MITRAL REGURGITATION - p. 461 439. MEDICAL THERAPY AND CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY FOR SECONDARY MITRAL REGURGITATION - p. 463 440. SURGICAL OPTIONS FOR SECONDARY MITRAL REGURGITATION - p. 464 441. CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT ALONE VERSUS CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT PLUS MITRAL VALVE REPAIR FOR MODERATE SECONDARY MITRAL REGURGITATION - p. 464 442. CONCLUSION - p. 468 443. CHAPTER 49: Chordal Sparing Mitral Valve Replacement - p. 470 444. INTRODUCTION - p. 470 445. NORMAL CHORDAL FUNCTION - p. 470 446. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION - p. 470 447. EVIDENCE BASE - p. 470 448. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 470 449. EXCEPTIONS TO CHORDAL SPARING TECHNIQUES - p. 472 450. SUMMARY - p. 472 451. CHAPTER 50: Surgery for Mitral Endocarditis - p. 473 452. INTRODUCTION - p. 473 453. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 473 454. MICROBIOLOGY - p. 474 455. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 474 456. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 476 457. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 478 458. INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY - p. 480 459. TIMING OF SURGERY - p. 481 460. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 481 461. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 481 462. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 483 463. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 485 464. OUTCOMES - p. 485 465. CHAPTER 51: Mitral Annular Calcification - p. 487 466. INTRODUCTION - p. 487 467. ETIOLOGY - p. 488 468. PRESENTATION - p. 488 469. DIAGNOSIS - p. 488 470. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 489 471. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 489 472. SURGICAL AND TRANSCATHETER TECHNIQUES - p. 489 473. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 494 474. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 494 475. OUTCOMES - p. 494 476. CONCLUSION - p. 495 477. CHAPTER 52: Percutaneous Mitral Repair: Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair Devices - p. 496 478. INTRODUCTION - p. 496 479. HISTORY OF TEER DEVELOPMENT - p. 496 480. EVEREST I AND II - p. 496 481. EVEREST HIGH-RISK REGISTRY - p. 497 482. COAPT - p. 497 483. CLASP AND CLASP IID - p. 497 484. EXPAND G4 AND PASCAL REGISTRIES - p. 498 485. MITRAL MORPHOLOGY - p. 498 486. HOW IT WORKS - p. 498 487. TEER IN CARDIOGENIC SHOCK - p. 503 488. HEART TEAM AND THE FUTURE - p. 504 489. CHAPTER 53: Novel Transcatheter Mitral Repair Devices - p. 505 490. INTRODUCTION - p. 505 491. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 505 492. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 506 493. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 506 494. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 506 495. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 506 496. SURGICAL TRANSCATHETER TECHNIQUE - p. 507 497. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 510 498. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 510 499. OUTCOMES - p. 510 500. CHAPTER 54: Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement - p. 511 501. INTRODUCTION - p. 511 502. CHALLENGES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSCATHETER MITRAL VALVE REPLACEMENT SYSTEMS - p. 512 503. MODEST BEGINNINGS - p. 513 504. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 514 505. CURRENT DEDICATED TRANSCATHETER MITRAL VALVE REPLACEMENT SYSTEMS WITH CLINICAL DATA - p. 517 506. TECHNIQUE - p. 521 507. OUTCOMES - p. 523 508. SUMMARY/CONCLUSIONS - p. 523 509. CHAPTER 55: Tricuspid Valve: Repair and Replacement - p. 525 510. INTRODUCTION - p. 525 511. SURGICAL ANATOMY - p. 525 512. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 526 513. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 527 514. OPERATIVE INDICATIONS - p. 529 515. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 530 516. OUTCOMES - p. 532 517. CONCLUSION - p. 533 518. CHAPTER 56: Minimally Invasive Tricuspid Valve Surgery - p. 534 519. INTRODUCTION - p. 534 520. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 534 521. PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT AND PLANNING - p. 535 522. ANESTHESIA AND MONITORING - p. 536 523. PATIENT POSITIONING AND EXPOSURE - p. 536 524. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 537 525. VALVE REPAIR - p. 538 526. RESULTS - p. 539 527. CONCLUSION - p. 541 528. CHAPTER 57: Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve Repair - p. 542 529. INTRODUCTION - p. 542 530. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 542 531. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 543 532. MULTIMODALITY THERAPY - p. 545 533. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 545 534. PREPROCEDURAL PLANNING - p. 545 535. PROCEDURAL TECHNIQUE - p. 548 536. POSTPROCEDURAL CARE - p. 551 537. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 551 538. OUTCOMES - p. 552 539. CONCLUSION - p. 555 540. CHAPTER 58: Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve Replacement - p. 556 541. INTRODUCTION - p. 556 542. TRICUSPID VALVE AND RIGHT VENTRICLE APPLIED ANATOMY - p. 556 543. INVESTIGATIONS - p. 556 544. ACCESS SITES WHEN PERFORMING TRANSCATHETER TRICUSPID VALVE REPLACEMENT - p. 557 545. ORTHOTOPIC TRANSCATHETER TRICUSPID VALVE REPLACEMENT DEVICES - p. 557 546. HETEROTOPIC TRANSCATHETER TRICUSPID VALVE REPLACEMENT DEVICES - p. 558 547. CONSIDERATIONS FOR TRANSCATHETER TRICUSPID VALVE REPLACEMENT - p. 559 548. FUTURE DIRECTION - p. 560 549. CONCLUSION - p. 560 550. CHAPTER 59: Pulmonary Valve Replacement - p. 561 551. PULMONARY VALVE REPLACEMENT AND TETRALOGY OF FALLOT - p. 561 552. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PULMONARY VALVE DYSFUNCTION - p. 561 553. INDICATIONS AND TIMING OF PULMONARY VALVE REPLACEMENT - p. 561 554. SELECTION OF AVAILABLE PULMONARY VALVE PROSTHESES - p. 562 555. PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION - p. 563 556. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 564 557. POSTOPERATIVE OUTCOMES FOLLOWING PULMONARY VALVE REPLACEMENT - p. 564 558. CONCLUSIONS - p. 564 559. CHAPTER 60: Aortic Valve Replacement - p. 565 560. INTRODUCTION - p. 565 561. ANATOMY - p. 566 562. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 566 563. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 566 564. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR INTERVENTION - p. 567 565. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 567 566. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 568 567. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 571 568. SPECIFIC SCENARIOS - p. 571 569. OUTCOMES - p. 572 570. CHAPTER 61: Aortic Annular Enlargement - p. 573 571. PATIENT-PROSTHESIS MISMATCH - p. 573 572. SIZE ISSUE - p. 573 573. AORTIC ANNULAR ROOT ENLARGEMENT TECHNIQUES - p. 574 574. FUTURE APPLICATIONS - p. 577 575. CHAPTER 62: Minimally Invasive Aortic Valve Replacement - p. 580 576. INTRODUCTION - p. 580 577. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 580 578. LEARNING CURVE - p. 580 579. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 581 580. CANNULATION AND CARDIOPLEGIA STRATEGIES - p. 582 581. POSITIONING AND INTRAOPERATIVE MONITORING - p. 584 582. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 584 583. PERIOPERATIVE CARE AND ENHANCED RECOVERY AFTER SURGERY - p. 586 584. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 587 585. OUTCOMES - p. 587 586. CONCLUSIONS - p. 588 587. CHAPTER 63: The Ross Procedure - p. 589 588. INTRODUCTION - p. 589 589. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 589 590. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 590 591. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 591 592. OUTCOMES - p. 598 593. CONCLUSION - p. 602 594. CHAPTER 64: Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement - p. 603 595. INTRODUCTION - p. 603 596. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 603 597. RISK STRATIFICATION, PATIENT SELECTION, AND SCREENING - p. 605 598. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 607 599. CURRENT TRANSCATHETER HEART VALVE TECHNOLOGY - p. 608 600. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 610 601. ALTERNATIVE ACCESS - p. 612 602. COMPLICATIONS - p. 613 603. OUTCOMES - p. 616 604. FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 616 605. CHAPTER 65: Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Explanation: Techniques and Approaches - p. 619 606. INTRODUCTION - p. 619 607. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 619 608. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 620 609. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 620 610. OUTCOMES - p. 625 611. D. Thoracic Aortic Disease - p. 627 612. CHAPTER 66: Annuloaortic Ectasia and Root Aneurysms - p. 627 613. INTRODUCTION - p. 627 614. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 628 615. INDICATIONS - p. 629 616. SURVEILLANCE MONITORING AND MEDICAL THERAPY - p. 630 617. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 630 618. OUTCOMES - p. 634 619. CHAPTER 67: Ascending Aortic Aneurysms - p. 635 620. INTRODUCTION - p. 635 621. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 635 622. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 638 623. INDICATIONS FOR INTERVENTION - p. 638 624. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 641 625. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 641 626. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 644 627. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 644 628. OUTCOMES - p. 645 629. CHAPTER 68: Bentall Procedure - p. 646 630. INTRODUCTION - p. 646 631. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - p. 647 632. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 650 633. INDICATIONS FOR AORTIC ROOT SURGERY - p. 652 634. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 652 635. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 656 636. OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS - p. 656 637. CHAPTER 69: Aortic Dissection - p. 659 638. INTRODUCTION - p. 659 639. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 660 640. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 661 641. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 662 642. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 663 643. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 664 644. TYPE B AORTIC DISSECTION - p. 665 645. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 665 646. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 671 647. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 671 648. OUTCOMES - p. 672 649. CONCLUSION - p. 673 650. CHAPTER 70: Arch Aneurysms - p. 674 651. INTRODUCTION - p. 674 652. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 675 653. INDICATIONS - p. 676 654. PERFUSION AND CEREBRAL PROTECTION - p. 676 655. OPTIONS FOR REPAIR - p. 677 656. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 682 657. OUTCOMES - p. 686 658. CONCLUSION - p. 687 659. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. 687 660. CHAPTER 71: Descending Thoracic and Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Open Repair - p. 688 661. INTRODUCTION - p. 688 662. ANATOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF THORACOABDOMINAL ANEURYSM - p. 688 663. INDICATIONS FOR REPAIR - p. 688 664. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 689 665. ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS - p. 689 666. BYPASS STRATEGY, POSITIONING, AND EXPOSURE - p. 690 667. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 690 668. CLOSURE - p. 691 669. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 693 670. OUTCOMES - p. 693 671. CONCLUSIONS - p. 693 672. CHAPTER 72: Descending Thoracic and Thoracoabdominal Aneurysm and Dissection: Endovascular Repair - p. 694 673. INTRODUCTION - p. 694 674. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 696 675. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 697 676. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 698 677. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 700 678. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 702 679. COMPLICATIONS/MANAGEMENT - p. 703 680. OUTCOMES - p. 704 681. CHAPTER 73: Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injury - p. 708 682. INTRODUCTION - p. 708 683. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 708 684. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 709 685. TIMING AND MODALITY OF REPAIR - p. 710 686. NONOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 710 687. ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR - p. 711 688. OPEN REPAIR - p. 712 689. CONCLUSION - p. 714 690. E. Arrhythmias - p. 715 691. CHAPTER 74: Surgical Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation: Left Atrial and Biatrial Maze - p. 715 692. INTRODUCTION - p. 715 693. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 715 694. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 716 695. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 716 696. SURGICAL ABLATION STRATEGY - p. 716 697. RIGHT MINI-THORACOTOMY APPROACH - p. 717 698. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 717 699. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 718 700. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 721 701. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 721 702. OUTCOMES - p. 723 703. FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 725 704. CHAPTER 75: Minimally Invasive Maze Procedures (Thoracoscopic and Subxiphoid Approaches) - p. 726 705. INTRODUCTION - p. 726 706. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 726 707. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 727 708. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 728 709. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 728 710. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 729 711. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 729 712. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 735 713. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 735 714. OUTCOMES - p. 736 715. SUMMARY - p. 738 716. CHAPTER 76: Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion Techniques - p. 739 717. INTRODUCTION - p. 739 718. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 739 719. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 740 720. PREOPERATIVE AND INTRAOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 742 721. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 743 722. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 749 723. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 750 724. OUTCOMES - p. 750 725. CONCLUSION - p. 751 726. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. 751 727. F. Surgery for Heart Failure - p. 753 728. CHAPTER 77: Heart Transplantation - p. 753 729. INTRODUCTION - p. 753 730. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 754 731. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 755 732. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 755 733. ADVANCES IN HEART TRANSPLANTATION - p. 756 734. DONOR HEART PROCUREMENT - p. 756 735. RECIPIENT PREOPERATIVE PLANNING AND OPERATING ROOM - p. 757 736. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 758 737. General Postoperative Course - p. 760 738. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 760 739. OUTCOMES - p. 761 740. CHAPTER 78: Heart-Lung Transplantation - p. 762 741. INTRODUCTION - p. 762 742. RECIPIENT SELECTION/INDICATIONS - p. 762 743. DONOR RETRIEVAL AND PRESERVATION - p. 763 744. RECIPIENT SETUP AND IMPLANTATION - p. 764 745. IMPLANTATION - p. 766 746. EARLY POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 766 747. IMMUNOSUPPRESSION - p. 767 748. INFECTIOUS PROPHYLAXIS - p. 767 749. GRAFT SURVEILLANCE - p. 767 750. POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS - p. 767 751. LONG-TERM OUTCOMES - p. 768 752. CONCLUSIONS - p. 768 753. CHAPTER 79: Durable Left Ventricular Assist Devices - p. 769 754. INTRODUCTION - p. 769 755. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 769 756. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 771 757. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 773 758. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 774 759. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 777 760. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 778 761. LONG-TERM OUTCOMES - p. 779 762. CHAPTER 80: Minimally Invasive Left Ventricular Assist Device - p. 780 763. INTRODUCTION - p. 780 764. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 780 765. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 780 766. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 781 767. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 782 768. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 782 769. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 783 770. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 784 771. OUTCOMES - p. 784 772. CONCLUSIONS - p. 784 773. CHAPTER 81: Right Ventricular Assist Devices: Temporary and Durable - p. 785 774. INTRODUCTION - p. 785 775. INDICATIONS - p. 785 776. TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 786 777. OUTCOMES - p. 791 778. CHAPTER 82: Left Ventricular Reconstruction - p. 792 779. INTRODUCTION - p. 792 780. LEFT VENTRICULAR REMODELING FOLLOWING ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION - p. 793 781. DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP - p. 794 782. RATIONALE OF SURGICAL VENTRICULAR RECONSTRUCTION TO REVERSE LEFT VENTRICULAR REMODELING - p. 797 783. PATIENT SELECTION - p. 797 784. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 797 785. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 798 786. CHRONIC ISCHEMIC MITRAL REGURGITATION - p. 801 787. OUTCOMES - p. 802 788. THE SURGICAL TREATMENT FOR ISCHEMIC HEART FAILURE TRIAL AND THE OPEN DEBATE - p. 804 789. G. Other Cardiac - p. 806 790. CHAPTER 83: Surgery for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - p. 806 791. INTRODUCTION - p. 806 792. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 806 793. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 809 794. INDICATIONS - p. 810 795. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 810 796. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 811 797. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 813 798. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 814 799. OUTCOMES - p. 814 800. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 816 801. CHAPTER 84: Cardiac Tumors - p. 817 802. INTRODUCTION - p. 817 803. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION - p. 817 804. MYXOMAS - p. 818 805. PAPILLARY FIBROELASTOMAS - p. 820 806. CARDIAC PARAGANGLIOMA - p. 821 807. CARDIAC PSEUDONEOPLASMS - p. 822 808. PRIMARY MALIGNANT CARDIAC NEOPLASMS - p. 822 809. METASTATIC CARDIAC NEOPLASMS - p. 823 810. RENAL CELL CARCINOMAS - p. 824 811. SUMMARY - p. 825 812. CHAPTER 85: Acute Pulmonary Embolus - p. 826 813. INTRODUCTION - p. 826 814. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 827 815. INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY - p. 827 816. ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS - p. 830 817. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 830 818. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 832 819. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. 833 820. CHAPTER 86: Chronic Pulmonary Thromboembolism and Pulmonary Thromboendarterectomy - p. 834 821. INTRODUCTION - p. 834 822. INCIDENCE - p. 835 823. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 835 824. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 835 825. DIAGNOSIS - p. 836 826. ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS - p. 837 827. PULMONARY THROMBOENDARTERECTOMY - p. 838 828. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 839 829. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 844 830. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 844 831. OUTCOMES - p. 845 832. CONCLUSION - p. 846 833. SECTION III: Congenital Cardiac Surgery - p. 847 834. CHAPTER 87: Anatomy and Classification of Congenital Heart Disease - p. 847 835. INTRODUCTION - p. 847 836. CLASSIFICATION OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE - p. 847 837. INTERSEGMENTAL ALIGNMENTS - p. 850 838. CHAPTER 88: Echocardiographic Evaluation of Congenital Heart Disease - p. 859 839. INTRODUCTION - p. 859 840. PRINCIPLES OF ULTRASOUND PHYSICS AND APPLICATIONS - p. 859 841. APPROACH TO IMAGING CHILDREN WITH UNREPAIRED CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE - p. 860 842. THE ATRIAL SEPTUM AND ATRIAL COMMUNICATIONS - p. 863 843. THE VENTRICULAR SEPTUM AND VENTRICULAR COMMUNICATIONS - p. 865 844. COMMON ATRIOVENTRICULAR CANAL DEFECTS - p. 865 845. ABNORMAL ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONNECTION - p. 866 846. SINGLE-VENTRICLE LESIONS - p. 866 847. TETRALOGY OF FALLOT - p. 867 848. TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES - p. 868 849. DOUBLE-OUTLET RIGHT VENTRICLE - p. 869 850. TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS - p. 869 851. PULMONARY VENOUS ANOMALIES - p. 870 852. AORTIC ARCH ANOMALIES - p. 870 853. PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS - p. 871 854. INTRAOPERATIVE TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY AND POSTOPERATIVE IMAGING - p. 871 855. THREE-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY - p. 871 856. CHAPTER 89: Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and Computed Tomographic Angiography in Congenital Heart Disease - p. 874 857. INTRODUCTION - p. 874 858. COMPARISON OF CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY - p. 875 859. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES - p. 875 860. CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE PHYSICS AND CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE TECHNIQUES - p. 876 861. EMERGING TECHNIQUES IN CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE - p. 882 862. CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING APPROACH - p. 884 863. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRPAHY AND CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE: MAJOR USES FOR ANATOMY - p. 889 864. CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE: MAJOR USES FOR PHYSIOLOGY AND FUNCTION - p. 896 865. SURGICAL PLANNING AND CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE - p. 898 866. X-RAY MAGNETIC RESONANCE - p. 900 867. CONCLUSION - p. 905 868. CHAPTER 90: Hemodynamic Assessment and Transcatheter Therapy for Congenital Heart Disease - p. 908 869. INTRODUCTION - p. 908 870. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF HEMODYNAMIC EVALUATION - p. 908 871. HEMODYNAMIC EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH A LEFT-TO-RIGHT SHUNT LESION - p. 909 872. HEMODYNAMIC EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH A RIGHT-TO-LEFT SHUNT LESION - p. 909 873. HEMODYNAMIC EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH COMPLETE MIXING LESIONS AND FUNCTIONAL SINGLE VENTRICLE - p. 909 874. HEMODYNAMIC ASSESSMENT OF SEMILUNAR VALVE STENOSIS OR INSUFFICIENCY (WITHOUT SHUNT) - p. 909 875. HEMODYNAMIC ASSESSMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVE STENOSIS OR INSUFFICIENCY - p. 910 876. TRANSCATHETER THERAPY FOR CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE - p. 910 877. CONCLUSION - p. 924 878. CHAPTER 91: Anomalies of Systemic Venous Drainage - p. 926 879. INTRODUCTION - p. 926 880. EMBRYOLOGY OF THE VENOUS SYSTEM - p. 926 881. ANOMALIES OF THE SUPERIOR CAVAL VEINS - p. 927 882. ANOMALIES OF THE INFERIOR VENA CAVA - p. 930 883. PULMONARY VEIN CONNECTION TO THE SYSTEMIC VEINS - p. 931 884. TOTAL ANOMALOUS SYSTEMIC VENOUS CONNECTION - p. 931 885. ANOMALIES OF THE CORONARY SINUS - p. 931 886. ANOMALIES OF THE VALVES OF THE VENOUS SINUS - p. 932 887. OPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS - p. 932 888. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. 933 889. CHAPTER 92: Palliative Operations for Congenital Heart Disease - p. 934 890. INTRODUCTION - p. 934 891. AORTOPULMONARY SHUNTS - p. 934 892. PULMONARY ARTERY BANDING - p. 940 893. MISCELLANEOUS PALLIATIVE PROCEDURES - p. 943 894. CONCLUSION - p. 943 895. CHAPTER 93: Patent Ductus Arteriosus - p. 945 896. INTRODUCTION - p. 945 897. PRINCIPLES AND JUSTIFICATIONS - p. 945 898. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 946 899. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 946 900. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 950 901. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 951 902. CHAPTER 94: Vascular Rings, Slings, and Other Arch Anomalies - p. 953 903. INTRODUCTION - p. 953 904. EMBRYOLOGY - p. 953 905. CLASSIFICATION AND INCIDENCE - p. 953 906. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF GROUP I: COMPLETE VASCULAR RINGS - p. 954 907. INDICATIONS FOR GROUP I: COMPLETE VASCULAR RINGS - p. 959 908. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR GROUP I: COMPLETE VASCULAR RINGS - p. 959 909. LEFT AORTIC ARCH WITH ABERRANT RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY - p. 962 910. Group III: Pulmonary Artery Sling - p. 963 911. ANATOMY - p. 963 912. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF GROUP III: PULMONARY ARTERY SLING - p. 963 913. INDICATIONS FOR GROUP III: PULMONARY ARTERY SLING - p. 964 914. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR GROUP III: PULMONARY ARTERY SLING - p. 964 915. CHAPTER 95: Atrial Septal Defects - p. 970 916. INTRODUCTION - p. 970 917. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 971 918. RECOMMENDATION FOR CLOSURE OF ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECTS - p. 971 919. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 972 920. CONCLUSION - p. 979 921. CHAPTER 96: Ventricular Septal Defects - p. 981 922. INTRODUCTION - p. 981 923. CLASSIFICATION OF VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS - p. 981 924. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 982 925. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 982 926. INDICATIONS - p. 982 927. ASSOCIATED CARDIAC AND NONCARDIAC PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS AFFECTING CLOSURE - p. 983 928. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 983 929. OUTCOMES - p. 987 930. CHAPTER 97: Aortopulmonary Window - p. 989 931. ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 989 932. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, DIAGNOSIS, AND INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY - p. 990 933. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 990 934. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 991 935. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND COMPLICATIONS - p. 994 936. OUTCOMES - p. 994 937. CHAPTER 98: Coarctation of the Aorta - p. 996 938. INTRODUCTION - p. 996 939. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 996 940. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 997 941. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT AND INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY - p. 997 942. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 997 943. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 998 944. COMPLICATIONS - p. 1002 945. OUTCOMES - p. 1003 946. SPECIAL SITUATIONS - p. 1004 947. CHAPTER 99: Interrupted Aortic Arch Complex - p. 1005 948. INTRODUCTION - p. 1005 949. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1005 950. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1005 951. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1006 952. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1006 953. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1012 954. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 1014 955. OUTCOMES - p. 1014 956. CHAPTER 100: Valvar Aortic Stenosis and Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction - p. 1016 957. VALVAR AORTIC STENOSIS - p. 1016 958. PATHOLOGY - p. 1016 959. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1016 960. TREATMENT - p. 1016 961. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1018 962. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1020 963. TREATMENT - p. 1021 964. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1022 965. TREATMENT - p. 1022 966. CHAPTER 101: Anomalies of the Sinuses of Valsalva and Aortico-Left Ventricular Tunnel - p. 1026 967. INTRODUCTION - p. 1026 968. ANEURYSM OF THE SINUS OF VALSALVA - p. 1026 969. MORPHOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS - p. 1026 970. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1026 971. INDICATIONS AND SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1027 972. OUTCOMES - p. 1028 973. AORTICO-LEFT VENTRICULAR TUNNEL - p. 1029 974. MORPHOLOGY - p. 1029 975. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1030 976. INDICATIONS AND SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1030 977. OUTCOMES - p. 1031 978. CHAPTER 102: Atrioventricular Canal Defects - p. 1032 979. ANATOMY - p. 1032 980. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1034 981. INDICATIONS - p. 1034 982. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1035 983. MANAGEMENT OF UNUSUAL VARIANTS OF COMPLETE ATRIOVENTRICULAR CANAL - p. 1041 984. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF PARTIAL ATRIOVENTRICULAR CANAL DEFECT - p. 1042 985. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF TRANSITIONAL (INTERMEDIATE) ATRIOVENTRICULAR CANAL DEFECT - p. 1042 986. SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS AND POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1043 987. OUTCOMES - p. 1043 988. CONCLUSION - p. 1043 989. CHAPTER 103: Truncus Arteriosus - p. 1045 990. INTRODUCTION - p. 1045 991. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1045 992. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1046 993. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1046 994. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1046 995. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1046 996. ALTERNATIVE REPAIR TECHNIQUES - p. 1049 997. REPAIR OF TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS WITH INTERRUPTED AORTIC ARCH - p. 1051 998. REPAIR OF TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS WITH TRUNCAL VALVE REPAIR - p. 1053 999. REPAIR OF TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS WITH TRUNCAL VALVE REPLACEMENT - p. 1054 1000. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1056 1001. OUTCOMES (SHORT AND LONG TERM) - p. 1056 1002. CHAPTER 104: Contemporary Surgical Therapy for Tetralogy of Fallot - p. 1060 1003. INTRODUCTION - p. 1060 1004. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - p. 1061 1005. ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS - p. 1062 1006. EMBRYOLOGY - p. 1062 1007. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1062 1008. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1063 1009. TIMING AND PREOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1063 1010. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1064 1011. NEWBORN VERSUS NONNEONATAL INFANT REPAIR - p. 1064 1012. LATE PRESENTATION - p. 1064 1013. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1064 1014. SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 1066 1015. TETRALOGY OF FALLOT WITH ANATOMIC PULMONARY ATRESIA - p. 1071 1016. TETRALOGY OF FALLOT WITH COMPLETE ATRIOVENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT - p. 1072 1017. OUTCOMES - p. 1072 1018. CHAPTER 105: Double-Outlet Ventricles - p. 1074 1019. INTRODUCTION - p. 1074 1020. CLASSIFICATION - p. 1074 1021. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1075 1022. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1076 1023. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES - p. 1076 1024. COMPLICATIONS AND POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS - p. 1082 1025. OUTCOMES - p. 1082 1026. ANATOMY AND PRESENTATION - p. 1082 1027. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1083 1028. COMPLICATIONS, POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS, AND OUTCOMES - p. 1083 1029. Acknowledgments - p. 1083 1030. CHAPTER 106: Transposition of the Great Arteries - p. 1085 1031. INTRODUCTION - p. 1085 1032. ANATOMY - p. 1085 1033. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1086 1034. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1088 1035. MANAGEMENT - p. 1088 1036. HISTORY OF SURGICAL REPAIR OF TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES - p. 1089 1037. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1090 1038. OUTCOMES - p. 1099 1039. CHAPTER 107: Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries - p. 1103 1040. INTRODUCTION - p. 1103 1041. EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY - p. 1103 1042. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1104 1043. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1104 1044. OUTCOMES - p. 1109 1045. CONCLUSION - p. 1110 1046. CHAPTER 108: Pulmonary Stenosis and Pulmonary Atresia With Intact Septum - p. 1112 1047. Pulmonary Stenosis - p. 1112 1048. INTRODUCTION - p. 1112 1049. DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS - p. 1112 1050. SURGICAL TREATMENT AND TECHNIQUES - p. 1112 1051. PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 1113 1052. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS - p. 1113 1053. Pulmonary Atresia With Intact Ventricular Septum - p. 1113 1054. INTRODUCTION - p. 1113 1055. DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS - p. 1114 1056. ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS - p. 1114 1057. INITIAL SURGICAL TREATMENT AND TECHNIQUES - p. 1115 1058. DEFINITIVE SURGICAL TREATMENT AND TECHNIQUES - p. 1117 1059. DEFINITIVE PROCEDURES FOR PATIENTS WITH MILD RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPOPLASIA - p. 1117 1060. DEFINITIVE PROCEDURES FOR PATIENTS WITH MODERATE RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPOPLASIA - p. 1118 1061. DEFINITIVE PROCEDURES FOR PATIENTS WITH SEVERE RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPOPLASIA - p. 1119 1062. SUMMARY - p. 1124 1063. CHAPTER 109: Pulmonary Atresia With Ventricular Septal Defect and Major Aortopulmonary Collaterals - p. 1126 1064. INTRODUCTION - p. 1126 1065. THERAPEUTIC GOALS AND PATIENT SELECTION - p. 1126 1066. TECHNIQUE: ONE-STAGE COMPLETE UNIFOCALIZATION AND INTRACARDIAC REPAIR - p. 1127 1067. CRITERIA FOR CLOSURE OF THE VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT - p. 1131 1068. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1131 1069. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 1134 1070. OUTCOMES - p. 1134 1071. CHAPTER 110: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - p. 1136 1072. INTRODUCTION - p. 1136 1073. ANATOMY - p. 1136 1074. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1137 1075. SURGICAL THERAPY - p. 1138 1076. OUTCOMES - p. 1141 1077. CHAPTER 111: Superior Cavopulmonary Shunts: Bidirectional Glenn and the Hemi-Fontan Operation - p. 1144 1078. INTRODUCTION - p. 1144 1079. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1144 1080. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1145 1081. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1145 1082. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1146 1083. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1150 1084. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 1150 1085. OUTCOMES - p. 1150 1086. CHAPTER 112: The Fontan Operation - p. 1153 1087. INTRODUCTION - p. 1153 1088. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1153 1089. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1153 1090. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1153 1091. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1156 1092. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 1157 1093. OUTCOMES - p. 1157 1094. CHAPTER 113: Late Sequelae of the Fontan - p. 1159 1095. INTRODUCTION - p. 1159 1096. ARRHYTHMIA - p. 1159 1097. ARRHYTHMIA SURGERY - p. 1163 1098. TAKEDOWN OF RIGHT ATRIAL-TO-RIGHT VENTRICULAR BJORK-FONTAN MODIFICATIONS - p. 1166 1099. SYSTEMIC ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVE REPLACEMENT - p. 1167 1100. NEOAORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT - p. 1167 1101. LYMPHATIC INTERVENTION - p. 1167 1102. CONCLUSION - p. 1168 1103. CHAPTER 114: Anomalies of Pulmonary Venous Return - p. 1170 1104. INTRODUCTION - p. 1170 1105. EMBRYOLOGY - p. 1170 1106. ANATOMIC DEFECTS AND CLASSIFICATION - p. 1171 1107. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1172 1108. DIAGNOSIS - p. 1172 1109. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1173 1110. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1174 1111. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1177 1112. OUTCOMES - p. 1178 1113. PATHOLOGIC ANATOMY - p. 1178 1114. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1179 1115. DIAGNOSIS - p. 1179 1116. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT - p. 1179 1117. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1179 1118. OUTCOMES - p. 1182 1119. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1182 1120. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1182 1121. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1182 1122. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1182 1123. OUTCOMES - p. 1183 1124. CHAPTER 115: Coronary Artery Anomalies in Children - p. 1184 1125. INTRODUCTION - p. 1184 1126. ANATOMY - p. 1184 1127. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1185 1128. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1185 1129. DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING - p. 1186 1130. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT - p. 1186 1131. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1186 1132. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1189 1133. OUTCOMES - p. 1189 1134. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 1190 1135. Anomalous Aortic Origin of a Coronary Artery - p. 1190 1136. ANATOMY - p. 1190 1137. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1191 1138. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1191 1139. DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING - p. 1191 1140. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT - p. 1192 1141. OUTCOMES - p. 1195 1142. ANATOMY - p. 1195 1143. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1196 1144. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1196 1145. DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING - p. 1196 1146. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT - p. 1196 1147. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1196 1148. OUTCOMES - p. 1197 1149. CHAPTER 116: Ebstein Malformation of the Tricuspid Valve - p. 1199 1150. INTRODUCTION - p. 1199 1151. ANATOMY - p. 1199 1152. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1199 1153. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1200 1154. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1208 1155. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 1208 1156. OUTCOMES - p. 1208 1157. CHAPTER 117: Mitral Valve Repair and Replacement in Children - p. 1210 1158. INTRODUCTION - p. 1210 1159. ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY - p. 1210 1160. PATHOLOGY - p. 1210 1161. INDICATION AND PLANNING OF THE REPAIR - p. 1212 1162. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1214 1163. RESULTS - p. 1219 1164. CONCLUSION - p. 1220 1165. CHAPTER 118: Aortic Valve Repair and Replacement in Children - p. 1224 1166. INTRODUCTION - p. 1224 1167. EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF THE AORTIC VALVE - p. 1224 1168. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 1224 1169. DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 1226 1170. MULTIMODAL THERAPY - p. 1226 1171. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR OPERATIVE INTERVENTION - p. 1227 1172. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1227 1173. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1227 1174. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1232 1175. OUTCOMES (INCLUDING LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP) - p. 1232 1176. CONCLUSIONS - p. 1233 1177. CHAPTER 119: Pediatric Heart Transplantation - p. 1235 1178. INTRODUCTION - p. 1235 1179. INDICATIONS - p. 1235 1180. CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1236 1181. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1236 1182. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1237 1183. POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND COMPLICATIONS - p. 1243 1184. SUMMARY - p. 1245 1185. CHAPTER 120: Lung and Heart-Lung Transplantation in Children - p. 1247 1186. INTRODUCTION - p. 1247 1187. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS - p. 1247 1188. PREOPERATIVE PLANNING - p. 1248 1189. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - p. 1249 1190. POSTOPERATIVE CARE - p. 1253 1191. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 1256 1192. CHAPTER 121: Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Ventricular Assist Devices - p. 1258 1193. INTRODUCTION - p. 1258 1194. PEDIATRIC HEART FAILURE - p. 1258 1195. INDICATIONS, PATIENT SELECTION, AND RATIONALE FOR MECHANICAL CIRCULATORY SUPPORT - p. 1258 1196. TEMPORARY SUPPORT STRATEGIES IN PEDIATRIC POPULATIONS - p. 1260 1197. OTHER TEMPORARY EXTRACORPOREAL LIFE SUPPORT OPTIONS - p. 1262 1198. DEVICE SELECTION AND PREPARATION FOR DURABLE MECHANICAL ASSIST - p. 1263 1199. VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE PLACEMENT IN PATIENTS WHO ARE FUNCTIONALLY UNIVENTRICULAR - p. 1267 1200. BIVENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE SUPPORT AND TOTAL ARTIFICIAL HEART - p. 1269 1201. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT - p. 1269 1202. FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 1270 1203. SUMMARY - p. 1270 1204. CHAPTER 122: Pacemaker and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy in Pediatrics and Adult Congenital Heart Disease - p. 1272 1205. PACEMAKER THERAPY - p. 1272 1206. INTRODUCTION TO PACEMAKER THERAPY - p. 1272 1207. COMMON CONDITIONS NECESSITATING PERMANENT PACEMAKER IMPLANTATION - p. 1272 1208. EPICARDIAL VERSUS TRANSVENOUS PACING - p. 1273 1209. SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PACEMAKER IMPLANTATION - p. 1273 1210. BIVENTRICULAR PACING IN CHILDREN - p. 1276 1211. PHYSIOLOGIC PACING IN PEDIATRICS - p. 1276 1212. LEADLESS PACING IN PEDIATRICS - p. 1276 1213. CHALLENGING CLINICAL SCENARIOS - p. 1277 1214. IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR THERAPY - p. 1279 1215. INTRODUCTION TO IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR THERAPY - p. 1279 1216. COMMON IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR CLINICAL SCENARIOS - p. 1279 1217. EPICARDIAL VERSUS TRANSVENOUS IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR SYSTEMS - p. 1280 1218. LONG-TERM IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR COMPLICATIONS - p. 1281 1219. CHAPTER 123: Surgery for Adults With Congenital Heart Disease - p. 1283 1220. INTRODUCTION - p. 1283 1221. PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT AND PRINCIPLES - p. 1284 1222. SPECIFIC CONDITIONS - p. 1289 1223. SECTION 3: SURGERY FOR HEART FAILURE - p. 1303 1224. SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT AND OUTCOMES - p. 1308 1225. Index - p. 1311