Since its first edition over 60 years ago, Rockwood and Wilkins’ Fractures in Children has been the go-to reference for treating a wide range of fractures in children and adolescents. The landmark tenth edition continues this tradition with the addition of four associate editors, a refreshed mix of contributors, and fully revised content throughout, bringing you fully up to date with today’s techniques and technologies in fractures in pediatric orthopaedics. Drs. Peter M. Waters, David L. Skaggs, John M. Flynn, Lindsay Andras, Donald S. Bae, Keith D. Baldwin, and Jonathan G. Schoenecker lead a team of experts who ensure that the most up-to-date information is presented in a comprehensive yet easy to digest manner.
1. INTRODUCTION - p. 1 2. ETIOLOGY OF FRACTURES IN CHILDREN - p. 2 3. INCIDENCE OF FRACTURES IN CHILDREN - p. 4 4. EVOLVING EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FRACTURES IN CHILDREN - p. 9 5. EXPANDED OPPORTUNITIES TO EXAMINE THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PEDIATRIC TRAUMA - p. 10 6. 2 Fracture Repair in Children - p. 13 7. INTRODUCTION - p. 13 8. ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF THE IMMATURE SKELETON - p. 13 9. UNIFYING THEORY OF FRACTURE REPAIR - p. 19 10. CLINICAL APPLICATION OF A PERIOSTEUM-CENTRIC FRACTURE THEORY - p. 23 11. FRACTURE FIXATION IN PEDIATRIC ORTHOPAEDICS - p. 24 12. PHYSEAL FRACTURES - p. 25 13. BONE REMODELING AFTER A FRACTURE - p. 33 14. 3 Pharmacology of Pediatric Fracture Care - p. 36 15. ANALGESICS - p. 36 16. ANTIBIOTICS - p. 37 17. ANTICOAGULANTS IN PEDIATRIC TRAUMA CARE - p. 38 18. VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTS - p. 39 19. CALCIUM - p. 39 20. BISPHOSPHONATES - p. 39 21. 4 Cast and Splint Immobilization - p. 42 22. INTRODUCTION - p. 42 23. PAIN MANAGEMENT AND SEDATION FOR FRACTURE MANAGEMENT - p. 43 24. GENERAL - p. 43 25. LOCATION-SPECIFIC IMMOBILIZATION - p. 55 26. CONCLUSION - p. 61 27. 5 Management of the Severely Injured Child - p. 63 28. ROLE OF THE PEDIATRIC TRAUMA CENTER - p. 63 29. INITIAL RESUSCITATION AND EVALUATION - p. 64 30. EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT - p. 65 31. NONORTHOPAEDIC CONDITIONS IN THE MULTIPLY INJURED CHILD - p. 68 32. ORTHOPAEDIC MANAGEMENT OF THE MULTIPLY INJURED CHILD - p. 71 33. STABILIZATION OF FRACTURES - p. 76 34. 6 Compartment Syndrome in Children - p. 82 35. INTRODUCTION - p. 82 36. DIAGNOSIS - p. 82 37. CLASSIFICATION - p. 84 38. TREATMENT - p. 84 39. UPPER EXTREMITY - p. 85 40. LOWER EXTREMITY - p. 89 41. ESTABLISHED CONTRACTURE (VOLKMANN CONTRACTURE) - p. 93 42. OUTCOMES - p. 93 43. 7 Pathologic Fractures and Nonaccidental Injuries - p. 97 44. TUMORS OR TUMOR-LIKE PROCESSES - p. 98 45. DISEASES OF THE BONE MARROW - p. 112 46. PATHOLOGIC FRACTURES AFTER LIMB LENGTHENING - p. 117 47. OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA - p. 117 48. OSTEOPETROSIS - p. 121 49. RICKETS - p. 123 50. IDIOPATHIC OSTEOPOROSIS - p. 124 51. IATROGENIC OSTEOPOROSIS - p. 125 52. CUSHING SYNDROME - p. 126 53. SCURVY - p. 126 54. FRACTURES IN NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE - p. 128 55. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 134 56. RISK FACTORS FOR CHILD ABUSE - p. 135 57. ORTHOPAEDIC RECOGNITION OF CHILD MALTREATMENT - p. 135 58. THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 143 59. POST–EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT TREATMENT AND LEGAL REPORTING REQUIREMENTS - p. 145 60. SECTION TWO: UPPER EXTREMITY - p. 151 61. 8 Fractures and Dislocations of the Hand and Carpal Bones in Children - p. 151 62. INCIDENCE OF FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS OF THE HAND AND CARPAL BONES - p. 152 63. APPLIED ANATOMY OF HAND AND CARPAL BONES - p. 153 64. ASSESSMENT OF HAND AND CARPAL BONE FRACTURES - p. 157 65. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL PHALANX - p. 162 66. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO DISTAL PHALANX FRACTURES - p. 167 67. CLASSIFICATION OF MIDDLE AND PROXIMAL PHALANGEAL FRACTURES - p. 168 68. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR MIDDLE AND PROXIMAL PHALANX FRACTURES - p. 172 69. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS OF MIDDLE AND PROXIMAL PHALANGEAL FRACTURES - p. 184 70. CLASSIFICATION OF METACARPAL FRACTURES - p. 187 71. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR METACARPAL FRACTURES - p. 188 72. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO METACARPAL FRACTURES - p. 193 73. CLASSIFICATION OF THUMB METACARPAL FRACTURES - p. 193 74. THUMB METACARPAL BASE FRACTURES - p. 194 75. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO THUMB METACARPAL FRACTURES - p. 197 76. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES OF THE CARPAL BONES - p. 198 77. ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE CARPAL BONES - p. 204 78. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS OF SCAPHOID FRACTURES - p. 210 79. CLASSIFICATION OF TRIANGULAR FIBROCARTILAGE COMPLEX TEARS - p. 210 80. DISLOCATIONS OF THE INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS - p. 212 81. DISLOCATIONS OF THE METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT - p. 215 82. DORSAL DISLOCATION OF THE THUMB RAY - p. 216 83. 9 Fractures of the Distal Radius and Ulna - p. 222 84. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA - p. 222 85. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA - p. 223 86. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA - p. 232 87. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA - p. 235 88. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA - p. 266 89. CONTROVERSIES RELATED TO FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA - p. 275 90. CONCLUSIONS - p. 276 91. 10 Diaphyseal Radius and Ulna Fractures - p. 281 92. INTRODUCTION TO DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES - p. 281 93. ASSESSMENT OF DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES - p. 282 94. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES - p. 292 95. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES - p. 294 96. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES - p. 315 97. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES - p. 330 98. 11 Radial Neck and Olecranon Fractures - p. 336 99. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS AND ULNA - p. 337 100. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS - p. 337 101. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS - p. 346 102. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS - p. 346 103. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS - p. 364 104. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL ULNA - p. 367 105. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL ULNA - p. 374 106. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL ULNA - p. 376 107. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL ULNA - p. 387 108. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS AND ULNA - p. 389 109. 12 Monteggia Fracture-Dislocation in Children - p. 392 110. INTRODUCTION TO MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 393 111. ASSESSMENT OF MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 393 112. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 404 113. GENERAL TREATMENT PRINCIPLES FOR MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 407 114. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR TYPE I MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 408 115. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR TYPE II MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 417 116. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR TYPE III MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 418 117. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR TYPE IV MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 420 118. TREATMENT METHODS FOR MONTEGGIA EQUIVALENT FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 424 119. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR CHRONIC MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 426 120. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 434 121. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 435 122. 13 Evaluation of the Injured Pediatric Elbow - p. 439 123. INTRODUCTION - p. 439 124. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 439 125. ANATOMY - p. 440 126. RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS - p. 446 127. CONCLUSION - p. 453 128. 14 Supracondylar Fractures of the Distal Humerus - p. 456 129. INTRODUCTION TO SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 456 130. ASSESSMENT OF SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 457 131. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 469 132. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 485 133. INTRODUCTION TO FLEXION-TYPE SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 497 134. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FLEXION-TYPE SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 499 135. 15 T-Condylar Fractures of the Distal Humerus - p. 508 136. INTRODUCTION TO T-CONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 508 137. ASSESSMENT OF T-CONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 509 138. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO T-CONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 515 139. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR T-CONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 515 140. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO T-CONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 525 141. 16 Medial Epicondyle Fractures and Dislocations of the Elbow - p. 528 142. MEDIAL EPICONDYLE FRACTURES - p. 528 143. INTRODUCTION TO ELBOW DISLOCATIONS - p. 541 144. POSTERIOR ELBOW DISLOCATIONS - p. 543 145. ATYPICAL ELBOW DISLOCATIONS - p. 559 146. PULLED ELBOW SYNDROME - p. 563 147. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO MEDIAL EPICONDYLE FRACTURES AND ELBOW DISLOCATIONS - p. 566 148. 17 Lateral Condylar and Capitellar Fractures of the Distal Humerus - p. 570 149. INTRODUCTION TO LATERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES - p. 570 150. ASSESSMENT OF LATERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES - p. 571 151. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR LATERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES - p. 576 152. LATERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURE ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS - p. 582 153. INTRODUCTION TO CAPITELLAR FRACTURES - p. 592 154. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO CAPITELLAR FRACTURES - p. 596 155. 18 Distal Humeral Physeal, Medial Condyle, Lateral Epicondylar, and Other Uncommon Elbow Fractures - p. 599 156. INTRODUCTION - p. 600 157. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 600 158. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 600 159. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 605 160. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 606 161. OUTCOMES - p. 612 162. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 612 163. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 613 164. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLE - p. 613 165. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLAR PHYSIS - p. 614 166. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLAR PHYSIS - p. 618 167. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLAR PHYSIS - p. 619 168. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLAR PHYSIS - p. 623 169. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLAR PHYSIS - p. 624 170. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES INVOLVING THE LATERAL EPICONDYLAR APOPHYSIS - p. 624 171. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES INVOLVING THE LATERAL EPICONDYLAR APOPHYSIS - p. 624 172. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO FRACTURES INVOLVING THE LATERAL EPICONDYLAR APOPHYSIS - p. 627 173. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES INVOLVING THE LATERAL EPICONDYLAR APOPHYSIS - p. 627 174. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN FRACTURES INVOLVING THE LATERAL EPICONDYLAR APOPHYSIS - p. 627 175. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO FRACTURES INVOLVING THE LATERAL EPICONDYLAR APOPHYSIS - p. 627 176. INTRODUCTION TO OSTEONECROSIS OF THE TROCHLEA - p. 628 177. ASSESSMENT OF OSTEONECROSIS OF THE TROCHLEA - p. 629 178. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO OSTEONECROSIS OF THE TROCHLEA - p. 631 179. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR OSTEONECROSIS OF THE TROCHLEA - p. 633 180. 19 Shoulder Dislocation and Fractures of the Proximal Humerus and Humeral Shaft - p. 637 181. INTRODUCTION TO SHOULDER DISLOCATION - p. 638 182. ASSESSMENT OF SHOULDER DISLOCATION - p. 638 183. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO SHOULDER DISLOCATION - p. 643 184. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR SHOULDER DISLOCATIONS - p. 644 185. MANAGEMENT OF ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO SHOULDER DISLOCATIONS - p. 655 186. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO SHOULDER DISLOCATIONS - p. 656 187. INTRODUCTION TO PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES - p. 656 188. ASSESSMENT OF PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES - p. 656 189. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES - p. 659 190. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES - p. 660 191. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES - p. 671 192. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES - p. 671 193. INTRODUCTION TO HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES - p. 671 194. ASSESSMENT OF HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES - p. 672 195. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES - p. 675 196. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES - p. 676 197. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES - p. 688 198. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES - p. 689 199. 20 Clavicle and Scapula Fractures and Acromioclavicular and Sternoclavicular Injuries - p. 696 200. INTRODUCTION - p. 697 201. ASSESSMENT OF MIDSHAFT CLAVICLE FRACTURES - p. 697 202. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO MIDSHAFT CLAVICLE FRACTURES - p. 700 203. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR MIDSHAFT CLAVICLE FRACTURES - p. 701 204. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO MIDSHAFT CLAVICLE FRACTURES - p. 709 205. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO MIDSHAFT CLAVICLE FRACTURES - p. 710 206. INTRODUCTION TO DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES - p. 710 207. ASSESSMENT OF DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES - p. 710 208. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES - p. 712 209. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES - p. 712 210. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES - p. 715 211. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES - p. 716 212. INTRODUCTION TO SCAPULA FRACTURES - p. 717 213. ASSESSMENT OF SCAPULA FRACTURES - p. 717 214. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO SCAPULA FRACTURES - p. 718 215. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR SCAPULA FRACTURES - p. 718 216. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO SCAPULA FRACTURES - p. 722 217. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO SCAPULA FRACTURES - p. 722 218. INTRODUCTION TO ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS - p. 722 219. ASSESSMENT OF ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS - p. 722 220. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS - p. 724 221. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS - p. 724 222. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS - p. 726 223. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS - p. 727 224. INTRODUCTION TO STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 727 225. ASSESSMENT OF STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 727 226. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 730 227. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 731 228. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 734 229. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 736 230. SECTION THREE: SPINE - p. 739 231. 21 Cervical Spine Injuries in Children - p. 739 232. INTRODUCTION TO CERVICAL SPINE INJURY - p. 740 233. RADIOGRAPHIC CLEARANCE OF THE CERVICAL SPINE IN THE TRAUMA SETTING - p. 741 234. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR CERVICAL SPINE INJURY - p. 743 235. INTRODUCTION TO OCCIPITAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES - p. 746 236. ASSESSMENT OF OCCIPITAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES - p. 747 237. TREATMENT OF OCCIPITAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES - p. 747 238. ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL DISLOCATION - p. 747 239. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL INSTABILITY - p. 748 240. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE ATLAS - p. 749 241. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE ATLAS - p. 750 242. INTRODUCTION TO ODONTOID FRACTURE - p. 750 243. ASSESSMENT OF ODONTOID FRACTURE - p. 750 244. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR ODONTOID FRACTURE - p. 751 245. HANGMAN’S FRACTURE - p. 755 246. ASSESSMENT OF HANGMAN’S FRACTURE - p. 755 247. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR HANGMAN’S FRACTURE - p. 756 248. INTRODUCTION TO SUBAXIAL (C3–C7) INJURIES - p. 756 249. ASSESSMENT OF DLC/PLC DISRUPTIONS - p. 756 250. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR DLC DISRUPTION - p. 757 251. ASSESSMENT OF COMPRESSION FRACTURE - p. 757 252. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR COMPRESSION FRACTURE - p. 758 253. INTRODUCTION TO FACET DISLOCATIONS - p. 758 254. ASSESSMENT OF FACET DISLOCATIONS - p. 758 255. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FACET DISLOCATIONS - p. 758 256. ASSESSMENT OF BURST FRACTURE - p. 759 257. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR BURST FRACTURE - p. 760 258. ASSESSMENT OF TRAUMATIC SPONDYLOLYSIS AND SPONDYLOLISTHESIS - p. 760 259. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR SPONDYLOLYSIS AND SPONDYLOLISTHESIS - p. 760 260. 22 Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures - p. 768 261. INTRODUCTION TO THORACOLUMBAR SPINE FRACTURES - p. 768 262. ASSESSMENT OF THORACOLUMBAR SPINE FRACTURES - p. 769 263. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO THORACOLUMBAR SPINE FRACTURES - p. 779 264. COMPRESSION FRACTURES - p. 780 265. BURST FRACTURES - p. 782 266. FLEXION-DISTRACTION INJURIES (CHANCE FRACTURES) - p. 783 267. FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 784 268. SPECIAL FRACTURES - p. 785 269. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO THORACOLUMBAR SPINE FRACTURES - p. 789 270. SECTION FOUR: LOWER EXTREMITY - p. 793 271. 23 Pelvic and Acetabular Fractures - p. 793 272. INTRODUCTION TO PELVIC AND ACETABULAR FRACTURES - p. 794 273. ASSESSMENT OF PELVIC AND ACETABULAR FRACTURES - p. 794 274. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO PELVIC AND ACETABULAR FRACTURES - p. 802 275. AVULSION FRACTURES (TORODE AND ZIEG TYPE I) - p. 804 276. ISOLATED ILIAC WING FRACTURES (TORODE AND ZIEG TYPE II) - p. 805 277. OTHER STABLE FRACTURES - p. 806 278. SIMPLE RING FRACTURES (TORODE AND ZIEG TYPE IIIA AND IIIB) - p. 808 279. RING DISRUPTION: UNSTABLE FRACTURE PATTERNS (TORODE AND ZIEG TYPE IV) - p. 811 280. SEVERE CRUSH INJURIES AND OPEN FRACTURES - p. 818 281. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR ACETABULAR FRACTURES - p. 819 282. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO PELVIC AND ACETABULAR FRACTURES - p. 825 283. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO PELVIC AND ACETABULAR FRACTURES - p. 827 284. 24 Fractures and Traumatic Dislocations of the Hip in Children - p. 831 285. INTRODUCTION TO HIP FRACTURES - p. 832 286. ASSESSMENT OF HIP FRACTURES - p. 832 287. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO HIP FRACTURES - p. 838 288. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR HIP FRACTURES - p. 839 289. OSTEONECROSIS - p. 850 290. COXA VARA - p. 852 291. PREMATURE PHYSEAL CLOSURE - p. 852 292. NONUNION - p. 852 293. LESS COMMON COMPLICATIONS - p. 854 294. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO HIP FRACTURES - p. 854 295. INTRODUCTION TO STRESS FRACTURES OF THE FEMORAL NECK - p. 854 296. ASSESSMENT OF STRESS FRACTURES OF THE FEMORAL NECK - p. 855 297. TREATMENT OF STRESS FRACTURES OF THE FEMORAL NECK - p. 856 298. INTRODUCTION TO HIP DISLOCATIONS - p. 856 299. ASSESSMENT OF HIP DISLOCATION - p. 857 300. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO HIP DISLOCATIONS - p. 860 301. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR HIP DISLOCATIONS - p. 860 302. CHONDROLYSIS - p. 866 303. COXA MAGNA - p. 866 304. HABITUAL DISLOCATION - p. 866 305. HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION - p. 867 306. INTERPOSED SOFT TISSUE - p. 867 307. LATE PRESENTATION - p. 867 308. NERVE INJURY - p. 867 309. RECURRENT DISLOCATION - p. 867 310. VASCULAR INJURY - p. 867 311. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO HIP DISLOCATIONS - p. 868 312. 25 Femoral Shaft Fractures - p. 871 313. INTRODUCTION TO FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES - p. 871 314. ASSESSMENT OF FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES - p. 871 315. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES - p. 873 316. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES - p. 874 317. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES - p. 899 318. SPECIAL FRACTURES OF THE FEMORAL SHAFT - p. 902 319. FRACTURES IN THE MULTIPLE-SYSTEM TRAUMA PATIENT - p. 906 320. 26 Fractures of the Distal Femoral Physis - p. 912 321. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSIS - p. 912 322. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSIS - p. 912 323. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSIS - p. 923 324. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSIS - p. 925 325. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS - p. 935 326. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSIS - p. 940 327. 27 Proximal Tibial Physeal Fractures - p. 943 328. INTRODUCTION TO PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES - p. 943 329. ASSESSMENT OF PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES - p. 943 330. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES - p. 948 331. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES - p. 950 332. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS FOR PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES - p. 957 333. SUMMARY OF PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES - p. 958 334. 28 Intra-Articular Injuries of the Knee - p. 961 335. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES OF THE TIBIAL SPINE - p. 962 336. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE TIBIAL SPINE - p. 962 337. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO FRACTURE OF THE TIBIAL SPINE - p. 965 338. TREATMENT OPTIONS OF FRACTURES OF THE TIBIAL SPINE - p. 965 339. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN FRACTURE OF THE TIBIAL SPINE - p. 973 340. INTRODUCTION TO PATELLAR SLEEVE FRACTURES - p. 974 341. ASSESSMENT OF PATELLAR SLEEVE FRACTURES - p. 974 342. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PATELLAR SLEEVE FRACTURES - p. 974 343. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO PATELLAR SLEEVE FRACTURES - p. 976 344. INTRODUCTION TO OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES - p. 976 345. ASSESSMENT OF OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES - p. 977 346. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES - p. 979 347. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES - p. 979 348. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS OF OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES - p. 985 349. INTRODUCTION TO PATELLAR DISLOCATION - p. 985 350. ASSESSMENT OF PATELLAR DISLOCATION - p. 986 351. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO PATELLAR DISLOCATIONS - p. 987 352. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PATELLAR DISLOCATION - p. 988 353. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATION OF PATELLAR DISLOCATION - p. 993 354. INTRODUCTION TO LIGAMENT INJURIES - p. 993 355. ASSESSMENT OF LIGAMENT INJURIES - p. 993 356. 29 Fractures of the Shaft of the Tibia and Fibula - p. 1008 357. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES OF THE SHAFT OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA - p. 1009 358. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE SHAFT OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA - p. 1009 359. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY OF FRACTURES OF THE SHAFT OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA - p. 1010 360. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS - p. 1011 361. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS - p. 1012 362. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO PROXIMAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS FRACTURES - p. 1012 363. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS - p. 1013 364. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS - p. 1015 365. INTRODUCTION TO DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA - p. 1017 366. ASSESSMENT OF DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA - p. 1017 367. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA - p. 1021 368. INTRODUCTION TO OPEN TIBIAL FRACTURES - p. 1034 369. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR OPEN TIBIAL FRACTURES - p. 1034 370. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA - p. 1037 371. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS - p. 1042 372. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS - p. 1042 373. TODDLER’S FRACTURES - p. 1044 374. FLOATING KNEE - p. 1045 375. STRESS FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA - p. 1046 376. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO PEDIATRIC TIBIAL SHAFT FRACTURES - p. 1047 377. 30 Ankle Fractures - p. 1051 378. INTRODUCTION TO ANKLE FRACTURES - p. 1051 379. ASSESSMENT OF ANKLE FRACTURES - p. 1052 380. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO ANKLE FRACTURES - p. 1065 381. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR ANKLE FRACTURES - p. 1067 382. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS OF DISTAL TIBIAL AND FIBULAR FRACTURES - p. 1096 383. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO ANKLE FRACTURES - p. 1101 384. 31 Fractures, Dislocations, and Other Injuries of the Foot - p. 1107 385. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS OF THE FOOT - p. 1108 386. ANATOMY OF THE GROWING FOOT - p. 1109 387. MECHANISMS OF INJURY AND ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS OF THE FOOT - p. 1109 388. INTRODUCTION TO TALAR FRACTURES - p. 1109 389. ASSESSMENT OF TALAR FRACTURES - p. 1109 390. FRACTURES OF THE TALAR NECK - p. 1111 391. FRACTURES OF THE TALAR BODY AND DOME - p. 1116 392. FRACTURES OF THE LATERAL PROCESS OF THE TALAR BODY - p. 1116 393. FRACTURES OF THE OSTEOCHONDRAL SURFACE OF THE TALUS - p. 1116 394. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO TALAR FRACTURES - p. 1120 395. INTRODUCTION TO CALCANEAL FRACTURES - p. 1121 396. ASSESSMENT OF CALCANEAL FRACTURES - p. 1121 397. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO CALCANEAL FRACTURES - p. 1123 398. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR CALCANEAL FRACTURES - p. 1125 399. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO CALCANEAL FRACTURES - p. 1129 400. CUBOID FRACTURES - p. 1131 401. INTRODUCTION TO TARSOMETATARSAL INJURIES - p. 1132 402. ASSESSMENT OF TARSOMETATARSAL INJURIES - p. 1132 403. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO TARSOMETATARSAL INJURIES - p. 1135 404. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR TARSOMETATARSAL INJURIES - p. 1136 405. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO COMPLICATIONS OF TARSOMETATARSAL INJURIES - p. 1138 406. INTRODUCTION TO METATARSAL FRACTURES - p. 1138 407. ASSESSMENT OF METATARSAL FRACTURES - p. 1138 408. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR METATARSAL FRACTURES - p. 1139 409. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO METATARSAL FRACTURES - p. 1144 410. INTRODUCTION TO PHALANGEAL INJURIES - p. 1144 411. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PHALANGEAL INJURIES - p. 1144 412. LAWNMOWER AND OTHER MUTILATING INJURIES - p. 1147 413. CRUSH INJURIES - p. 1149 414. SESAMOID FRACTURES - p. 1149 415. COMPARTMENT SYNDROME - p. 1149 416. PUNCTURE WOUNDS - p. 1151 417. STRESS FRACTURES - p. 1152 418. Index - p. 1159
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Since its first edition over 60 years ago, Rockwood and Wilkins’ Fractures in Children has been the go-to reference for treating a wide range of fractures in children and adolescents. The landmark tenth edition continues this tradition with the addition of four associate editors, a refreshed mix of contributors, and fully revised content throughout, bringing you fully up to date with today’s techniques and technologies in fractures in pediatric orthopaedics. Drs. Peter M. Waters, David L. Skaggs, John M. Flynn, Lindsay Andras, Donald S. Bae, Keith D. Baldwin, and Jonathan G. Schoenecker lead a team of experts who ensure that the most up-to-date information is presented in a comprehensive yet easy to digest manner.
1. INTRODUCTION - p. 1 2. ETIOLOGY OF FRACTURES IN CHILDREN - p. 2 3. INCIDENCE OF FRACTURES IN CHILDREN - p. 4 4. EVOLVING EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FRACTURES IN CHILDREN - p. 9 5. EXPANDED OPPORTUNITIES TO EXAMINE THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PEDIATRIC TRAUMA - p. 10 6. 2 Fracture Repair in Children - p. 13 7. INTRODUCTION - p. 13 8. ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF THE IMMATURE SKELETON - p. 13 9. UNIFYING THEORY OF FRACTURE REPAIR - p. 19 10. CLINICAL APPLICATION OF A PERIOSTEUM-CENTRIC FRACTURE THEORY - p. 23 11. FRACTURE FIXATION IN PEDIATRIC ORTHOPAEDICS - p. 24 12. PHYSEAL FRACTURES - p. 25 13. BONE REMODELING AFTER A FRACTURE - p. 33 14. 3 Pharmacology of Pediatric Fracture Care - p. 36 15. ANALGESICS - p. 36 16. ANTIBIOTICS - p. 37 17. ANTICOAGULANTS IN PEDIATRIC TRAUMA CARE - p. 38 18. VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTS - p. 39 19. CALCIUM - p. 39 20. BISPHOSPHONATES - p. 39 21. 4 Cast and Splint Immobilization - p. 42 22. INTRODUCTION - p. 42 23. PAIN MANAGEMENT AND SEDATION FOR FRACTURE MANAGEMENT - p. 43 24. GENERAL - p. 43 25. LOCATION-SPECIFIC IMMOBILIZATION - p. 55 26. CONCLUSION - p. 61 27. 5 Management of the Severely Injured Child - p. 63 28. ROLE OF THE PEDIATRIC TRAUMA CENTER - p. 63 29. INITIAL RESUSCITATION AND EVALUATION - p. 64 30. EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT - p. 65 31. NONORTHOPAEDIC CONDITIONS IN THE MULTIPLY INJURED CHILD - p. 68 32. ORTHOPAEDIC MANAGEMENT OF THE MULTIPLY INJURED CHILD - p. 71 33. STABILIZATION OF FRACTURES - p. 76 34. 6 Compartment Syndrome in Children - p. 82 35. INTRODUCTION - p. 82 36. DIAGNOSIS - p. 82 37. CLASSIFICATION - p. 84 38. TREATMENT - p. 84 39. UPPER EXTREMITY - p. 85 40. LOWER EXTREMITY - p. 89 41. ESTABLISHED CONTRACTURE (VOLKMANN CONTRACTURE) - p. 93 42. OUTCOMES - p. 93 43. 7 Pathologic Fractures and Nonaccidental Injuries - p. 97 44. TUMORS OR TUMOR-LIKE PROCESSES - p. 98 45. DISEASES OF THE BONE MARROW - p. 112 46. PATHOLOGIC FRACTURES AFTER LIMB LENGTHENING - p. 117 47. OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA - p. 117 48. OSTEOPETROSIS - p. 121 49. RICKETS - p. 123 50. IDIOPATHIC OSTEOPOROSIS - p. 124 51. IATROGENIC OSTEOPOROSIS - p. 125 52. CUSHING SYNDROME - p. 126 53. SCURVY - p. 126 54. FRACTURES IN NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE - p. 128 55. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 134 56. RISK FACTORS FOR CHILD ABUSE - p. 135 57. ORTHOPAEDIC RECOGNITION OF CHILD MALTREATMENT - p. 135 58. THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 143 59. POST–EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT TREATMENT AND LEGAL REPORTING REQUIREMENTS - p. 145 60. SECTION TWO: UPPER EXTREMITY - p. 151 61. 8 Fractures and Dislocations of the Hand and Carpal Bones in Children - p. 151 62. INCIDENCE OF FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS OF THE HAND AND CARPAL BONES - p. 152 63. APPLIED ANATOMY OF HAND AND CARPAL BONES - p. 153 64. ASSESSMENT OF HAND AND CARPAL BONE FRACTURES - p. 157 65. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL PHALANX - p. 162 66. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO DISTAL PHALANX FRACTURES - p. 167 67. CLASSIFICATION OF MIDDLE AND PROXIMAL PHALANGEAL FRACTURES - p. 168 68. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR MIDDLE AND PROXIMAL PHALANX FRACTURES - p. 172 69. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS OF MIDDLE AND PROXIMAL PHALANGEAL FRACTURES - p. 184 70. CLASSIFICATION OF METACARPAL FRACTURES - p. 187 71. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR METACARPAL FRACTURES - p. 188 72. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO METACARPAL FRACTURES - p. 193 73. CLASSIFICATION OF THUMB METACARPAL FRACTURES - p. 193 74. THUMB METACARPAL BASE FRACTURES - p. 194 75. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO THUMB METACARPAL FRACTURES - p. 197 76. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES OF THE CARPAL BONES - p. 198 77. ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE CARPAL BONES - p. 204 78. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS OF SCAPHOID FRACTURES - p. 210 79. CLASSIFICATION OF TRIANGULAR FIBROCARTILAGE COMPLEX TEARS - p. 210 80. DISLOCATIONS OF THE INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS - p. 212 81. DISLOCATIONS OF THE METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT - p. 215 82. DORSAL DISLOCATION OF THE THUMB RAY - p. 216 83. 9 Fractures of the Distal Radius and Ulna - p. 222 84. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA - p. 222 85. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA - p. 223 86. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA - p. 232 87. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA - p. 235 88. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA - p. 266 89. CONTROVERSIES RELATED TO FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA - p. 275 90. CONCLUSIONS - p. 276 91. 10 Diaphyseal Radius and Ulna Fractures - p. 281 92. INTRODUCTION TO DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES - p. 281 93. ASSESSMENT OF DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES - p. 282 94. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES - p. 292 95. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES - p. 294 96. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES - p. 315 97. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES - p. 330 98. 11 Radial Neck and Olecranon Fractures - p. 336 99. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS AND ULNA - p. 337 100. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS - p. 337 101. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS - p. 346 102. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS - p. 346 103. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS - p. 364 104. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL ULNA - p. 367 105. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL ULNA - p. 374 106. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL ULNA - p. 376 107. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL ULNA - p. 387 108. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS AND ULNA - p. 389 109. 12 Monteggia Fracture-Dislocation in Children - p. 392 110. INTRODUCTION TO MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 393 111. ASSESSMENT OF MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 393 112. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 404 113. GENERAL TREATMENT PRINCIPLES FOR MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 407 114. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR TYPE I MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 408 115. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR TYPE II MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 417 116. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR TYPE III MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 418 117. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR TYPE IV MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 420 118. TREATMENT METHODS FOR MONTEGGIA EQUIVALENT FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 424 119. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR CHRONIC MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 426 120. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 434 121. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 435 122. 13 Evaluation of the Injured Pediatric Elbow - p. 439 123. INTRODUCTION - p. 439 124. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 439 125. ANATOMY - p. 440 126. RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS - p. 446 127. CONCLUSION - p. 453 128. 14 Supracondylar Fractures of the Distal Humerus - p. 456 129. INTRODUCTION TO SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 456 130. ASSESSMENT OF SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 457 131. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 469 132. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 485 133. INTRODUCTION TO FLEXION-TYPE SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 497 134. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FLEXION-TYPE SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 499 135. 15 T-Condylar Fractures of the Distal Humerus - p. 508 136. INTRODUCTION TO T-CONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 508 137. ASSESSMENT OF T-CONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 509 138. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO T-CONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 515 139. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR T-CONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 515 140. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO T-CONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 525 141. 16 Medial Epicondyle Fractures and Dislocations of the Elbow - p. 528 142. MEDIAL EPICONDYLE FRACTURES - p. 528 143. INTRODUCTION TO ELBOW DISLOCATIONS - p. 541 144. POSTERIOR ELBOW DISLOCATIONS - p. 543 145. ATYPICAL ELBOW DISLOCATIONS - p. 559 146. PULLED ELBOW SYNDROME - p. 563 147. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO MEDIAL EPICONDYLE FRACTURES AND ELBOW DISLOCATIONS - p. 566 148. 17 Lateral Condylar and Capitellar Fractures of the Distal Humerus - p. 570 149. INTRODUCTION TO LATERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES - p. 570 150. ASSESSMENT OF LATERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES - p. 571 151. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR LATERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES - p. 576 152. LATERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURE ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS - p. 582 153. INTRODUCTION TO CAPITELLAR FRACTURES - p. 592 154. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO CAPITELLAR FRACTURES - p. 596 155. 18 Distal Humeral Physeal, Medial Condyle, Lateral Epicondylar, and Other Uncommon Elbow Fractures - p. 599 156. INTRODUCTION - p. 600 157. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 600 158. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 600 159. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 605 160. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 606 161. OUTCOMES - p. 612 162. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 612 163. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS - p. 613 164. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLE - p. 613 165. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLAR PHYSIS - p. 614 166. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLAR PHYSIS - p. 618 167. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLAR PHYSIS - p. 619 168. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLAR PHYSIS - p. 623 169. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLAR PHYSIS - p. 624 170. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES INVOLVING THE LATERAL EPICONDYLAR APOPHYSIS - p. 624 171. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES INVOLVING THE LATERAL EPICONDYLAR APOPHYSIS - p. 624 172. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO FRACTURES INVOLVING THE LATERAL EPICONDYLAR APOPHYSIS - p. 627 173. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES INVOLVING THE LATERAL EPICONDYLAR APOPHYSIS - p. 627 174. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN FRACTURES INVOLVING THE LATERAL EPICONDYLAR APOPHYSIS - p. 627 175. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO FRACTURES INVOLVING THE LATERAL EPICONDYLAR APOPHYSIS - p. 627 176. INTRODUCTION TO OSTEONECROSIS OF THE TROCHLEA - p. 628 177. ASSESSMENT OF OSTEONECROSIS OF THE TROCHLEA - p. 629 178. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO OSTEONECROSIS OF THE TROCHLEA - p. 631 179. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR OSTEONECROSIS OF THE TROCHLEA - p. 633 180. 19 Shoulder Dislocation and Fractures of the Proximal Humerus and Humeral Shaft - p. 637 181. INTRODUCTION TO SHOULDER DISLOCATION - p. 638 182. ASSESSMENT OF SHOULDER DISLOCATION - p. 638 183. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO SHOULDER DISLOCATION - p. 643 184. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR SHOULDER DISLOCATIONS - p. 644 185. MANAGEMENT OF ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO SHOULDER DISLOCATIONS - p. 655 186. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO SHOULDER DISLOCATIONS - p. 656 187. INTRODUCTION TO PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES - p. 656 188. ASSESSMENT OF PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES - p. 656 189. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES - p. 659 190. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES - p. 660 191. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES - p. 671 192. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES - p. 671 193. INTRODUCTION TO HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES - p. 671 194. ASSESSMENT OF HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES - p. 672 195. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES - p. 675 196. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES - p. 676 197. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES - p. 688 198. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES - p. 689 199. 20 Clavicle and Scapula Fractures and Acromioclavicular and Sternoclavicular Injuries - p. 696 200. INTRODUCTION - p. 697 201. ASSESSMENT OF MIDSHAFT CLAVICLE FRACTURES - p. 697 202. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO MIDSHAFT CLAVICLE FRACTURES - p. 700 203. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR MIDSHAFT CLAVICLE FRACTURES - p. 701 204. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO MIDSHAFT CLAVICLE FRACTURES - p. 709 205. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO MIDSHAFT CLAVICLE FRACTURES - p. 710 206. INTRODUCTION TO DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES - p. 710 207. ASSESSMENT OF DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES - p. 710 208. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES - p. 712 209. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES - p. 712 210. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES - p. 715 211. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES - p. 716 212. INTRODUCTION TO SCAPULA FRACTURES - p. 717 213. ASSESSMENT OF SCAPULA FRACTURES - p. 717 214. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO SCAPULA FRACTURES - p. 718 215. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR SCAPULA FRACTURES - p. 718 216. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO SCAPULA FRACTURES - p. 722 217. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO SCAPULA FRACTURES - p. 722 218. INTRODUCTION TO ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS - p. 722 219. ASSESSMENT OF ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS - p. 722 220. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS - p. 724 221. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS - p. 724 222. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS - p. 726 223. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS - p. 727 224. INTRODUCTION TO STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 727 225. ASSESSMENT OF STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 727 226. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 730 227. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 731 228. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 734 229. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 736 230. SECTION THREE: SPINE - p. 739 231. 21 Cervical Spine Injuries in Children - p. 739 232. INTRODUCTION TO CERVICAL SPINE INJURY - p. 740 233. RADIOGRAPHIC CLEARANCE OF THE CERVICAL SPINE IN THE TRAUMA SETTING - p. 741 234. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR CERVICAL SPINE INJURY - p. 743 235. INTRODUCTION TO OCCIPITAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES - p. 746 236. ASSESSMENT OF OCCIPITAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES - p. 747 237. TREATMENT OF OCCIPITAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES - p. 747 238. ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL DISLOCATION - p. 747 239. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL INSTABILITY - p. 748 240. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE ATLAS - p. 749 241. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE ATLAS - p. 750 242. INTRODUCTION TO ODONTOID FRACTURE - p. 750 243. ASSESSMENT OF ODONTOID FRACTURE - p. 750 244. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR ODONTOID FRACTURE - p. 751 245. HANGMAN’S FRACTURE - p. 755 246. ASSESSMENT OF HANGMAN’S FRACTURE - p. 755 247. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR HANGMAN’S FRACTURE - p. 756 248. INTRODUCTION TO SUBAXIAL (C3–C7) INJURIES - p. 756 249. ASSESSMENT OF DLC/PLC DISRUPTIONS - p. 756 250. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR DLC DISRUPTION - p. 757 251. ASSESSMENT OF COMPRESSION FRACTURE - p. 757 252. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR COMPRESSION FRACTURE - p. 758 253. INTRODUCTION TO FACET DISLOCATIONS - p. 758 254. ASSESSMENT OF FACET DISLOCATIONS - p. 758 255. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FACET DISLOCATIONS - p. 758 256. ASSESSMENT OF BURST FRACTURE - p. 759 257. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR BURST FRACTURE - p. 760 258. ASSESSMENT OF TRAUMATIC SPONDYLOLYSIS AND SPONDYLOLISTHESIS - p. 760 259. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR SPONDYLOLYSIS AND SPONDYLOLISTHESIS - p. 760 260. 22 Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures - p. 768 261. INTRODUCTION TO THORACOLUMBAR SPINE FRACTURES - p. 768 262. ASSESSMENT OF THORACOLUMBAR SPINE FRACTURES - p. 769 263. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO THORACOLUMBAR SPINE FRACTURES - p. 779 264. COMPRESSION FRACTURES - p. 780 265. BURST FRACTURES - p. 782 266. FLEXION-DISTRACTION INJURIES (CHANCE FRACTURES) - p. 783 267. FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS - p. 784 268. SPECIAL FRACTURES - p. 785 269. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO THORACOLUMBAR SPINE FRACTURES - p. 789 270. SECTION FOUR: LOWER EXTREMITY - p. 793 271. 23 Pelvic and Acetabular Fractures - p. 793 272. INTRODUCTION TO PELVIC AND ACETABULAR FRACTURES - p. 794 273. ASSESSMENT OF PELVIC AND ACETABULAR FRACTURES - p. 794 274. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO PELVIC AND ACETABULAR FRACTURES - p. 802 275. AVULSION FRACTURES (TORODE AND ZIEG TYPE I) - p. 804 276. ISOLATED ILIAC WING FRACTURES (TORODE AND ZIEG TYPE II) - p. 805 277. OTHER STABLE FRACTURES - p. 806 278. SIMPLE RING FRACTURES (TORODE AND ZIEG TYPE IIIA AND IIIB) - p. 808 279. RING DISRUPTION: UNSTABLE FRACTURE PATTERNS (TORODE AND ZIEG TYPE IV) - p. 811 280. SEVERE CRUSH INJURIES AND OPEN FRACTURES - p. 818 281. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR ACETABULAR FRACTURES - p. 819 282. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO PELVIC AND ACETABULAR FRACTURES - p. 825 283. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO PELVIC AND ACETABULAR FRACTURES - p. 827 284. 24 Fractures and Traumatic Dislocations of the Hip in Children - p. 831 285. INTRODUCTION TO HIP FRACTURES - p. 832 286. ASSESSMENT OF HIP FRACTURES - p. 832 287. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO HIP FRACTURES - p. 838 288. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR HIP FRACTURES - p. 839 289. OSTEONECROSIS - p. 850 290. COXA VARA - p. 852 291. PREMATURE PHYSEAL CLOSURE - p. 852 292. NONUNION - p. 852 293. LESS COMMON COMPLICATIONS - p. 854 294. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO HIP FRACTURES - p. 854 295. INTRODUCTION TO STRESS FRACTURES OF THE FEMORAL NECK - p. 854 296. ASSESSMENT OF STRESS FRACTURES OF THE FEMORAL NECK - p. 855 297. TREATMENT OF STRESS FRACTURES OF THE FEMORAL NECK - p. 856 298. INTRODUCTION TO HIP DISLOCATIONS - p. 856 299. ASSESSMENT OF HIP DISLOCATION - p. 857 300. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO HIP DISLOCATIONS - p. 860 301. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR HIP DISLOCATIONS - p. 860 302. CHONDROLYSIS - p. 866 303. COXA MAGNA - p. 866 304. HABITUAL DISLOCATION - p. 866 305. HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION - p. 867 306. INTERPOSED SOFT TISSUE - p. 867 307. LATE PRESENTATION - p. 867 308. NERVE INJURY - p. 867 309. RECURRENT DISLOCATION - p. 867 310. VASCULAR INJURY - p. 867 311. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO HIP DISLOCATIONS - p. 868 312. 25 Femoral Shaft Fractures - p. 871 313. INTRODUCTION TO FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES - p. 871 314. ASSESSMENT OF FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES - p. 871 315. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES - p. 873 316. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES - p. 874 317. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES - p. 899 318. SPECIAL FRACTURES OF THE FEMORAL SHAFT - p. 902 319. FRACTURES IN THE MULTIPLE-SYSTEM TRAUMA PATIENT - p. 906 320. 26 Fractures of the Distal Femoral Physis - p. 912 321. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSIS - p. 912 322. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSIS - p. 912 323. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSIS - p. 923 324. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSIS - p. 925 325. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS - p. 935 326. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSIS - p. 940 327. 27 Proximal Tibial Physeal Fractures - p. 943 328. INTRODUCTION TO PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES - p. 943 329. ASSESSMENT OF PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES - p. 943 330. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES - p. 948 331. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES - p. 950 332. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS FOR PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES - p. 957 333. SUMMARY OF PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES - p. 958 334. 28 Intra-Articular Injuries of the Knee - p. 961 335. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES OF THE TIBIAL SPINE - p. 962 336. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE TIBIAL SPINE - p. 962 337. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO FRACTURE OF THE TIBIAL SPINE - p. 965 338. TREATMENT OPTIONS OF FRACTURES OF THE TIBIAL SPINE - p. 965 339. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN FRACTURE OF THE TIBIAL SPINE - p. 973 340. INTRODUCTION TO PATELLAR SLEEVE FRACTURES - p. 974 341. ASSESSMENT OF PATELLAR SLEEVE FRACTURES - p. 974 342. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PATELLAR SLEEVE FRACTURES - p. 974 343. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO PATELLAR SLEEVE FRACTURES - p. 976 344. INTRODUCTION TO OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES - p. 976 345. ASSESSMENT OF OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES - p. 977 346. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES - p. 979 347. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES - p. 979 348. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS OF OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES - p. 985 349. INTRODUCTION TO PATELLAR DISLOCATION - p. 985 350. ASSESSMENT OF PATELLAR DISLOCATION - p. 986 351. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO PATELLAR DISLOCATIONS - p. 987 352. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PATELLAR DISLOCATION - p. 988 353. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATION OF PATELLAR DISLOCATION - p. 993 354. INTRODUCTION TO LIGAMENT INJURIES - p. 993 355. ASSESSMENT OF LIGAMENT INJURIES - p. 993 356. 29 Fractures of the Shaft of the Tibia and Fibula - p. 1008 357. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES OF THE SHAFT OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA - p. 1009 358. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE SHAFT OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA - p. 1009 359. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY OF FRACTURES OF THE SHAFT OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA - p. 1010 360. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS - p. 1011 361. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS - p. 1012 362. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO PROXIMAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS FRACTURES - p. 1012 363. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS - p. 1013 364. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS - p. 1015 365. INTRODUCTION TO DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA - p. 1017 366. ASSESSMENT OF DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA - p. 1017 367. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA - p. 1021 368. INTRODUCTION TO OPEN TIBIAL FRACTURES - p. 1034 369. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR OPEN TIBIAL FRACTURES - p. 1034 370. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA - p. 1037 371. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS - p. 1042 372. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS - p. 1042 373. TODDLER’S FRACTURES - p. 1044 374. FLOATING KNEE - p. 1045 375. STRESS FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA - p. 1046 376. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO PEDIATRIC TIBIAL SHAFT FRACTURES - p. 1047 377. 30 Ankle Fractures - p. 1051 378. INTRODUCTION TO ANKLE FRACTURES - p. 1051 379. ASSESSMENT OF ANKLE FRACTURES - p. 1052 380. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO ANKLE FRACTURES - p. 1065 381. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR ANKLE FRACTURES - p. 1067 382. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS OF DISTAL TIBIAL AND FIBULAR FRACTURES - p. 1096 383. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO ANKLE FRACTURES - p. 1101 384. 31 Fractures, Dislocations, and Other Injuries of the Foot - p. 1107 385. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS OF THE FOOT - p. 1108 386. ANATOMY OF THE GROWING FOOT - p. 1109 387. MECHANISMS OF INJURY AND ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS OF THE FOOT - p. 1109 388. INTRODUCTION TO TALAR FRACTURES - p. 1109 389. ASSESSMENT OF TALAR FRACTURES - p. 1109 390. FRACTURES OF THE TALAR NECK - p. 1111 391. FRACTURES OF THE TALAR BODY AND DOME - p. 1116 392. FRACTURES OF THE LATERAL PROCESS OF THE TALAR BODY - p. 1116 393. FRACTURES OF THE OSTEOCHONDRAL SURFACE OF THE TALUS - p. 1116 394. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO TALAR FRACTURES - p. 1120 395. INTRODUCTION TO CALCANEAL FRACTURES - p. 1121 396. ASSESSMENT OF CALCANEAL FRACTURES - p. 1121 397. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO CALCANEAL FRACTURES - p. 1123 398. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR CALCANEAL FRACTURES - p. 1125 399. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO CALCANEAL FRACTURES - p. 1129 400. CUBOID FRACTURES - p. 1131 401. INTRODUCTION TO TARSOMETATARSAL INJURIES - p. 1132 402. ASSESSMENT OF TARSOMETATARSAL INJURIES - p. 1132 403. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO TARSOMETATARSAL INJURIES - p. 1135 404. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR TARSOMETATARSAL INJURIES - p. 1136 405. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO COMPLICATIONS OF TARSOMETATARSAL INJURIES - p. 1138 406. INTRODUCTION TO METATARSAL FRACTURES - p. 1138 407. ASSESSMENT OF METATARSAL FRACTURES - p. 1138 408. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR METATARSAL FRACTURES - p. 1139 409. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO METATARSAL FRACTURES - p. 1144 410. INTRODUCTION TO PHALANGEAL INJURIES - p. 1144 411. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PHALANGEAL INJURIES - p. 1144 412. LAWNMOWER AND OTHER MUTILATING INJURIES - p. 1147 413. CRUSH INJURIES - p. 1149 414. SESAMOID FRACTURES - p. 1149 415. COMPARTMENT SYNDROME - p. 1149 416. PUNCTURE WOUNDS - p. 1151 417. STRESS FRACTURES - p. 1152 418. Index - p. 1159
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