Diagnostic Ultrasound for Sonographers

1. Cover image - p. Cover 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iii 5. Dedications - p. iii 6. Contributing Authors - p. v 7. Preface - p. v 8. Acknowledgments - p. ix 9. Sections - p. xi 10. Part I: Abdomen - p. xiii 11. SECTION 1: LIVER - p. xiii 12. ANATOMY AND APPROACH - p. xiii 13. Chapter 1: Liver - p. xiii 14. DIFFUSE PARENCHYMAL DISEASE - p. 19 15. Chapter 2: Acute Hepatitis - p. 19 16. Chapter 3: Hepatic Cirrhosis - p. 20 17. Chapter 4: Hepatic Steatosis - p. 21 18. Chapter 5: Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome (Venoocclusive Disease) - p. 22 19. CYSTS AND CYST-LIKE LESIONS - p. 23 20. Chapter 6: Hepatic Cyst - p. 23 21. Chapter 7: Biliary Hamartoma - p. 24 22. Chapter 8: Biliary Cystadenoma/Carcinoma - p. 25 23. Chapter 9: Biloma - p. 26 24. Chapter 10: Pyogenic Hepatic Abscess - p. 27 25. Chapter 11: Amebic Hepatic Abscess - p. 28 26. Chapter 12: Hepatic Hydatid Cyst - p. 29 27. Chapter 13: Hepatic Microabscesses - p. 30 28. Chapter 14: Peribiliary Cyst - p. 31 29. FOCAL SOLID MASSES - p. 32 30. Chapter 15: Hepatic Cavernous Hemangioma - p. 32 31. Chapter 16: Focal Nodular Hyperplasia - p. 33 32. Chapter 17: Hepatic Adenoma - p. 34 33. Chapter 18: Hepatocellular Carcinoma - p. 35 34. Chapter 19: Hepatic Metastases - p. 36 35. Chapter 20: Hepatic Lymphoma - p. 37 36. VASCULAR CONDITIONS - p. 38 37. Chapter 21: Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) - p. 38 38. Chapter 22: Portal Hypertension - p. 39 39. Chapter 23: Portal Vein Occlusion - p. 40 40. Chapter 24: Budd-Chiari Syndrome - p. 41 41. Chapter 25: Portal Vein Gas - p. 42 42. LIVER TRANSPLANTS - p. 43 43. Chapter 26: Liver Transplant Hepatic Artery Stenosis/Thrombosis - p. 43 44. Chapter 27: Liver Transplant Portal Vein Stenosis/Thrombosis - p. 44 45. Chapter 28: Liver Transplant Hepatic Venous Stenosis/Thrombosis - p. 45 46. Chapter 29: Liver Transplant Biliary Stricture - p. 46 47. SECTION 2: BILIARY SYSTEM - p. 47 48. ANATOMY AND APPROACH - p. 47 49. Chapter 30: Biliary System - p. 47 50. GALLSTONES AND MIMICS - p. 59 51. Chapter 31: Cholelithiasis - p. 59 52. Chapter 32: Echogenic Bile - p. 60 53. Chapter 33: Gallbladder Polyp - p. 61 54. GALLBLADDER WALL PATHOLOGY - p. 62 55. Chapter 34: Acute Calculous Cholecystitis - p. 62 56. Chapter 35: Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis - p. 63 57. Chapter 36: Chronic Cholecystitis - p. 64 58. Chapter 37: Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis - p. 65 59. Chapter 38: Porcelain Gallbladder - p. 66 60. Chapter 39: Gallbladder Adenomyomatosis - p. 67 61. Chapter 40: Gallbladder Carcinoma - p. 68 62. DUCTAL PATHOLOGY - p. 69 63. Chapter 41: Biliary Ductal Dilatation - p. 69 64. Chapter 42: Choledochal Cyst - p. 70 65. Chapter 43: Choledocholithiasis - p. 71 66. Chapter 44: Biliary Ductal Gas - p. 72 67. Chapter 45: Cholangiocarcinoma - p. 73 68. Chapter 46: Acute Cholangitis - p. 74 69. Chapter 47: Recurrent Pyogenic Cholangitis - p. 75 70. Chapter 48: HIV-/AIDS-Related Cholangiopathy - p. 76 71. SECTION 3: PANCREAS - p. 77 72. ANATOMY AND APPROACH - p. 77 73. Chapter 49: Pancreas - p. 77 74. PANCREATITIS - p. 89 75. Chapter 50: Acute Pancreatitis - p. 89 76. Chapter 51: Pancreatic Pseudocyst - p. 91 77. Chapter 52: Chronic Pancreatitis - p. 92 78. SIMPLE CYSTS AND CYSTIC NEOPLASMS - p. 93 79. Chapter 53: Mucinous Cystic Pancreatic Tumor - p. 93 80. Chapter 54: Serous Cystadenoma of Pancreas - p. 94 81. Chapter 55: Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm (IPMN) - p. 95 82. SOLID-APPEARING PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS - p. 96 83. Chapter 56: Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma - p. 96 84. Chapter 57: Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor - p. 97 85. Chapter 58: Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm - p. 98 86. SECTION 4: SPLEEN - p. 99 87. ANATOMY AND APPROACH - p. 99 88. Chapter 59: Spleen - p. 99 89. SPLENIC LESIONS - p. 109 90. Chapter 60: Splenomegaly - p. 109 91. Chapter 61: Splenic Cyst - p. 110 92. Chapter 62: Splenic Tumors - p. 111 93. Chapter 63: Splenic Infarct - p. 112 94. SECTION 5: URINARY TRACT - p. 113 95. ANATOMY AND APPROACH - p. 113 96. Chapter 64: Kidneys - p. 113 97. Chapter 65: Ureters and Bladder - p. 127 98. NORMAL VARIANTS AND PSEUDOLESIONS - p. 137 99. Chapter 66: Column of Bertin, Kidney - p. 137 100. Chapter 67: Renal Junctional Line - p. 138 101. Chapter 68: Renal Ectopia - p. 139 102. Chapter 69: Horseshoe Kidney - p. 140 103. Chapter 70: Ureteral Duplication - p. 141 104. Chapter 71: Ureteral Ectopia - p. 142 105. Chapter 72: Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction - p. 143 106. CALCULI AND CALCINOSIS - p. 144 107. Chapter 73: Urolithiasis - p. 144 108. Chapter 74: Nephrocalcinosis - p. 145 109. Chapter 75: Hydronephrosis - p. 146 110. CYSTS AND CYSTIC DISORDERS - p. 147 111. Chapter 76: Simple Renal Cyst - p. 147 112. Chapter 77: Complex Renal Cyst - p. 148 113. Chapter 78: Cystic Disease of Dialysis - p. 149 114. Chapter 79: Multilocular Cystic Nephroma - p. 150 115. URINARY TRACT INFECTION - p. 151 116. Chapter 80: Acute Pyelonephritis - p. 151 117. Chapter 81: Renal Abscess - p. 152 118. Chapter 82: Emphysematous Pyelonephritis - p. 153 119. Chapter 83: Pyonephrosis - p. 154 120. Chapter 84: Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis - p. 155 121. Chapter 85: Tuberculosis, Urinary Tract - p. 156 122. SOLID RENAL NEOPLASMS - p. 157 123. Chapter 86: Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 157 124. Chapter 87: Renal Metastases - p. 159 125. Chapter 88: Renal Angiomyolipoma - p. 160 126. Chapter 89: Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma - p. 161 127. Chapter 90: Renal Lymphoma - p. 162 128. VASCULAR CONDITIONS - p. 163 129. Chapter 91: Renal Artery Stenosis - p. 163 130. Chapter 92: Renal Vein Thrombosis - p. 164 131. Chapter 93: Renal Infarct - p. 165 132. Chapter 94: Perinephric Hematoma - p. 166 133. BLADDER - p. 167 134. Chapter 95: Bladder Carcinoma - p. 167 135. Chapter 96: Ureterocele - p. 168 136. Chapter 97: Bladder Diverticulum - p. 169 137. Chapter 98: Bladder Calculi - p. 170 138. SECTION 6: KIDNEY TRANSPLANT - p. 171 139. RENAL TRANSPLANT COMPLICATIONS - p. 171 140. Chapter 99: Perigraft Fluid Collections - p. 171 141. Chapter 100: Renal Transplant Hydronephrosis - p. 175 142. Chapter 101: Transplant Renal Artery Stenosis - p. 176 143. Chapter 102: Transplant Renal Artery Thrombosis - p. 177 144. Chapter 103: Transplant Renal Vein Thrombosis - p. 178 145. Chapter 104: Renal Transplant Arteriovenous (AV) Fistula - p. 179 146. Chapter 105: Renal Transplant Pseudoaneurysm - p. 180 147. Chapter 106: Renal Transplant Rejection - p. 181 148. Chapter 107: Delayed Renal Graft Function - p. 182 149. SECTION 7: ADRENAL GLAND - p. 183 150. ANATOMY AND APPROACH - p. 183 151. Chapter 108: Adrenal Glands - p. 183 152. ADRENAL LESIONS - p. 189 153. Chapter 109: Adrenal Hemorrhage - p. 189 154. Chapter 110: Myelolipoma - p. 190 155. Chapter 111: Adrenal Adenoma - p. 191 156. Chapter 112: Adrenal Cyst - p. 192 157. Chapter 113: Pheochromocytoma - p. 193 158. Chapter 114: Adrenal Carcinoma - p. 194 159. SECTION 8: ABDOMINAL WALL/PERITONEAL CAVITY - p. 195 160. ANATOMY AND APPROACH - p. 195 161. Chapter 115: Abdominal Lymph Nodes - p. 195 162. Chapter 116: Peritoneal Cavity - p. 201 163. Chapter 117: Abdominal Wall - p. 209 164. ABDOMINAL WALL - p. 221 165. Chapter 118: Abdominal Wall Hernia - p. 221 166. Chapter 119: Groin Hernia - p. 222 167. PERITONEAL CAVITY - p. 223 168. Chapter 120: Ascites - p. 223 169. Chapter 121: Peritoneal Carcinomatosis - p. 224 170. SECTION 9: BOWEL - p. 225 171. ANATOMY AND APPROACH - p. 225 172. Chapter 122: Bowel - p. 225 173. BOWEL ABNORMALITIES - p. 237 174. Chapter 123: Appendicitis - p. 237 175. Chapter 124: Appendiceal Mucocele - p. 238 176. Chapter 125: Intussusception - p. 239 177. Chapter 126: Epiploic Appendagitis - p. 240 178. Chapter 127: Diverticulitis - p. 241 179. Chapter 128: Crohn Disease - p. 242 180. Part II: Pelvis - p. 243 181. SECTION 1: MALE PELVIS - p. 243 182. ANATOMY AND APPROACH - p. 243 183. Chapter 129: Prostate and Seminal Vesicles - p. 243 184. Chapter 130: Testes and Scrotum - p. 253 185. Chapter 131: Penis and Urethra - p. 263 186. SCROTAL LESIONS - p. 269 187. Chapter 132: Testicular Germ Cell Tumors - p. 269 188. Chapter 133: Gonadal Stromal Tumors, Testis - p. 270 189. Chapter 134: Testicular Lymphoma/Leukemia - p. 271 190. Chapter 135: Epidermoid Cyst - p. 272 191. Chapter 136: Tubular Ectasia of Rete Testis - p. 273 192. Chapter 137: Testicular Microlithiasis - p. 274 193. Chapter 138: Testicular Torsion/Infarction - p. 275 194. Chapter 139: Undescended Testis - p. 276 195. Chapter 140: Epididymitis/Orchitis - p. 277 196. Chapter 141: Scrotal Trauma - p. 278 197. Chapter 142: Hydrocele - p. 279 198. Chapter 143: Spermatocele/Epididymal Cyst - p. 280 199. Chapter 144: Adenomatoid Tumor - p. 281 200. Chapter 145: Varicocele - p. 282 201. Chapter 146: Prostatic Hyperplasia - p. 283 202. Chapter 147: Prostatic Carcinoma - p. 284 203. SECTION 2: FEMALE PELVIS - p. 285 204. ANATOMY AND APPROACH - p. 285 205. Chapter 148: Uterus - p. 285 206. Chapter 149: Cervix - p. 299 207. Chapter 150: Vagina - p. 303 208. Chapter 151: Ovaries - p. 307 209. CERVICAL AND MYOMETRIAL PATHOLOGY - p. 317 210. Chapter 152: Nabothian Cyst - p. 317 211. Chapter 153: Cervical Carcinoma - p. 318 212. Chapter 154: Adenomyosis - p. 319 213. Chapter 155: Leiomyoma - p. 321 214. Chapter 156: Uterine Anomalies - p. 323 215. ENDOMETRIAL DISORDERS - p. 325 216. Chapter 157: Hematometrocolpos - p. 325 217. Chapter 158: Endometrial Polyp - p. 326 218. Chapter 159: Endometrial Carcinoma - p. 327 219. Chapter 160: Endometritis - p. 329 220. Chapter 161: Intrauterine Device - p. 330 221. OVARIAN CYSTS AND CYSTIC NEOPLASMS - p. 331 222. Chapter 162: Functional Ovarian Cyst - p. 331 223. Chapter 163: Hemorrhagic Cyst - p. 332 224. Chapter 164: Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome - p. 333 225. Chapter 165: Serous Ovarian Cystadenoma/Carcinoma - p. 334 226. Chapter 166: Mucinous Ovarian Cystadenoma/Carcinoma - p. 335 227. Chapter 167: Ovarian Teratoma - p. 336 228. Chapter 168: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome - p. 337 229. Chapter 169: Endometrioma - p. 338 230. NONOVARIAN CYSTIC MASSES - p. 339 231. Chapter 170: Tuboovarian Abscess - p. 339 232. Chapter 171: Hydrosalpinx - p. 341 233. Chapter 172: Parovarian Cyst - p. 342 234. Chapter 173: Peritoneal Inclusion Cyst - p. 343 235. VAGINAL AND VULVAR CYSTS - p. 344 236. Chapter 174: Bartholin Cyst - p. 344 237. Chapter 175: Gartner Duct Cyst - p. 345 238. MISCELLANEOUS OVARIAN MASSES - p. 346 239. Chapter 176: Sex Cord-Stromal Tumor - p. 346 240. Chapter 177: Adnexal/Ovarian Torsion - p. 347 241. Chapter 178: Ovarian Metastases Including Krukenberg Tumor - p. 348 242. Part III: Neck - p. 349 243. SECTION 1: ANATOMY AND APPROACH - p. 349 244. Chapter 179: Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands - p. 349 245. Chapter 180: Cervical Lymph Nodes - p. 359 246. SECTION 2: NECK LESIONS - p. 367 247. Chapter 181: Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma - p. 367 248. Chapter 182: Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma - p. 370 249. Chapter 183: Thyroid Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma - p. 371 250. Chapter 184: Multinodular Goiter - p. 372 251. Chapter 185: Colloid Cyst of Thyroid - p. 373 252. Chapter 186: Hashimoto Thyroiditis - p. 374 253. Chapter 187: Graves Disease - p. 375 254. Chapter 188: Parathyroid Adenoma - p. 376 255. Chapter 189: Reactive Adenopathy - p. 377 256. Chapter 190: Malignant Cervical Lymph Nodes - p. 378 257. Chapter 191: Parotid Tumors - p. 379 258. Chapter 192: Submandibular Sialadenitis - p. 380 259. Part IV: Vascular - p. 381 260. SECTION 1: ANATOMY AND APPROACH - p. 381 261. Chapter 193: Carotid Arteries - p. 381 262. Chapter 194: Vertebral Arteries - p. 395 263. Chapter 195: Neck Veins - p. 401 264. Chapter 196: Aorta and Inferior Vena Cava - p. 409 265. Chapter 197: Iliac Arteries and Veins - p. 425 266. Chapter 198: Leg Vessels - p. 439 267. SECTION 2: VASCULAR LESIONS - p. 455 268. Chapter 199: Jugular Vein Thrombosis - p. 455 269. Chapter 200: Carotid Artery Dissection in Neck - p. 458 270. Chapter 201: Carotid Stenosis/Occlusion - p. 459 271. Chapter 202: Vertebral Stenosis/Occlusion - p. 460 272. Chapter 203: Deep Vein Thrombosis - p. 461 273. Chapter 204: Varicose Veins/Incompetent Perforator - p. 462 274. Part V: Musculoskeletal - p. 463 275. SECTION 1: ANATOMY AND APPROACH - p. 463 276. Chapter 205: Shoulder - p. 463 277. Chapter 206: Groin - p. 471 278. Chapter 207: Leg Muscles - p. 481 279. SECTION 2: MUSCULOSKELETAL LESIONS - p. 493 280. Chapter 208: Rotator Cuff/Biceps Tendinosis - p. 493 281. Chapter 209: Rotator Cuff/Biceps Tendon Tear - p. 496 282. Chapter 210: Baker Cyst - p. 497 283. Chapter 211: Lipoma - p. 498 284. Chapter 212: Epidermoid Cyst - p. 499 285. Chapter 213: Hematoma/Seroma - p. 500 286. Chapter 214: Soft Tissue Infection - p. 501 287. Chapter 215: Ganglion Cyst - p. 502 288. Chapter 216: Muscle Injury - p. 503 289. Chapter 217: Ligament Injury - p. 504 290. Part VI: Obstetrics - p. 505 291. SECTION 1: FIRST TRIMESTER - p. 505 292. ANATOMY AND APPROACH - p. 505 293. Chapter 218: First Trimester - p. 505 294. ABNORMAL INTRAUTERINE GESTATION - p. 515 295. Chapter 219: Abnormal and Failed First-Trimester Pregnancy - p. 515 296. Chapter 220: Perigestational Hemorrhage - p. 517 297. Chapter 221: Complete Hydatidiform Mole - p. 518 298. ECTOPIC GESTATION - p. 519 299. Chapter 222: Tubal Ectopic - p. 519 300. Chapter 223: Other Ectopics - p. 521 301. SECTION 2: BRAIN AND SPINE - p. 523 302. ANATOMY AND APPROACH - p. 523 303. Chapter 224: Brain and Spine - p. 523 304. BRAIN - p. 537 305. Chapter 225: Exencephaly, Anencephaly - p. 537 306. Chapter 226: Cephalocele - p. 538 307. Chapter 227: Holoprosencephaly - p. 539 308. Chapter 228: Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum - p. 541 309. Chapter 229: Choroid Plexus Cyst - p. 542 310. Chapter 230: Arachnoid Cyst - p. 543 311. Chapter 231: Aqueductal Stenosis - p. 544 312. Chapter 232: Chiari 2 Malformation - p. 545 313. Chapter 233: Dandy-Walker Malformation - p. 547 314. Chapter 234: Mega Cisterna Magna - p. 549 315. Chapter 235: Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation - p. 550 316. Chapter 236: Intracranial Hemorrhage and Encephalomalacia - p. 551 317. Chapter 237: Absent Cavum Septi Pellucidi - p. 553 318. SPINE - p. 555 319. Chapter 238: Spina Bifida - p. 555 320. Chapter 239: Caudal Regression Sequence - p. 557 321. Chapter 240: Sacrococcygeal Teratoma - p. 558 322. SECTION 3: FACE AND NECK - p. 559 323. ANATOMY AND APPROACH - p. 559 324. Chapter 241: Face and Neck - p. 559 325. FACE AND NECK LESIONS - p. 565 326. Chapter 242: Cleft Lip, Palate - p. 565 327. Chapter 243: Cystic Hygroma - p. 567 328. SECTION 4: CHEST - p. 569 329. ANATOMY AND APPROACH - p. 569 330. Chapter 244: Chest - p. 569 331. CHEST LESIONS - p. 573 332. Chapter 245: Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia - p. 573 333. Chapter 246: Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAM) - p. 575 334. Chapter 247: Bronchopulmonary Sequestration (BPS) - p. 576 335. SECTION 5: HEART - p. 577 336. ANATOMY AND APPROACH - p. 577 337. Chapter 248: Cardiovascular System - p. 577 338. HEART DEFECTS - p. 587 339. Chapter 249: Atrioventricular Septal Defect - p. 587 340. Chapter 250: Ventricular Septal Defect - p. 588 341. Chapter 251: Ebstein Anomaly - p. 589 342. Chapter 252: Hypoplastic Left Heart - p. 590 343. Chapter 253: Tetralogy of Fallot - p. 591 344. Chapter 254: Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) - p. 592 345. Chapter 255: Truncus Arteriosus - p. 593 346. Chapter 256: Rhabdomyoma - p. 594 347. SECTION 6: ABDOMINAL WALL AND GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT - p. 595 348. ANATOMY AND APPROACH - p. 595 349. Chapter 257: Abdominal Wall and Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 595 350. ABDOMINAL WALL DEFECTS - p. 603 351. Chapter 258: Omphalocele - p. 603 352. Chapter 259: Gastroschisis - p. 605 353. Chapter 260: Body Stalk Anomaly - p. 606 354. Chapter 261: Bladder Exstrophy - p. 607 355. BOWEL ABNORMALITIES - p. 608 356. Chapter 262: Esophageal Atresia - p. 608 357. Chapter 263: Duodenal Atresia - p. 609 358. Chapter 264: Jejunal, Ileal Atresia - p. 610 359. Chapter 265: Meconium Peritonitis, Pseudocyst - p. 611 360. Chapter 266: Anal Atresia - p. 612 361. Chapter 267: Cloacal Malformation/Urogenital Sinus - p. 613 362. HEPATOBILIARY ABNORMALITIES - p. 614 363. Chapter 268: Choledochal Cyst - p. 614 364. SECTION 7: GENITOURINARY TRACT - p. 615 365. ANATOMY AND APPROACH - p. 615 366. Chapter 269: Genitourinary Tract - p. 615 367. KIDNEYS AND BLADDER - p. 621 368. Chapter 270: Urinary Tract Dilation - p. 621 369. Chapter 271: Duplicated Collecting System - p. 622 370. Chapter 272: Other Developmental Variants - p. 623 371. Chapter 273: Bilateral Renal Agenesis - p. 624 372. Chapter 274: Echogenic Kidneys - p. 625 373. Chapter 275: Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction - p. 627 374. Chapter 276: Obstructive Renal Dysplasia - p. 628 375. Chapter 277: Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney - p. 629 376. Chapter 278: Posterior Urethral Valves - p. 630 377. Chapter 279: Prune-Belly Syndrome - p. 631 378. ADRENAL - p. 632 379. Chapter 280: Neuroblastoma - p. 632 380. GENITALIA - p. 633 381. Chapter 281: Abnormal Genitalia - p. 633 382. Chapter 282: Ovarian Cyst - p. 634 383. SECTION 8: MUSCULOSKELETAL - p. 635 384. DYSPLASIAS - p. 635 385. Chapter 283: Achondrogenesis - p. 635 386. Chapter 284: Achondroplasia - p. 638 387. Chapter 285: Osteogenesis Imperfecta - p. 639 388. Chapter 286: Thanatophoric Dysplasia - p. 640 389. EXTREMITY MALFORMATIONS - p. 641 390. Chapter 287: Clubfoot and Rocker-Bottom Foot - p. 641 391. Chapter 288: Radial Ray Malformation - p. 642 392. Chapter 289: Abnormal Hand - p. 643 393. SECTION 9: PLACENTA, MEMBRANES, AND UMBILICAL CORD - p. 645 394. PLACENTA AND MEMBRANE ABNORMALITIES - p. 645 395. Chapter 290: Placental Abruption - p. 645 396. Chapter 291: Low-Lying Placenta and Previa - p. 648 397. Chapter 292: Vasa Previa - p. 649 398. Chapter 293: Succenturiate Lobe - p. 650 399. Chapter 294: Morbidly Adherent Placenta - p. 651 400. Chapter 295: Circumvallate Placenta - p. 652 401. Chapter 296: Marginal and Velamentous Cord Insertion - p. 653 402. Chapter 297: Chorioangioma - p. 654 403. UMBILICAL CORD ABNORMALITIES - p. 655 404. Chapter 298: Single Umbilical Artery - p. 655 405. Chapter 299: Umbilical Vein Varix - p. 656 406. SECTION 10: MULTIPLE GESTATIONS - p. 657 407. Chapter 300: Chorionicity and Amnionicity in Twins - p. 657 408. Chapter 301: Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome - p. 661 409. Chapter 302: Discordant Twin Growth - p. 663 410. Chapter 303: Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion - p. 664 411. Chapter 304: Conjoined Twins - p. 665 412. Chapter 305: Triplets and Beyond - p. 666 413. SECTION 11: ANEUPLOIDY - p. 667 414. Chapter 306: Trisomy 21 - p. 667 415. Chapter 307: Trisomy 18 - p. 671 416. Chapter 308: Trisomy 13 - p. 673 417. Chapter 309: Turner Syndrome (45,X) - p. 675 418. Chapter 310: Triploidy - p. 676 419. SECTION 12: SYNDROMES AND MULTISYSTEM DISORDERS - p. 677 420. Chapter 311: Amniotic Band Syndrome - p. 677 421. Chapter 312: Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome - p. 681 422. Chapter 313: Meckel-Gruber Syndrome - p. 682 423. Chapter 314: Pierre Robin Sequence - p. 683 424. Chapter 315: Sirenomelia - p. 684 425. Chapter 316: VACTERL Association - p. 685 426. SECTION 13: INFECTION - p. 687 427. Chapter 317: Cytomegalovirus - p. 687 428. SECTION 14: FLUID, GROWTH, AND WELL-BEING - p. 691 429. Chapter 318: Parameters of Fetal Well-Being - p. 691 430. Chapter 319: Fetal Growth Restriction - p. 695 431. Chapter 320: Macrosomia - p. 696 432. Chapter 321: Fetal Anemia - p. 697 433. Chapter 322: Hydrops - p. 698 434. SECTION 15: MATERNAL CONDITIONS IN PREGNANCY - p. 699 435. Chapter 323: Myoma in Pregnancy - p. 699 436. Chapter 324: Müllerian Duct Anomalies in Pregnancy - p. 703 437. Chapter 325: Cervical Insufficiency/Short Cervix - p. 705 438. Chapter 326: Retained Products of Conception - p. 706 439. Part VII: Pediatric - p. 707 440. SECTION 1: BRAIN - p. 707 441. ANATOMY AND APPROACH - p. 707 442. Chapter 327: Brain - p. 707 443. BRAIN PATHOLOGY - p. 731 444. Chapter 328: Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage - p. 731 445. SECTION 2: SPINE - p. 733 446. ANATOMY AND APPROACH - p. 733 447. Chapter 329: Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord - p. 733 448. INDEX - p. 743