Heptinstall's Pathology of the Kidney

1. SECTION 1 Introduction to Kidney Pathology - p. 1 2. 1.1 Kidney Pathology History and Kidney Biopsy Methods - p. 2 3. KIDNEY PATHOLOGY HISTORY - p. 2 4. KIDNEY PATHOLOGY APPLICATIONS - p. 2 5. KIDNEY BIOPSY - p. 3 6. REPORTING KIDNEY BIOPSY RESULTS - p. 5 7. 1.2 Primer on the Pathologic Classification and Diagnosis of Kidney Disease - p. 8 8. APPROACH TO KIDNEY DISEASE PATHOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS - p. 8 9. APPROACH TO GLOMERULAR DISEASE PATHOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS - p. 10 10. APPROACH TO KIDNEY VASCULAR DISEASE PATHOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS - p. 16 11. APPROACH TO KIDNEY TUBULAR AND INTERSTITIAL DISEASE PATHOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS - p. 21 12. APPROACH TO KIDNEY TRANSPLANT DISEASE PATHOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS - p. 31 13. APPROACH TO CONGENITAL KIDNEY DISEASE PATHOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS - p. 35 14. APPROACH TO NEOPLASTIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATHOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS - p. 38 15. SECTION 2 Kidney Anatomy, Histology, and Development - p. 43 16. 2.1 Kidney Anatomy and Histology - p. 44 17. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - p. 44 18. GROSS ANATOMY AND MACROSCOPIC FEATURES OF THE KIDNEYS AND THEIR ENVIRONS - p. 45 19. ARCHITECTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CORTEX AND MEDULLA - p. 56 20. NEPHRONS - p. 62 21. RENAL CORPUSCLE - p. 63 22. JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS - p. 94 23. BLOOD VESSELS - p. 96 24. RENAL TUBULES - p. 99 25. RENAL INTERSTITIUM - p. 116 26. 2.2 Kidney Development - p. 143 27. CLINICAL IMPACT WHEN KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT GOES WRONG - p. 143 28. CELLULAR EVENTS IN KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT - p. 144 29. ANATOMY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN KIDNEY - p. 145 30. MOLECULES THAT CONTROL KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT - p. 149 31. MECHANISMS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE METANEPHROS - p. 152 32. MECHANISMS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RENAL PELVIS AND URETER - p. 157 33. BLOOD VESSELS IN THE DEVELOPING KIDNEY - p. 157 34. STROMA, RENAL CAPSULE, AND INNERVATION OF THE DEVELOPING KIDNEY - p. 158 35. MODELING KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT USING PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY - p. 159 36. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - p. 163 37. SECTION 3 Kidney Congenital Anomalies and Cystic Diseases - p. 169 38. 3.1 Patterns of Injury, Terminology, and Classification of Kidney Congenital Anomalies and Cystic Diseases - p. 170 39. KIDNEY CONGENITAL ANOMALIES - p. 170 40. KIDNEY DYSPLASIA - p. 170 41. KIDNEY CYSTIC DISEASES - p. 171 42. 3.2 Kidney Congenital Anomalies Including Dysplasia - p. 177 43. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 178 44. KIDNEY AGENESIS - p. 178 45. KIDNEY ADYSPLASIA - p. 179 46. KIDNEY HYPOPLASIA - p. 179 47. ECTOPIA AND MALROTATION - p. 181 48. KIDNEY FUSION - p. 182 49. DUPLICATION OF PELVIS AND URETER - p. 182 50. SUPERNUMERARY KIDNEY - p. 183 51. KIDNEY DYSPLASIA - p. 183 52. CAKUT EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 185 53. CAKUT PATHOGENESIS AND MOLECULAR GENETICS - p. 185 54. CAKUT CLINICAL PRESENTATION, TREATMENT, AND PROGNOSIS - p. 191 55. 3.3 Cystic Kidney Disease - p. 195 56. CYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 195 57. AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE - p. 195 58. AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE - p. 201 59. PKD LIVER DISEASE - p. 204 60. GLOMERULOCYSTIC KIDNEY - p. 204 61. MEDULLARY SPONGE KIDNEY - p. 206 62. ACQUIRED CYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE - p. 207 63. HEREDITARY PHACOMATOSES WITH CYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE - p. 207 64. SECTION 4 Glomerular Disease Associated With Proteinuria and Nephrotic Syndrome - p. 215 65. 4.1 Patterns of Injury, Terminology, and Classification of Glomerular Diseases Associated With Proteinuria and Nephrotic Syndrome - p. 216 66. TERMINOLOGY AND CLINICAL FEATURES - p. 216 67. PATHOLOGY - p. 217 68. PATHOGENESIS - p. 223 69. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 224 70. DIAGNOSTIC FLOW CHART - p. 229 71. HIGHLIGHTS OF SECTION 4 CONTENTS - p. 229 72. 4.2 Minimal Change Disease - p. 234 73. THE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME - p. 234 74. MINIMAL CHANGE DISEASE - p. 242 75. MCD VARIANTS - p. 255 76. SECONDARY CAUSES OF MCD - p. 257 77. NEPHROTIC SYNDROME IN THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE - p. 258 78. 4.3 Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis - p. 275 79. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 275 80. BACKGROUND AND HISTORY - p. 276 81. PRIMARY FSGS - p. 277 82. GENETIC FSGS - p. 300 83. SECONDARY FORMS OF FSGS - p. 309 84. FSGS IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (LUPUS PODOCYTOPATHY) - p. 321 85. C1Q NEPHROPATHY - p. 322 86. 4.4 Membranous Nephropathy - p. 334 87. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 334 88. PATHOLOGY OF MEMBRANOUS NEPHROPATHY - p. 336 89. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 352 90. PATHOGENESIS - p. 358 91. SECONDARY FORMS OF MEMBRANOUS NEPHROPATHY - p. 368 92. MEMBRANOUS NEPHROPATHY IN THE KIDNEY ALLOGRAFT - p. 375 93. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 376 94. CLINICAL COURSE AND PROGNOSIS - p. 376 95. TREATMENT OF MN - p. 378 96. THROMBOSIS IN MN - p. 380 97. 4.5 Amyloidosis - p. 391 98. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 392 99. PATHOLOGY - p. 393 100. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 406 101. PATHOGENESIS - p. 406 102. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 412 103. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, TREATMENT, AND PROGNOSIS - p. 413 104. SUMMARY COMMENTS - p. 419 105. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. 419 106. 4.6 Monoclonal Immunoglobulin-Related Glomerular Disease - p. 424 107. MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHY OF RENAL SIGNIFICANCE - p. 425 108. DETECTION OF MONOCLONAL IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN KIDNEY TISSUE - p. 428 109. MONOCLONAL IMMUNOGLOBULIN DEPOSITION DISEASE - p. 428 110. PROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS WITH MONOCLONAL IMMUNOGLOBULIN DEPOSITS - p. 432 111. TYPES I AND II CRYOGLOBULINEMIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (CRYOGN) ASSOCIATED WITH LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS - p. 441 112. GLOMERULAR INVOLVEMENT BY WALDENSTRöM MACROGLOBULINEMIA - p. 445 113. CRYSTALGLOBULIN-INDUCED NEPHROPATHY - p. 446 114. LIGHT CHAIN CRYSTALLINE PODOCYTOPATHY - p. 449 115. C3 GLOMERULOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHY - p. 453 116. THROMBOTIC MICROANGIOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHY - p. 455 117. GLOMERULAR INVOLVEMENT BY INTRAVASCULAR LYMPHOMA - p. 457 118. 4.7 Immunotactoid Glomerulopathy - p. 466 119. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 467 120. PATHOLOGY - p. 467 121. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 473 122. PATHOGENESIS - p. 473 123. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 474 124. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, TREATMENT, AND PROGNOSIS - p. 474 125. 4.8 Diabetic Kidney Disease - p. 477 126. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 477 127. BACKGROUND AND HISTORY - p. 478 128. PATHOLOGIC FEATURES - p. 478 129. PATHOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE - p. 497 130. DIGITAL MICROSCOPY, MACHINE LEARNING, AND DKD PATHOLOGY ASSESSMENT - p. 498 131. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 498 132. PATHOGENESIS - p. 501 133. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 504 134. CLINICAL COURSE OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE - p. 505 135. PHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE - p. 505 136. PROGNOSIS OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE - p. 506 137. DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND TRANSPLANTATION - p. 507 138. KIDNEY BIOPSY IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES - p. 508 139. 4.9 Idiopathic Nodular Glomerulosclerosis - p. 518 140. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 518 141. PATHOLOGY OF IDIOPATHIC NODULAR GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS - p. 518 142. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 521 143. PATHOGENESIS - p. 522 144. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 523 145. CLINICAL FEATURES AND LABORATORY EVALUATION TREATMENT - p. 524 146. PROGNOSIS AND CLINICOPATHOLOGIC CORRELATIONS - p. 524 147. 4.10 Metabolic and Storage Disease Glomerulopathies - p. 526 148. INTRODUCTION - p. 526 149. LIPID DISORDERS - p. 527 150. LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISEASE - p. 534 151. VITAMIN DISORDERS - p. 543 152. CARBOHYDRATE DISORDERS - p. 545 153. SICKLING DISORDERS - p. 547 154. 4.11 Fibronectin Glomerulopathy - p. 560 155. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 560 156. PATHOLOGY - p. 560 157. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 563 158. PATHOGENESIS - p. 563 159. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 564 160. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, TREATMENT, AND PROGNOSIS - p. 565 161. 4.12 Collagenofibrotic Glomerulopathy and Nail-Patella Syndrome - p. 567 162. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 567 163. NAIL-PATELLA SYNDROME - p. 567 164. COLLAGENOFIBROTIC GLOMERULOPATHY - p. 570 165. SECTION 5 Glomerular Disease Associated With Hematuria and Nephritic Syndrome - p. 577 166. 5.1 Patterns of Injury, Terminology, and Classification of Glomerular Diseases Associated With Hematuria and Nephritic Syndrome - p. 578 167. TERMINOLOGY AND CLINICAL FEATURES - p. 578 168. PATHOLOGY - p. 578 169. PATHOGENESIS - p. 581 170. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 582 171. DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM - p. 583 172. HIGHLIGHTS OF SECTION 5 CONTENTS - p. 585 173. 5.2 IgA Nephropathy and IgA Vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein Purpura) Nephritis - p. 591 174. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND - p. 592 175. PRIMARY IGA NEPHROPATHY - p. 592 176. FAMILIAL IGA NEPHROPATHY - p. 629 177. SECONDARY IGA NEPHROPATHY - p. 629 178. IGA VASCULITIS (HENOCH-SCHöNLEIN PURPURA) NEPHRITIS - p. 632 179. 5.3 Lupus Nephritis and Related Autoimmune Diseases - p. 661 180. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS - p. 662 181. OTHER KIDNEY MANIFESTATIONS OF SLE - p. 708 182. MIXED CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE - p. 711 183. SJöGREN SYNDROME - p. 713 184. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS - p. 715 185. 5.4 Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis - p. 740 186. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 741 187. PATHOLOGY - p. 741 188. PATHOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION AND SCORING SYSTEMS - p. 744 189. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 745 190. PATHOGENESIS - p. 746 191. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 747 192. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, TREATMENT, AND PROGNOSIS - p. 747 193. 5.5 Cryoglobulinemic Glomerulonephritis - p. 750 194. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 750 195. PATHOLOGY - p. 750 196. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 757 197. PATHOGENESIS - p. 758 198. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 759 199. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS - p. 759 200. TRANSPLANT RECURRENCE - p. 760 201. 5.6 Acute Post-infectious Glomerulonephritis and Infection-Associated Glomerulonephritis - p. 763 202. INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY - p. 764 203. ACUTE POST-INFECTIOUS/POSTSTREPTOCOCCAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (APSGN) - p. 764 204. GLOMERULONEPHRITIS ASSOCIATED WITH STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTION - p. 785 205. GLOMERULONEPHRITIS ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER BACTERIAL INFECTIONS - p. 799 206. POSTSTREPTOCOCCAL AND OTHER INFECTION-RELATED GLOMERULONEPHRITIDES SUPERIMPOSED ON DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY - p. 801 207. GLOMERULONEPHRITIS ASSOCIATED WITH DEEP-SEATED VISCERAL ABSCESSES - p. 802 208. GLOMERULONEPHRITIS ASSOCIATED WITH INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS - p. 803 209. GLOMERULONEPHRITIS WITH INFECTED VENTRICULOATRIAL SHUNTS AND CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETERS - p. 809 210. GLOMERULONEPHRITIS ASSOCIATED WITH NONBACTERIAL INFECTIONS - p. 811 211. SUMMARY - p. 814 212. 5.7 C3 Glomerulopathy - p. 823 213. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 823 214. PATHOLOGY - p. 824 215. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 834 216. PATHOGENESIS - p. 836 217. CLINICAL FEATURES - p. 843 218. TREATMENT - p. 844 219. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. 845 220. 5.8 Anti–Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease - p. 848 221. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 848 222. ANTI-GBM PATHOLOGY - p. 856 223. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 868 224. PATHOGENESIS - p. 869 225. TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS - p. 871 226. 5.9 Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibody Disease - p. 874 227. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 874 228. PATHOLOGY - p. 879 229. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 893 230. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS - p. 895 231. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, TREATMENT, AND PROGNOSIS - p. 896 232. PROGNOSIS - p. 898 233. 5.10 Alport Syndrome/Type IV Collagen Nephropathies - p. 903 234. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 903 235. PATHOLOGY - p. 904 236. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 912 237. PATHOGENESIS - p. 914 238. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 916 239. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS - p. 916 240. SECTION 6 Kidney Vasculopathies - p. 923 241. 6.1 Patterns of Injury, Classification, and Diagnostic Algorithm of Kidney Vasculopathies - p. 924 242. TERMINOLOGY AND CLINICAL FEATURES - p. 924 243. PATHOLOGY - p. 924 244. PATHOGENESIS - p. 933 245. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 933 246. HIGHLIGHTS OF SECTION 6 CHAPTERS - p. 934 247. 6.2 Kidney Disease Related to Hypertension and Age - p. 937 248. AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN THE KIDNEY - p. 937 249. HYPERTENSION-ASSOCIATED KIDNEY DISEASE - p. 946 250. 6.3 Fibromuscular Dysplasia - p. 967 251. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 967 252. DISTRIBUTION AND PATHOLOGY - p. 968 253. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 971 254. PATHOGENESIS - p. 971 255. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 971 256. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, TREATMENT, AND OUTCOME - p. 971 257. 6.4 Thrombotic Microangiopathies - p. 973 258. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 974 259. PRIMARY TMA SYNDROMES - p. 975 260. PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS OF TMA - p. 977 261. PATHOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION AND SCORING SYSTEMS - p. 984 262. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 984 263. PATHOGENESIS - p. 987 264. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 993 265. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, TREATMENT, AND PROGNOSIS - p. 994 266. TMA SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEMIC DISEASES - p. 1000 267. 6.5 Preeclampsia and Other Pregnancy-Associated Kidney Disease - p. 1033 268. THE KIDNEY IN NORMAL PREGNANCY - p. 1034 269. PREECLAMPSIA AND ECLAMPSIA - p. 1035 270. HELLP SYNDROME - p. 1051 271. OTHER HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY - p. 1052 272. OTHER PREGNANCY-ASSOCIATED DISEASES - p. 1053 273. PREGNANCY AND PREEXISTING KIDNEY DISEASE - p. 1058 274. 6.6 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation - p. 1068 275. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 1068 276. PATHOLOGY - p. 1068 277. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 1068 278. PATHOGENESIS - p. 1068 279. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 1069 280. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, TREATMENT, AND PROGNOSIS - p. 1069 281. 6.7 Atherosclerosis and Embolic Kidney Disease - p. 1071 282. INTRODUCTION: TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 1072 283. ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND ATHEROEMBOLI - p. 1072 284. OTHER EMBOLI - p. 1074 285. 6.8 Polyarteritis Nodosa, Kawasaki Disease, Takayasu Arteritis, and Giant Cell Arteritis - p. 1078 286. VASCULITIS TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 1078 287. MEDIUM-VESSEL VASCULITIS: POLYARTERITIS NODOSA AND KAWASAKI DISEASE - p. 1081 288. POLYARTERITIS NODOSA - p. 1083 289. KAWASAKI DISEASE - p. 1089 290. LARGE-VESSEL VASCULITIS: GIANT CELL ARTERITIS AND TAKAYASU ARTERITIS - p. 1094 291. TAKAYASU ARTERITIS - p. 1094 292. GIANT CELL ARTERITIS - p. 1099 293. SECTION 7 Tubulointerstitial Disease - p. 1107 294. 7.1 Patterns of Injury, Terminology, and Classification of Tubulointerstitial Disease - p. 1108 295. TERMINOLOGY AND OVERVIEW OF TUBULOINTERSTITIAL KIDNEY DISEASE - p. 1108 296. INTRODUCTION TO THE PATHOLOGY OF TUBULOINTERSTITIAL DISEASE - p. 1109 297. HIGHLIGHTS OF SECTION 7 CONTENTS - p. 1118 298. 7.2 Infection-Related Tubulointerstitial Nephritis - p. 1122 299. INTRODUCTION, TERMINOLOGY, AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE - p. 1123 300. ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS - p. 1124 301. SPECIFIC FORMS OF ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS - p. 1127 302. CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS - p. 1130 303. SPECIFIC FORMS OF CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS - p. 1131 304. UTI PATHOGENESIS - p. 1134 305. INFECTIONS OTHER THAN PYELONEPHRITIS - p. 1138 306. 7.3 Noninfectious Tubulointerstitial Nephritis - p. 1168 307. INTRODUCTION: TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 1169 308. DRUG-INDUCED TUBULOINTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS - p. 1169 309. AUTOIMMUNE TUBULOINTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS - p. 1177 310. HEREDITARY TUBULOINTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS - p. 1191 311. SECONDARY/OTHER TUBULOINTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS - p. 1193 312. 7.4 IgG4-Related Disease - p. 1204 313. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 1204 314. PATHOLOGY - p. 1205 315. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 1210 316. PATHOGENESIS - p. 1211 317. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 1212 318. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, TREATMENT, AND PROGNOSIS - p. 1212 319. 7.5 Chronic Interstitial Nephritis in Agricultural Communities (Mesoamerican Nephropathy, CKDu) and Aristolochic Acid Nephropathy (Balkan Endemic Nephropathy) - p. 1216 320. CHRONIC INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS IN AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES - p. 1216 321. ARISTOLOCHIC ACID NEPHROPATHY - p. 1224 322. 7.6 Nephronophthisis, Medullary Cystic Disease, and Other Genetic Tubular Disease - p. 1232 323. INTRODUCTION - p. 1232 324. NEPHRONOPHTHISIS - p. 1233 325. MEDULLARY CYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE—AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT TUBULOINTERSTITIAL DISEASE - p. 1238 326. OTHER GENETIC TUBULAR DISEASES - p. 1242 327. 7.7 Ischemic and Septic Acute Tubular Injury and Cortical Necrosis - p. 1262 328. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 1262 329. ISCHEMIC ACUTE TUBULAR INJURY - p. 1262 330. SEPTIC ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY - p. 1273 331. RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS - p. 1277 332. 7.8 Nephrotoxic Acute Tubular Injury - p. 1284 333. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 1284 334. PATHOLOGY - p. 1285 335. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS - p. 1295 336. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 1295 337. PATHOGENESIS - p. 1296 338. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 1298 339. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, TREATMENT, AND PROGNOSIS - p. 1299 340. 7.9 Light Chain Tubulopathies - p. 1310 341. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 1310 342. PATHOLOGY - p. 1310 343. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 1313 344. PATHOGENESIS - p. 1314 345. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 1315 346. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, TREATMENT, AND PROGNOSIS - p. 1315 347. 7.10 Light Chain (Myeloma) Cast Nephropathy and Mimics - p. 1317 348. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 1317 349. PATHOLOGY - p. 1317 350. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 1321 351. PATHOGENESIS - p. 1322 352. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 1323 353. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, TREATMENT, AND PROGNOSIS - p. 1323 354. 7.11 Myoglobin, Hemoglobin, and Bile Cast Nephropathies, and Anticoagulant Nephropathy - p. 1329 355. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 1329 356. MYOGLOBIN CAST NEPHROPATHY - p. 1330 357. HEMOGLOBIN CAST NEPHROPATHY - p. 1332 358. BILE CAST NEPHROPATHY - p. 1334 359. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS—MYOGLOBIN, HEMOGLOBIN, AND BILE CAST NEPHROPATHY - p. 1336 360. ANTICOAGULANT-RELATED NEPHROPATHY - p. 1337 361. 7.12 Nephrolithiasis and Crystallopathies - p. 1344 362. INTRODUCTION - p. 1344 363. TERMINOLOGY - p. 1344 364. CLASSIFICATION OF CRYSTAL NEPHROPATHIES AND PATHOMECHANISMS OF CRYSTAL FORMATION AND KIDNEY INJURY - p. 1344 365. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 1348 366. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT - p. 1348 367. URIC ACID STONES - p. 1348 368. CALCIUM STONES - p. 1352 369. MISCELLANEOUS (NONCALCIUM) STONES - p. 1358 370. 7.13 Obstructive and Reflux Nephropathy - p. 1366 371. OBSTRUCTIVE NEPHROPATHY AND HYDRONEPHROSIS - p. 1366 372. REFLUX NEPHROPATHY - p. 1372 373. SECTION 8 Transplant Pathology - p. 1383 374. 8.1 Patterns of Injury, Terminology, and Classification of Kidney Transplant Disease - p. 1384 375. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR KIDNEY ALLOGRAFT PATHOLOGY EVALUATION - p. 1384 376. HIGHLIGHTS OF SECTION 8 CONTENTS - p. 1389 377. 8.2 Kidney Allograft Biopsy: Overview - p. 1393 378. TIMING OF ALLOGRAFT BIOPSIES - p. 1393 379. DIAGNOSTIC AND TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BIOPSIES - p. 1393 380. SAFETY AND ADEQUACY - p. 1394 381. DIAGNOSTIC VALUE - p. 1394 382. SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY - p. 1394 383. 8.3 Donor Kidney Biopsies - p. 1396 384. INTRODUCTION - p. 1396 385. PROCUREMENT/PREIMPLANTATION BIOPSIES - p. 1396 386. ZERO-HOUR IMPLANTATION BIOPSIES - p. 1399 387. MOLECULAR PHENOTYPE OF DONOR KIDNEY BIOPSIES - p. 1400 388. 8.4 Kidney Transplant Rejection - p. 1402 389. INTRODUCTION - p. 1402 390. PATHOLOGY—ACTIVE/ACUTE REJECTION - p. 1405 391. PATHOLOGY—CHRONIC REJECTION - p. 1434 392. MOLECULAR MARKERS IN BIOPSIES - p. 1449 393. PATHOGENESIS - p. 1451 394. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 1458 395. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, TREATMENT, AND PROGNOSIS - p. 1462 396. 8.5 Kidney Transplant Ischemic Injury - p. 1479 397. INTRODUCTION - p. 1479 398. PATHOLOGY - p. 1479 399. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 1481 400. PATHOGENESIS - p. 1482 401. PREVALENCE - p. 1483 402. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND LABORATORY EVALUATION - p. 1483 403. TREATMENT - p. 1483 404. PROGNOSIS - p. 1483 405. 8.6 Kidney Transplant: Drug Toxicity - p. 1485 406. CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR TOXICITY - p. 1486 407. OTHER SELECTED DRUG-INDUCED TOXICITIES - p. 1496 408. 8.7 Kidney Transplant Infection - p. 1501 409. POLYOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS - p. 1501 410. HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS - p. 1510 411. ADENOVIRUS - p. 1513 412. HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS - p. 1514 413. SARS-COV-2 INFECTIONS AND COVID-19 - p. 1514 414. ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS - p. 1514 415. 8.8 Recurrent and De Novo Disease - p. 1521 416. INTRODUCTION - p. 1521 417. RECURRENT FOCAL SEGMENTAL GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS - p. 1522 418. De Novo Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis - p. 1523 419. MINIMAL CHANGE DISEASE - p. 1523 420. RECURRENT MEMBRANOUS NEPHROPATHY - p. 1523 421. De novo Membranous Nephropathy - p. 1524 422. RECURRENT C3 GLOMERULOPATHY - p. 1524 423. RECURRENT AND DE NOVO HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME - p. 1525 424. ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODY–ASSOCIATED SMALL VESSEL VASCULITIS/GLOMERULONEPHRITIS - p. 1526 425. RECURRENT RENAL DISEASE CAUSED BY HEMATOLOGIC DISORDERS OR DEPOSITION OF MONOCLONAL IMMUNOGLOBULINS AND ORGANIZED DEPOSITS - p. 1526 426. ANTI-GBM DISEASE - p. 1527 427. IGA NEPHROPATHY AND IGA VASCULITIS - p. 1527 428. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS - p. 1528 429. DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY - p. 1528 430. AMYLOIDOSIS - p. 1529 431. OXALOSIS - p. 1529 432. OTHER METABOLIC DISORDERS - p. 1530 433. SELECTED OTHER DISEASES - p. 1530 434. GLOMERULOPATHIES WITH UNUSUAL PRESENTATION PATTERNS - p. 1530 435. 8.9 Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders - p. 1537 436. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 1537 437. PATHOLOGY - p. 1538 438. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 1540 439. PATHOGENESIS - p. 1541 440. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 1542 441. RISK FACTORS - p. 1542 442. CLINICAL FEATURES - p. 1542 443. TREATMENT - p. 1542 444. PROGNOSIS - p. 1542 445. 8.10 Kidney Transplant: Surgical and Vascular Complications - p. 1545 446. URETERAL OBSTRUCTION/LEAK/REFLUX - p. 1545 447. LYMPHOCELE - p. 1545 448. LYMPHANGIECTASIA - p. 1546 449. ARTERIAL OR VENOUS THROMBOSIS - p. 1546 450. ARTERIAL AND VENOUS STENOSIS - p. 1546 451. GRAFT RUPTURE - p. 1547 452. EMBOLIZATION OF RENAL ARTERIES - p. 1547 453. SECTION 9 Kidney Neoplasms - p. 1551 454. 9.1 Patterns of Injury, Terminology, and Classification of Kidney Neoplasms - p. 1552 455. SECTION 9 OVERVIEW - p. 1552 456. HIGHLIGHTS OF SECTION 9 CONTENTS - p. 1553 457. 9.2 Kidney Neoplasms in Children - p. 1558 458. INTRODUCTION - p. 1558 459. WILMS TUMOR (NEPHROBLASTOMA) - p. 1558 460. CONGENITAL MESOBLASTIC NEPHROMA - p. 1560 461. CLEAR CELL SARCOMA OF KIDNEY - p. 1561 462. RHABDOID TUMOR OF KIDNEY - p. 1562 463. METANEPHRIC ADENOMA - p. 1563 464. MITF FAMILY TRANSLOCATION RENAL CELL CARCINOMAS - p. 1563 465. CARCINOMA ASSOCIATED WITH NEUROBLASTOMA - p. 1564 466. 9.3 Kidney Neoplasms in Adults - p. 1567 467. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINING FEATURES - p. 1569 468. PAPILLARY ADENOMA - p. 1569 469. ONCOCYTOMA - p. 1570 470. RENAL CELL CARCINOMA - p. 1572 471. CLEAR CELL RENAL CELL CARCINOMA - p. 1575 472. PAPILLARY RENAL CELL CARCINOMA - p. 1577 473. CHROMOPHOBE RENAL CELL CARCINOMA - p. 1578 474. COLLECTING DUCT CARCINOMA - p. 1579 475. RENAL MEDULLARY CARCINOMA - p. 1580 476. HEREDITARY LEIOMYOMATOSIS AND ASSOCIATED RENAL CELL CARCINOMA - p. 1580 477. SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENT RENAL CELL CARCINOMA - p. 1581 478. MUCINOUS TUBULAR AND SPINDLE CELL CARCINOMA - p. 1582 479. TUBULOCYSTIC CARCINOMA - p. 1583 480. CLEAR CELL PAPILLARY RENAL CELL CARCINOMA - p. 1583 481. ACQUIRED CYSTIC DISEASE–ASSOCIATED RENAL CELL CARCINOMA - p. 1584 482. UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA - p. 1584 483. RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, UNCLASSIFIED - p. 1585 484. NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS - p. 1586 485. ANGIOMYOLIPOMA - p. 1586 486. OTHER BENIGN MESENCHYMAL TUMORS - p. 1588 487. PRIMARY SARCOMA - p. 1588 488. CYSTIC NEPHROMA - p. 1589 489. MIXED EPITHELIAL AND STROMAL TUMOR - p. 1589 490. JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELL TUMOR - p. 1590 491. RENOMEDULLARY INTERSTITIAL CELL TUMOR - p. 1590 492. HEMATOPOIETIC AND LYMPHOID TUMORS - p. 1590 493. METASTASES TO THE KIDNEY - p. 1591 494. Index - p. 1601