In this easy-to-follow, how-to-do-it atlas, internationally recognized pain expert Dr. Steven D. Waldman provides a compendium of practical physical examination techniques that you can use in your daily practice to evaluate and diagnose patients in pain. Physical Diagnosis of Pain, 5th Edition, is the only atlas devoted to this critical area of pain medicine, offering a real-world focus on how clinicians evaluate pain: "What is it?" rather than "Where is it?". You’ll be guided step by step through the evaluation and diagnosis of more than 280 pain-related conditions based on physical signs. Concise, superbly illustrated chapters help you rapidly diagnose pathology based on physical techniques rather than relying on imaging alone.
1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Dedication - p. v 6. Preface - p. vii 7. Videos - p. viii 8. Section I: The Cervical Spine - p. xvi 9. 1. Functional Anatomy of the Bony Cervical Spine - p. 2 10. 2. Functional Anatomy of the Cervical Intervertebral Disc - p. 5 11. 3. Nomenclature of the Diseased Cervical Disc - p. 7 12. 4. Painful Conditions Emanating From the Cervical Spine - p. 13 13. 5. Visual Inspection of the Cervical Spine - p. 14 14. 6. Palpation of the Cervical Spine - p. 16 15. 7. Physical Examination of the Cervical Spine Range of Motion - p. 18 16. 8. The Cervical Dermatomes - p. 20 17. 9. The C5 Neurologic Level - p. 21 18. 10. The C6 Neurologic Level - p. 24 19. 11. The C7 Neurologic Level - p. 26 20. 12. The C8 Neurologic Level - p. 28 21. 13. The Cervical Flexion Rotation Test for C1–C2 Joint Dysfunction - p. 31 22. 14. The Sharp-Purser Test for Atlantoaxial Joint Instability - p. 33 23. 15. The Rust Sign for Cervical Spine Instability - p. 35 24. 16. The Flexion Compression Test for Cervical Discogenic Disease - p. 36 25. 17. The Extension Compression Test for Cervical Discogenic Disease - p. 38 26. 18. The Spurling Test for Cervical Radiculopathy Secondary to Herniated Disc or Cervical Spondylosis - p. 40 27. 19. The Jackson Compression Test for Cervical Radiculopathy - p. 41 28. 20. The Distraction Test for Cervical Radiculopathy - p. 42 29. 21. The Shoulder Abduction Relief Test for Cervical Radiculopathy - p. 43 30. 22. The Neck Distraction Test for Cervical Radiculopathy - p. 45 31. 23. The Arm Squeeze Test for Distinguishing Cervical Radiculopathy From Shoulder Pathology - p. 46 32. 24. The Upper Limb Tension Test for Cervical Radiculopathy - p. 48 33. 25. The Shoulder Depression Test for Cervical Radiculopathy - p. 50 34. 26. The Valsalva Test for Cervical Radiculopathy - p. 51 35. 27. The Cervical Resisted Muscle Test for Cervical Strain - p. 52 36. 28. The O’Donoghue Test for Distinguishing Cervical Strain From Articular Dysfunction - p. 54 37. 29. The Jull Test for Assessment of Cervical Flexor Muscle Performance - p. 56 38. 30. The Deep Flexor Endurance Test to Assess Cervical Flexor Muscle Performance - p. 58 39. 31. The Hoffmann Test for Cervical Myelopathy - p. 60 40. 32. The Lhermitte Sign for Cervical Myelopathy - p. 61 41. 33. The Brudzinski Sign for Meningeal Irritation - p. 63 42. 34. The Linder Sign for Cervical Myelopathy - p. 64 43. 35. The Finger Flexion Reflex Test for Cervical Myelopathy - p. 66 44. Section II: The Shoulder - p. 66.e1 45. 36. Functional Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint - p. 68 46. 37. Visual Inspection of the Shoulder - p. 71 47. 38. Palpation of the Shoulder - p. 73 48. 39. External Rotation of the Shoulder - p. 74 49. 40. Internal Rotation of the Shoulder - p. 75 50. 41. Crossed-Arm Adduction of the Shoulder - p. 76 51. 42. Abduction of the Shoulder - p. 77 52. 43. Painful Conditions of the Shoulder - p. 78 53. 44. Shoulder Instability Syndromes - p. 80 54. 45. The Anterior Drawer Test - p. 85 55. 46. The Shift and Load Test for Shoulder Instability - p. 86 56. 47. The Apprehension Test for Anterior Shoulder Instability - p. 87 57. 48. The Jobe Relocation Test for Anterior Shoulder Instability - p. 88 58. 49. The Andrews Anterior Apprehension Test for Anterior Shoulder Instability - p. 90 59. 50. The Posterior Drawer Test for Posterior Shoulder Instability - p. 91 60. 51. The Jerk Test for Posterior Shoulder Instability - p. 93 61. 52. The Posterior Clunk Test for Posterior Shoulder Instability - p. 95 62. 53. The Sulcus Sign Test for Inferior Glenohumeral Instability - p. 97 63. 54. The Gagey Hyperabduction Test for Inferior Glenohumeral Instability - p. 98 64. 55. The John Feagin Test for Inferior Glenohumeral Instability - p. 99 65. 56. The Crank Test for Injury of the Labrum of the Glenohumeral Joint - p. 100 66. 57. The Keibler Anterior Slide Test for Superior Labral From Anterior to Posterior Tear Lesions - p. 102 67. 58. The Dynamic Labral Shear Test for Superior Labral From Anterior to Posterior Tear Lesions - p. 104 68. 59. The O’Brien Active Compression Test for Superior Labral From Anterior to Posterior Tear Lesions - p. 106 69. 60. An Overview of Shoulder Impingement Syndromes - p. 107 70. 61. The Neer Test for Shoulder Impingement Syndromes - p. 111 71. 62. The Hawkins Test for Shoulder Impingement Syndromes - p. 112 72. 63. The Gerber Subcoracoid Impingement Test - p. 113 73. 64. The Zaslav Rotation Resistance Test for Shoulder Impingement - p. 114 74. 65. Bicipital Tendinitis - p. 115 75. 66. The Speed Test for Bicipital Tendinitis - p. 118 76. 67. The Yergason Test for Bicipital Tendinitis - p. 119 77. 68. The Snap Test for Subluxing Biceps Tendon Syndrome - p. 120 78. 69. The Biceps Entrapment Test for Biceps Entrapment - p. 122 79. 70. The Gerber Lift-Off Test for Rupture of the Subscapularis Muscle - p. 123 80. 71. The Gerber Belly Press Test for Subscapularis Weakness - p. 124 81. 72. The Internal Rotation Lag Sign for Rupture of the Subscapularis Tendon - p. 125 82. 73. The Snapping Scapula Test - p. 126 83. 74. The Ludington Test for Ruptured Long Tendon of the Biceps - p. 128 84. 75. Reverse Popeye Sign for Rupture of the Distal Biceps Tendon - p. 130 85. 76. The Squeeze Test for Distal Rupture of the Biceps Tendon - p. 132 86. 77. The Hook Test for Rupture of the Distal Biceps Tendon - p. 132 87. 78. The Waldman Hanger Test for Ruptured Distal Biceps Tendon - p. 133 88. 79. The Supination Pronation Test for Rupture of the Distal Biceps Tendon - p. 135 89. 80. Clinical Correlates: Diseases of the Rotator Cuff - p. 137 90. 81. The Drop Arm Test for Complete Rotator Cuff Tear - p. 142 91. 82. The External Rotation Lag Sign for Rupture of the Supraspinatus or Infraspinatus Tendon - p. 143 92. 83. The Dawbarn Sign for Supraspinatus Tendinitis - p. 144 93. 84. The Empty Can Test for Supraspinatus Tendinopathy - p. 146 94. 85. The Jobe Supraspinatus Test - p. 148 95. 86. The Midarc Abduction Test for Infraspinatus Tendinitis - p. 149 96. 87. The External Rotation Stress Test for Impairment of the Infraspinatus and Teres Minor Muscles - p. 151 97. 88. The Hornblower Test for Teres Minor Tear - p. 152 98. 89. The Drop Arm Test for Subdeltoid Bursitis - p. 152 99. 90. The Adduction Release Test for Subcoracoid Bursitis - p. 154 100. 91. The Adduction Stress Test for Acromioclavicular Joint Dysfunction - p. 156 101. 92. The Chin Adduction Test for Acromioclavicular Joint Dysfunction - p. 159 102. 93. The Paxino Test for Acromioclavicular Joint Dysfunction - p. 160 103. 94. The Sergeant’s Chevron Test for Axillary Nerve Deficits - p. 160 104. 95. The Adson Maneuver for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome - p. 162 105. 96. The Costoclavicular Test for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome - p. 164 106. 97. The Hyperabduction Test for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome - p. 165 107. 98. The Brachial Plexus Compression Test for Brachial Plexus Pain - p. 166 108. 99. The Brachial Plexus Tension Test for Brachial Plexus Pain - p. 167 109. 100. The Shoulder Depression Test for Brachial Plexus Pain - p. 170 110. 101. The Upper Limb Tension Test B for Compromise of the Median, Axillary, and Musculocutaneous Nerves - p. 171 111. 102. The Upper Limb Tension Test C Test for Compromise of the Radial Nerve - p. 173 112. 103. The Upper Limb Tension Test D for Cervical Radiculopathy and Compromise of the Ulnar Nerve - p. 175 113. Section III: The Elbow - p. 176 114. 104. Functional Anatomy of the Elbow Joint - p. 178 115. 105. Visual Inspection of the Elbow - p. 182 116. 106. Palpation of the Elbow - p. 184 117. 107. Flexion and Extension of the Elbow - p. 186 118. 108. Supination and Pronation of the Elbow - p. 187 119. 109. The Valgus Stress Flexion Test for Medial Ligamentous Incompetence - p. 187 120. 110. The Modified Milking Maneuver Test for Ulnar Collateral Ligament Incompetence - p. 189 121. 111. The Varus Stress Flexion Test for Lateral Ligamentous Incompetence - p. 191 122. 112. The Lateral Pivot Shift Test for Posterolateral Insufficiency - p. 192 123. 113. The Froment Paper Sign for Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Elbow - p. 194 124. 114. The Jeanne Sign for Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Elbow - p. 195 125. 115. The Wartenberg Sign for Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Elbow - p. 196 126. 116. The Pressure Provocation Test for Ulnar Neuropathy - p. 197 127. 117. The Little Finger Adduction Test for Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Elbow - p. 198 128. 118. The Valgus Extension Overload Test for Olecranon Impingement - p. 199 129. 119. The Compression Test for Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome - p. 200 130. 120. The Snap Sign for Snapping Triceps Syndrome - p. 202 131. 121. The Creaking Tendon Sign for Triceps Tendinitis - p. 204 132. 122. The Ballottement Test for Olecranon Bursitis - p. 205 133. 123. The Tennis Elbow Test - p. 207 134. 124. The Maudsley Test for Lateral Epicondylitis - p. 209 135. 125. The Mill Test for Tennis Elbow - p. 210 136. 126. The Cozen Test for Tennis Elbow - p. 212 137. 127. The Resisted Middle Finger Test for Tennis Elbow - p. 214 138. 128. The Chair Lift Test for Lateral Epicondylitis - p. 215 139. 129. The Golfer’s Elbow Test - p. 217 140. 130. The Golfer’s Elbow Push Down Test - p. 219 141. 131. The Polk Test to Differentiate Lateral and Medial Epicondylitis - p. 220 142. 132. The Brachialis Jump Test for Climber’s Elbow - p. 222 143. Section IV: The Forearm - p. 222 144. 133. The Compression Test for Radial Tunnel Syndrome - p. 224 145. 134. The Compression Test for Pronator Syndrome - p. 226 146. 135. The Forced Pronation Test for Pronator Syndrome - p. 227 147. 136. The Pinch Test for Anterior Interosseous Syndrome - p. 229 148. 137. The Creaking Tendon Test for Intersection Syndrome - p. 230 149. Section V: The Wrist and Hand - p. 230 150. 138. Functional Anatomy of the Wrist - p. 232 151. 139. Visual Inspection of the Wrist and Hand - p. 234 152. 140. Palpation of the Wrist and Hand - p. 236 153. 141. Extension of the Wrist and Hand - p. 237 154. 142. Flexion of the Wrist and Hand - p. 237 155. 143. Adduction of the Wrist and Hand - p. 238 156. 144. Abduction of the Wrist and Hand - p. 239 157. 145. Painful Conditions of the Wrist and Hand - p. 240 158. 146. The Wristwatch Test for Cheiralgia Paresthetica - p. 242 159. 147. The Finkelstein Test for de Quervain Tenosynovitis - p. 244 160. 148. The Tethered Thumb Test for de Quervain Tenosynovitis - p. 247 161. 149. The Eichhoff Test for de Quervain Tenosynovitis - p. 247 162. 150. The Allen Test for Patency of the Radial and Ulnar Arteries at the Wrist - p. 249 163. 151. The Watson Stress Test for Arthritis of the Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb - p. 251 164. 152. The Swanson Grind Test for Arthritis of the Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb - p. 251 165. 153. The Ulnar Click Test for Ulnar Impaction Syndrome - p. 253 166. 154. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 254 167. 155. The Tinel Sign for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 257 168. 156. The Phalen Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 258 169. 157. The Reverse Phalen Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 259 170. 158. The Opponens Weakness Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 260 171. 159. The Opponens Pinch Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 261 172. 160. The Two-Point Discrimination Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 262 173. 161. The Scratch Collapse Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 263 174. 162. The Durkan Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 265 175. 163. Phdurkan Test - p. 265 176. 164. The Hand Elevation Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 266 177. 165. The Gilliatt Tourniquet Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 267 178. 166. The Berger Test for Identification of Lumbrical Involvement in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 269 179. 167. The Dowart Hotdog Sign for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 270 180. 168. The Spread Sign for Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome - p. 271 181. 169. The Flexion/Extension Test for Ganglion Cysts of the Wrist - p. 273 182. 170. The Hunchback Carpal Sign for Carpal Boss - p. 274 183. 171. The Tuck Sign for Extensor Tenosynovitis of the Wrist - p. 276 184. 172. The Palmar Band Sign for Dupuytren Contracture - p. 278 185. 173. The Allen Test for Patency of the Digital Arteries of the Fingers - p. 279 186. 174. The Catching Tendon Sign for Trigger Finger Syndrome - p. 280 187. 175. The Sausage Finger Sign for Psoriatic Arthritis - p. 282 188. 176. The Swan Neck Deformity Sign - p. 284 189. 177. The Boutonnière Deformity Sign - p. 284 190. 178. The Heberden Node Sign for Osteoarthritis of the Distal Interphalangeal Joints - p. 286 191. 179. The Bouchard Node Sign for Osteoarthritis of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joints - p. 286 192. 180. The Ice Water Test for Glomus Tumor of the Finger - p. 288 193. Section VI: The Chest Wall, Thorax, and Thoracic Spine - p. 289 194. 181. Winged Scapula Sign for Entrapment of the Long Thoracic Nerve of Bell - p. 291 195. 182. The Suprascapular Notch Sign for Suprascapular Nerve Entrapment Syndrome - p. 292 196. 183. The Shoulder Retraction Test for Costosternal Syndrome - p. 294 197. 184. The Swollen Costosternal Joint Sign for Tietze Syndrome - p. 295 198. 185. The Shrug Test for Sternoclavicular Joint Dysfunction - p. 297 199. 186. The Hooking Maneuver Test for Slipping Rib Syndrome - p. 299 200. 187. The Flexion Test for Acute Thoracic Vertebral Compression Fracture - p. 301 201. 188. The Soto-Hall Test for Upper Thoracic Spine Pain - p. 303 202. Section VII: The Lumbar Spine - p. 303 203. 189. Functional Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine - p. 305 204. 190. An Overview of the Nomenclature of the Diseased Lumbar Disc - p. 307 205. 191. An Overview of Painful Conditions Emanating From the Lumbar Spine - p. 313 206. 192. Visual Inspection of the Lumbar Spine - p. 313 207. 193. Palpation of the Lumbar Spine - p. 314 208. 194. Range of Motion of the Lumbar Spine - p. 316 209. 195. The Schober Test for Lumbar Spine Flexion - p. 318 210. 196. The Kemp Test for Lumbar Facet Joint Pain - p. 319 211. 197. The Interspinous Gap Change Sign for Lumbar Instability - p. 320 212. 198. The Sill Sign for Lumbar Instability - p. 322 213. 199. The Lumbar Dermatomes - p. 324 214. 200. The L4 Neurologic Level - p. 326 215. 201. The L5 Neurologic Level - p. 328 216. 202. The S1 Neurologic Level - p. 329 217. 203. The Lasegue Straight Leg Raising Test for Lumbar Root Irritation - p. 331 218. 204. The Sitting Straight Leg Raising Test for Lumbar Root Irritation - p. 332 219. 205. The Naffziger Jugular Compression Test for an Equivocal Lasegue Straight Leg Raising Test - p. 333 220. 206. The Flip Test for Lumbar Nerve Root Irritation - p. 333 221. 207. The Buckling Knee Test for Lumbar Nerve Root Irritation - p. 335 222. 208. The Spurling Test for Lumbar Nerve Root Irritation - p. 336 223. 209. The Bragard Test for Lumbar Nerve Root Irritation - p. 337 224. 210. The Ely Test for Lumbar Nerve Root Irritation - p. 338 225. 211. The Fajersztajn Test for Lumbar Nerve Root Irritation - p. 339 226. 212. The Stoop Test for Spinal Stenosis - p. 340 227. 213. The Babinski Sign for Diseases of the Corticospinal System - p. 342 228. 214. The Chaddock Sign for Diseases of the Corticospinal System - p. 343 229. 215. The Oppenheim Sign for Diseases of the Corticospinal System - p. 344 230. 216. The Gordon Reflex for Diseases of the Corticospinal System - p. 345 231. Section VIII: The Abdominal Wall and Pelvis - p. 345 232. 217. The Sit-Up Sign for Anterior Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome - p. 347 233. 218. The Waddling Gait Sign for Osteitis Pubis Syndrome - p. 349 234. 219. The Direct Pressure Spring Test for Osteitis Pubis - p. 351 235. 220. The Yeoman Test for Sacroiliac Joint Pain - p. 352 236. 221. The Van Durson Standing Flexion Test for Sacroiliac Joint Pain - p. 353 237. 222. The Piedallu Seated Flexion Test for Sacroiliac Joint Pain - p. 354 238. 223. The Stork Test for Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction - p. 355 239. 224. The Gaenslen Test for Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction - p. 356 240. 225. The Distraction Test for Sacroiliac Joint Pain - p. 358 241. 226. The Side-Lying Compression Test for Sacroiliac Joint Pain - p. 358 242. 227. The Thigh Trust Test for Sacroiliac Joint Pain - p. 359 243. 228. The Fortin Finger Test for Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction - p. 361 244. 229. The Sacroiliac Compression and Distraction Test for Pelvic Fracture - p. 363 245. 230. The Numb Medial Thigh Sign for Obturator Nerve Entrapment Syndrome - p. 364 246. 231. The Novice Skier Sign for Ilioinguinal Nerve Entrapment Syndrome - p. 366 247. 232. The Femoral Stretch Test - p. 368 248. 233. The Burning Lateral Thigh Sign for Meralgia Paresthetica - p. 370 249. Section IX: The Hip - p. 371 250. 234. Functional Anatomy of the Hip - p. 373 251. 235. Visual Inspection of the Hip Joint - p. 376 252. 236. Palpation of the Hip - p. 377 253. 237. Flexion of the Hip - p. 377 254. 238. Extension of the Hip - p. 378 255. 239. Abduction of the Hip - p. 379 256. 240. Adduction of the Hip - p. 380 257. 241. Internal Rotation of the Hip - p. 381 258. 242. External Rotation of the Hip - p. 382 259. 243. Painful Conditions of the Hip - p. 384 260. 244. The Thomas Test for Flexion Deformity of the Hip - p. 384 261. 245. The Trendelenburg Test for Weak Hip Abductors - p. 386 262. 246. The Hopalong Cassidy Sign for Antalgic Gait - p. 387 263. 247. The Patrick/FABER Test for Hip Pathology - p. 389 264. 248. The Hip Quadrant Scour Test for Femoroacetabular Joint Pain - p. 390 265. 249. The Waldman Knee Squeeze Test for Adductor Tendinitis - p. 392 266. 250. The Resisted Hip Extension Test for Ischial Bursitis - p. 394 267. 251. The Resisted Hip Abduction Test for Gluteal Bursitis - p. 395 268. 252. The External Derotation Test for Gluteal Tendinopathy - p. 396 269. 253. The Hip Lag Test for Gluteus Medius Tear - p. 397 270. 254. The Resisted Hip Adduction Test for Iliopsoas Bursitis - p. 399 271. 255. The Piriformis Test for Piriformis Syndrome - p. 400 272. 256. The Freiberg Forceful Internal Rotation Test for Piriformis Syndrome - p. 402 273. 257. Pace Nagel Resisted Contraction Maneuver for Piriformis Syndrome - p. 402 274. 258. The Flexion, Adduction, Internal Rotation Test for Piriformis Syndrome - p. 403 275. 259. The Beatty Test for Piriformis Syndrome - p. 404 276. 260. The Piriformis Syndrome Sign - p. 405 277. 261. The Heel Contralateral Knee Test for Piriformis Syndrome - p. 406 278. 262. The Resisted Abduction Release Test for Trochanteric Bursitis Pain - p. 408 279. 263. The Fulcrum Test for Stress Fractures of the Femoral Shaft - p. 410 280. 264. The Ober Test for Iliotibial Band Contracture - p. 412 281. 265. The Snap Sign for Snapping Hip Syndrome - p. 413 282. 266. The Hip Dislocator Test for Snapping Hip Syndrome - p. 415 283. 267. The Fan Test for Snapping Hip Syndrome - p. 416 284. 268. External Snapping Hip Test for External Snapping Hip Syndrome - p. 416 285. 269. The Internal Snapping Hip Test for Internal Snapping Hip Syndrome - p. 417 286. 270. Active Iliopsoas Snapping Test for Internal Snapping Hip Syndrome - p. 419 287. Section X: The Knee - p. 419 288. 271. Functional Anatomy of the Knee - p. 421 289. 272. Visual Inspection of the Knee - p. 424 290. 273. Palpation of the Knee - p. 425 291. 274. Flexion of the Knee - p. 425 292. 275. Extension of the Knee - p. 426 293. 276. Rotation of the Knee - p. 427 294. 277. An Overview of Painful Conditions of the Knee - p. 429 295. 278. The Bulge Sign for Small Joint Effusions - p. 429 296. 279. The Ballottement Test for Large Joint Effusions - p. 431 297. 280. The Valgus Stress Test for Medial Collateral Ligament Integrity - p. 433 298. 281. The Swain Rotary Stability Test for Medial Knee Instability - p. 434 299. 282. The Varus Stress Test for Lateral Collateral Ligament Integrity - p. 434 300. 283. The Anterior Drawer Test for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Integrity - p. 435 301. 284. The Flexion-Rotation Anterior Drawer Test for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Instability - p. 436 302. 285. The Lachman Test for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Integrity - p. 437 303. 286. The Posterior Drawer Test for Posterior Cruciate Ligament Integrity - p. 438 304. 287. The Hughston External Rotation-Recurvatum Test for Posterior Cruciate Ligament Instability - p. 439 305. 288. The Quadriceps Active Test for Posterior Cruciate Ligament Integrity - p. 440 306. 289. The Pivot Shift Test for Anterolateral Rotary Instability - p. 441 307. 290. The Reverse Pivot Shift Test of Jakob for Posterolateral Instability - p. 442 308. 291. The Tibial External Rotation Test for Injury to the Posterolateral Corner - p. 443 309. 292. The Perkins Test for Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - p. 444 310. 293. The Patellar Grind Test for Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - p. 446 311. 294. The Fairbanks Apprehension Test for Lateral Patellar Subluxation - p. 447 312. 295. The Patellar Tilt Test for Lateral Retinacular Dysfunction - p. 448 313. 296. The McMurray Test for Torn Meniscus - p. 449 314. 297. The Apley Grinding Test for Meniscal Tear - p. 450 315. 298. The Squat Test for Meniscal Tear - p. 451 316. 299. The Ege Test for Meniscal Tear - p. 452 317. 300. The Thessaly Test for Meniscal Tear - p. 454 318. 301. The Twist Test for Semimembranosus Insertion Syndrome - p. 456 319. 302. The Knee Extension Test for Quadriceps Expansion Syndrome - p. 458 320. 303. Bursitis of the Knee - p. 460 321. 304. The Creaking Tendon Sign for Hamstring Tendinitis - p. 464 322. 305. The Noble Compression Test for Iliotibial Band Syndrome - p. 465 323. 306. The Bump Sign for Baker Cyst of the Knee - p. 466 324. 307. The Foucher Sign for Baker Cyst - p. 468 325. Section XI: The Ankle and Foot - p. 469 326. 308. Functional Anatomy of the Ankle and Foot - p. 471 327. 309. Visual Inspection of the Ankle and Foot - p. 473 328. 310. Palpation of the Ankle and Foot - p. 475 329. 311. The Wave Test for Ankle Joint Effusion - p. 477 330. 312. The Anterior Drawer Test for Anterior Talofibular Ligament Insufficiency - p. 478 331. 313. The Inversion Test for Anterior Talofibular Ligament Insufficiency - p. 480 332. 314. The Eversion Test for Deltoid Ligament Insufficiency - p. 482 333. 315. The Kleiger Test for High Ankle Sprain - p. 485 334. 316. The Talar Tilt Test for Lateral Ankle Sprain - p. 486 335. 317. The Squeeze Test for Syndesmosis Ankle Strain - p. 489 336. 318. The External Rotation Test for Syndesmosis Ankle Strain - p. 490 337. 319. The Tinel Sign for Anterior Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 491 338. 320. The Tinel Sign for Posterior Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 493 339. 321. The Valleix Sign for Posterior Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 496 340. 322. The Creak Sign for Achilles Tendinitis - p. 497 341. 323. The Toe Raise Test for Achilles Tendon Rupture - p. 499 342. 324. The Thompson Squeeze Test for Achilles Tendon Rupture - p. 501 343. 325. The Matles Test for Achilles Tendon Rupture - p. 502 344. 326. The Calcaneal Jump Sign for Plantar Fasciitis - p. 503 345. 327. The Calcaneal Squeeze Test for Calcaneal Stress Fracture - p. 505 346. 328. The Windlass Test for Plantar Fasciitis - p. 506 347. 329. The Mulder Sign for Morton Neuroma - p. 508 348. 330. The Digital Nerve Stretch Test for Morton Neuroma - p. 510 349. 331. The Metatarsophalangeal Dorsal Drawer Test for Plantar Plate Insufficiency - p. 511 350. 332. The Paper Pullout Test for Plantar Plate Insufficiency - p. 512 351. Index - p. 513
In this easy-to-follow, how-to-do-it atlas, internationally recognized pain expert Dr. Steven D. Waldman provides a compendium of practical physical examination techniques that you can use in your daily practice to evaluate and diagnose patients in pain. Physical Diagnosis of Pain, 5th Edition, is the only atlas devoted to this critical area of pain medicine, offering a real-world focus on how clinicians evaluate pain: "What is it?" rather than "Where is it?". You’ll be guided step by step through the evaluation and diagnosis of more than 280 pain-related conditions based on physical signs. Concise, superbly illustrated chapters help you rapidly diagnose pathology based on physical techniques rather than relying on imaging alone.
1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Dedication - p. v 6. Preface - p. vii 7. Videos - p. viii 8. Section I: The Cervical Spine - p. xvi 9. 1. Functional Anatomy of the Bony Cervical Spine - p. 2 10. 2. Functional Anatomy of the Cervical Intervertebral Disc - p. 5 11. 3. Nomenclature of the Diseased Cervical Disc - p. 7 12. 4. Painful Conditions Emanating From the Cervical Spine - p. 13 13. 5. Visual Inspection of the Cervical Spine - p. 14 14. 6. Palpation of the Cervical Spine - p. 16 15. 7. Physical Examination of the Cervical Spine Range of Motion - p. 18 16. 8. The Cervical Dermatomes - p. 20 17. 9. The C5 Neurologic Level - p. 21 18. 10. The C6 Neurologic Level - p. 24 19. 11. The C7 Neurologic Level - p. 26 20. 12. The C8 Neurologic Level - p. 28 21. 13. The Cervical Flexion Rotation Test for C1–C2 Joint Dysfunction - p. 31 22. 14. The Sharp-Purser Test for Atlantoaxial Joint Instability - p. 33 23. 15. The Rust Sign for Cervical Spine Instability - p. 35 24. 16. The Flexion Compression Test for Cervical Discogenic Disease - p. 36 25. 17. The Extension Compression Test for Cervical Discogenic Disease - p. 38 26. 18. The Spurling Test for Cervical Radiculopathy Secondary to Herniated Disc or Cervical Spondylosis - p. 40 27. 19. The Jackson Compression Test for Cervical Radiculopathy - p. 41 28. 20. The Distraction Test for Cervical Radiculopathy - p. 42 29. 21. The Shoulder Abduction Relief Test for Cervical Radiculopathy - p. 43 30. 22. The Neck Distraction Test for Cervical Radiculopathy - p. 45 31. 23. The Arm Squeeze Test for Distinguishing Cervical Radiculopathy From Shoulder Pathology - p. 46 32. 24. The Upper Limb Tension Test for Cervical Radiculopathy - p. 48 33. 25. The Shoulder Depression Test for Cervical Radiculopathy - p. 50 34. 26. The Valsalva Test for Cervical Radiculopathy - p. 51 35. 27. The Cervical Resisted Muscle Test for Cervical Strain - p. 52 36. 28. The O’Donoghue Test for Distinguishing Cervical Strain From Articular Dysfunction - p. 54 37. 29. The Jull Test for Assessment of Cervical Flexor Muscle Performance - p. 56 38. 30. The Deep Flexor Endurance Test to Assess Cervical Flexor Muscle Performance - p. 58 39. 31. The Hoffmann Test for Cervical Myelopathy - p. 60 40. 32. The Lhermitte Sign for Cervical Myelopathy - p. 61 41. 33. The Brudzinski Sign for Meningeal Irritation - p. 63 42. 34. The Linder Sign for Cervical Myelopathy - p. 64 43. 35. The Finger Flexion Reflex Test for Cervical Myelopathy - p. 66 44. Section II: The Shoulder - p. 66.e1 45. 36. Functional Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint - p. 68 46. 37. Visual Inspection of the Shoulder - p. 71 47. 38. Palpation of the Shoulder - p. 73 48. 39. External Rotation of the Shoulder - p. 74 49. 40. Internal Rotation of the Shoulder - p. 75 50. 41. Crossed-Arm Adduction of the Shoulder - p. 76 51. 42. Abduction of the Shoulder - p. 77 52. 43. Painful Conditions of the Shoulder - p. 78 53. 44. Shoulder Instability Syndromes - p. 80 54. 45. The Anterior Drawer Test - p. 85 55. 46. The Shift and Load Test for Shoulder Instability - p. 86 56. 47. The Apprehension Test for Anterior Shoulder Instability - p. 87 57. 48. The Jobe Relocation Test for Anterior Shoulder Instability - p. 88 58. 49. The Andrews Anterior Apprehension Test for Anterior Shoulder Instability - p. 90 59. 50. The Posterior Drawer Test for Posterior Shoulder Instability - p. 91 60. 51. The Jerk Test for Posterior Shoulder Instability - p. 93 61. 52. The Posterior Clunk Test for Posterior Shoulder Instability - p. 95 62. 53. The Sulcus Sign Test for Inferior Glenohumeral Instability - p. 97 63. 54. The Gagey Hyperabduction Test for Inferior Glenohumeral Instability - p. 98 64. 55. The John Feagin Test for Inferior Glenohumeral Instability - p. 99 65. 56. The Crank Test for Injury of the Labrum of the Glenohumeral Joint - p. 100 66. 57. The Keibler Anterior Slide Test for Superior Labral From Anterior to Posterior Tear Lesions - p. 102 67. 58. The Dynamic Labral Shear Test for Superior Labral From Anterior to Posterior Tear Lesions - p. 104 68. 59. The O’Brien Active Compression Test for Superior Labral From Anterior to Posterior Tear Lesions - p. 106 69. 60. An Overview of Shoulder Impingement Syndromes - p. 107 70. 61. The Neer Test for Shoulder Impingement Syndromes - p. 111 71. 62. The Hawkins Test for Shoulder Impingement Syndromes - p. 112 72. 63. The Gerber Subcoracoid Impingement Test - p. 113 73. 64. The Zaslav Rotation Resistance Test for Shoulder Impingement - p. 114 74. 65. Bicipital Tendinitis - p. 115 75. 66. The Speed Test for Bicipital Tendinitis - p. 118 76. 67. The Yergason Test for Bicipital Tendinitis - p. 119 77. 68. The Snap Test for Subluxing Biceps Tendon Syndrome - p. 120 78. 69. The Biceps Entrapment Test for Biceps Entrapment - p. 122 79. 70. The Gerber Lift-Off Test for Rupture of the Subscapularis Muscle - p. 123 80. 71. The Gerber Belly Press Test for Subscapularis Weakness - p. 124 81. 72. The Internal Rotation Lag Sign for Rupture of the Subscapularis Tendon - p. 125 82. 73. The Snapping Scapula Test - p. 126 83. 74. The Ludington Test for Ruptured Long Tendon of the Biceps - p. 128 84. 75. Reverse Popeye Sign for Rupture of the Distal Biceps Tendon - p. 130 85. 76. The Squeeze Test for Distal Rupture of the Biceps Tendon - p. 132 86. 77. The Hook Test for Rupture of the Distal Biceps Tendon - p. 132 87. 78. The Waldman Hanger Test for Ruptured Distal Biceps Tendon - p. 133 88. 79. The Supination Pronation Test for Rupture of the Distal Biceps Tendon - p. 135 89. 80. Clinical Correlates: Diseases of the Rotator Cuff - p. 137 90. 81. The Drop Arm Test for Complete Rotator Cuff Tear - p. 142 91. 82. The External Rotation Lag Sign for Rupture of the Supraspinatus or Infraspinatus Tendon - p. 143 92. 83. The Dawbarn Sign for Supraspinatus Tendinitis - p. 144 93. 84. The Empty Can Test for Supraspinatus Tendinopathy - p. 146 94. 85. The Jobe Supraspinatus Test - p. 148 95. 86. The Midarc Abduction Test for Infraspinatus Tendinitis - p. 149 96. 87. The External Rotation Stress Test for Impairment of the Infraspinatus and Teres Minor Muscles - p. 151 97. 88. The Hornblower Test for Teres Minor Tear - p. 152 98. 89. The Drop Arm Test for Subdeltoid Bursitis - p. 152 99. 90. The Adduction Release Test for Subcoracoid Bursitis - p. 154 100. 91. The Adduction Stress Test for Acromioclavicular Joint Dysfunction - p. 156 101. 92. The Chin Adduction Test for Acromioclavicular Joint Dysfunction - p. 159 102. 93. The Paxino Test for Acromioclavicular Joint Dysfunction - p. 160 103. 94. The Sergeant’s Chevron Test for Axillary Nerve Deficits - p. 160 104. 95. The Adson Maneuver for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome - p. 162 105. 96. The Costoclavicular Test for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome - p. 164 106. 97. The Hyperabduction Test for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome - p. 165 107. 98. The Brachial Plexus Compression Test for Brachial Plexus Pain - p. 166 108. 99. The Brachial Plexus Tension Test for Brachial Plexus Pain - p. 167 109. 100. The Shoulder Depression Test for Brachial Plexus Pain - p. 170 110. 101. The Upper Limb Tension Test B for Compromise of the Median, Axillary, and Musculocutaneous Nerves - p. 171 111. 102. The Upper Limb Tension Test C Test for Compromise of the Radial Nerve - p. 173 112. 103. The Upper Limb Tension Test D for Cervical Radiculopathy and Compromise of the Ulnar Nerve - p. 175 113. Section III: The Elbow - p. 176 114. 104. Functional Anatomy of the Elbow Joint - p. 178 115. 105. Visual Inspection of the Elbow - p. 182 116. 106. Palpation of the Elbow - p. 184 117. 107. Flexion and Extension of the Elbow - p. 186 118. 108. Supination and Pronation of the Elbow - p. 187 119. 109. The Valgus Stress Flexion Test for Medial Ligamentous Incompetence - p. 187 120. 110. The Modified Milking Maneuver Test for Ulnar Collateral Ligament Incompetence - p. 189 121. 111. The Varus Stress Flexion Test for Lateral Ligamentous Incompetence - p. 191 122. 112. The Lateral Pivot Shift Test for Posterolateral Insufficiency - p. 192 123. 113. The Froment Paper Sign for Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Elbow - p. 194 124. 114. The Jeanne Sign for Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Elbow - p. 195 125. 115. The Wartenberg Sign for Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Elbow - p. 196 126. 116. The Pressure Provocation Test for Ulnar Neuropathy - p. 197 127. 117. The Little Finger Adduction Test for Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Elbow - p. 198 128. 118. The Valgus Extension Overload Test for Olecranon Impingement - p. 199 129. 119. The Compression Test for Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome - p. 200 130. 120. The Snap Sign for Snapping Triceps Syndrome - p. 202 131. 121. The Creaking Tendon Sign for Triceps Tendinitis - p. 204 132. 122. The Ballottement Test for Olecranon Bursitis - p. 205 133. 123. The Tennis Elbow Test - p. 207 134. 124. The Maudsley Test for Lateral Epicondylitis - p. 209 135. 125. The Mill Test for Tennis Elbow - p. 210 136. 126. The Cozen Test for Tennis Elbow - p. 212 137. 127. The Resisted Middle Finger Test for Tennis Elbow - p. 214 138. 128. The Chair Lift Test for Lateral Epicondylitis - p. 215 139. 129. The Golfer’s Elbow Test - p. 217 140. 130. The Golfer’s Elbow Push Down Test - p. 219 141. 131. The Polk Test to Differentiate Lateral and Medial Epicondylitis - p. 220 142. 132. The Brachialis Jump Test for Climber’s Elbow - p. 222 143. Section IV: The Forearm - p. 222 144. 133. The Compression Test for Radial Tunnel Syndrome - p. 224 145. 134. The Compression Test for Pronator Syndrome - p. 226 146. 135. The Forced Pronation Test for Pronator Syndrome - p. 227 147. 136. The Pinch Test for Anterior Interosseous Syndrome - p. 229 148. 137. The Creaking Tendon Test for Intersection Syndrome - p. 230 149. Section V: The Wrist and Hand - p. 230 150. 138. Functional Anatomy of the Wrist - p. 232 151. 139. Visual Inspection of the Wrist and Hand - p. 234 152. 140. Palpation of the Wrist and Hand - p. 236 153. 141. Extension of the Wrist and Hand - p. 237 154. 142. Flexion of the Wrist and Hand - p. 237 155. 143. Adduction of the Wrist and Hand - p. 238 156. 144. Abduction of the Wrist and Hand - p. 239 157. 145. Painful Conditions of the Wrist and Hand - p. 240 158. 146. The Wristwatch Test for Cheiralgia Paresthetica - p. 242 159. 147. The Finkelstein Test for de Quervain Tenosynovitis - p. 244 160. 148. The Tethered Thumb Test for de Quervain Tenosynovitis - p. 247 161. 149. The Eichhoff Test for de Quervain Tenosynovitis - p. 247 162. 150. The Allen Test for Patency of the Radial and Ulnar Arteries at the Wrist - p. 249 163. 151. The Watson Stress Test for Arthritis of the Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb - p. 251 164. 152. The Swanson Grind Test for Arthritis of the Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb - p. 251 165. 153. The Ulnar Click Test for Ulnar Impaction Syndrome - p. 253 166. 154. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 254 167. 155. The Tinel Sign for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 257 168. 156. The Phalen Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 258 169. 157. The Reverse Phalen Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 259 170. 158. The Opponens Weakness Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 260 171. 159. The Opponens Pinch Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 261 172. 160. The Two-Point Discrimination Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 262 173. 161. The Scratch Collapse Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 263 174. 162. The Durkan Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 265 175. 163. Phdurkan Test - p. 265 176. 164. The Hand Elevation Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 266 177. 165. The Gilliatt Tourniquet Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 267 178. 166. The Berger Test for Identification of Lumbrical Involvement in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 269 179. 167. The Dowart Hotdog Sign for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 270 180. 168. The Spread Sign for Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome - p. 271 181. 169. The Flexion/Extension Test for Ganglion Cysts of the Wrist - p. 273 182. 170. The Hunchback Carpal Sign for Carpal Boss - p. 274 183. 171. The Tuck Sign for Extensor Tenosynovitis of the Wrist - p. 276 184. 172. The Palmar Band Sign for Dupuytren Contracture - p. 278 185. 173. The Allen Test for Patency of the Digital Arteries of the Fingers - p. 279 186. 174. The Catching Tendon Sign for Trigger Finger Syndrome - p. 280 187. 175. The Sausage Finger Sign for Psoriatic Arthritis - p. 282 188. 176. The Swan Neck Deformity Sign - p. 284 189. 177. The Boutonnière Deformity Sign - p. 284 190. 178. The Heberden Node Sign for Osteoarthritis of the Distal Interphalangeal Joints - p. 286 191. 179. The Bouchard Node Sign for Osteoarthritis of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joints - p. 286 192. 180. The Ice Water Test for Glomus Tumor of the Finger - p. 288 193. Section VI: The Chest Wall, Thorax, and Thoracic Spine - p. 289 194. 181. Winged Scapula Sign for Entrapment of the Long Thoracic Nerve of Bell - p. 291 195. 182. The Suprascapular Notch Sign for Suprascapular Nerve Entrapment Syndrome - p. 292 196. 183. The Shoulder Retraction Test for Costosternal Syndrome - p. 294 197. 184. The Swollen Costosternal Joint Sign for Tietze Syndrome - p. 295 198. 185. The Shrug Test for Sternoclavicular Joint Dysfunction - p. 297 199. 186. The Hooking Maneuver Test for Slipping Rib Syndrome - p. 299 200. 187. The Flexion Test for Acute Thoracic Vertebral Compression Fracture - p. 301 201. 188. The Soto-Hall Test for Upper Thoracic Spine Pain - p. 303 202. Section VII: The Lumbar Spine - p. 303 203. 189. Functional Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine - p. 305 204. 190. An Overview of the Nomenclature of the Diseased Lumbar Disc - p. 307 205. 191. An Overview of Painful Conditions Emanating From the Lumbar Spine - p. 313 206. 192. Visual Inspection of the Lumbar Spine - p. 313 207. 193. Palpation of the Lumbar Spine - p. 314 208. 194. Range of Motion of the Lumbar Spine - p. 316 209. 195. The Schober Test for Lumbar Spine Flexion - p. 318 210. 196. The Kemp Test for Lumbar Facet Joint Pain - p. 319 211. 197. The Interspinous Gap Change Sign for Lumbar Instability - p. 320 212. 198. The Sill Sign for Lumbar Instability - p. 322 213. 199. The Lumbar Dermatomes - p. 324 214. 200. The L4 Neurologic Level - p. 326 215. 201. The L5 Neurologic Level - p. 328 216. 202. The S1 Neurologic Level - p. 329 217. 203. The Lasegue Straight Leg Raising Test for Lumbar Root Irritation - p. 331 218. 204. The Sitting Straight Leg Raising Test for Lumbar Root Irritation - p. 332 219. 205. The Naffziger Jugular Compression Test for an Equivocal Lasegue Straight Leg Raising Test - p. 333 220. 206. The Flip Test for Lumbar Nerve Root Irritation - p. 333 221. 207. The Buckling Knee Test for Lumbar Nerve Root Irritation - p. 335 222. 208. The Spurling Test for Lumbar Nerve Root Irritation - p. 336 223. 209. The Bragard Test for Lumbar Nerve Root Irritation - p. 337 224. 210. The Ely Test for Lumbar Nerve Root Irritation - p. 338 225. 211. The Fajersztajn Test for Lumbar Nerve Root Irritation - p. 339 226. 212. The Stoop Test for Spinal Stenosis - p. 340 227. 213. The Babinski Sign for Diseases of the Corticospinal System - p. 342 228. 214. The Chaddock Sign for Diseases of the Corticospinal System - p. 343 229. 215. The Oppenheim Sign for Diseases of the Corticospinal System - p. 344 230. 216. The Gordon Reflex for Diseases of the Corticospinal System - p. 345 231. Section VIII: The Abdominal Wall and Pelvis - p. 345 232. 217. The Sit-Up Sign for Anterior Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome - p. 347 233. 218. The Waddling Gait Sign for Osteitis Pubis Syndrome - p. 349 234. 219. The Direct Pressure Spring Test for Osteitis Pubis - p. 351 235. 220. The Yeoman Test for Sacroiliac Joint Pain - p. 352 236. 221. The Van Durson Standing Flexion Test for Sacroiliac Joint Pain - p. 353 237. 222. The Piedallu Seated Flexion Test for Sacroiliac Joint Pain - p. 354 238. 223. The Stork Test for Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction - p. 355 239. 224. The Gaenslen Test for Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction - p. 356 240. 225. The Distraction Test for Sacroiliac Joint Pain - p. 358 241. 226. The Side-Lying Compression Test for Sacroiliac Joint Pain - p. 358 242. 227. The Thigh Trust Test for Sacroiliac Joint Pain - p. 359 243. 228. The Fortin Finger Test for Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction - p. 361 244. 229. The Sacroiliac Compression and Distraction Test for Pelvic Fracture - p. 363 245. 230. The Numb Medial Thigh Sign for Obturator Nerve Entrapment Syndrome - p. 364 246. 231. The Novice Skier Sign for Ilioinguinal Nerve Entrapment Syndrome - p. 366 247. 232. The Femoral Stretch Test - p. 368 248. 233. The Burning Lateral Thigh Sign for Meralgia Paresthetica - p. 370 249. Section IX: The Hip - p. 371 250. 234. Functional Anatomy of the Hip - p. 373 251. 235. Visual Inspection of the Hip Joint - p. 376 252. 236. Palpation of the Hip - p. 377 253. 237. Flexion of the Hip - p. 377 254. 238. Extension of the Hip - p. 378 255. 239. Abduction of the Hip - p. 379 256. 240. Adduction of the Hip - p. 380 257. 241. Internal Rotation of the Hip - p. 381 258. 242. External Rotation of the Hip - p. 382 259. 243. Painful Conditions of the Hip - p. 384 260. 244. The Thomas Test for Flexion Deformity of the Hip - p. 384 261. 245. The Trendelenburg Test for Weak Hip Abductors - p. 386 262. 246. The Hopalong Cassidy Sign for Antalgic Gait - p. 387 263. 247. The Patrick/FABER Test for Hip Pathology - p. 389 264. 248. The Hip Quadrant Scour Test for Femoroacetabular Joint Pain - p. 390 265. 249. The Waldman Knee Squeeze Test for Adductor Tendinitis - p. 392 266. 250. The Resisted Hip Extension Test for Ischial Bursitis - p. 394 267. 251. The Resisted Hip Abduction Test for Gluteal Bursitis - p. 395 268. 252. The External Derotation Test for Gluteal Tendinopathy - p. 396 269. 253. The Hip Lag Test for Gluteus Medius Tear - p. 397 270. 254. The Resisted Hip Adduction Test for Iliopsoas Bursitis - p. 399 271. 255. The Piriformis Test for Piriformis Syndrome - p. 400 272. 256. The Freiberg Forceful Internal Rotation Test for Piriformis Syndrome - p. 402 273. 257. Pace Nagel Resisted Contraction Maneuver for Piriformis Syndrome - p. 402 274. 258. The Flexion, Adduction, Internal Rotation Test for Piriformis Syndrome - p. 403 275. 259. The Beatty Test for Piriformis Syndrome - p. 404 276. 260. The Piriformis Syndrome Sign - p. 405 277. 261. The Heel Contralateral Knee Test for Piriformis Syndrome - p. 406 278. 262. The Resisted Abduction Release Test for Trochanteric Bursitis Pain - p. 408 279. 263. The Fulcrum Test for Stress Fractures of the Femoral Shaft - p. 410 280. 264. The Ober Test for Iliotibial Band Contracture - p. 412 281. 265. The Snap Sign for Snapping Hip Syndrome - p. 413 282. 266. The Hip Dislocator Test for Snapping Hip Syndrome - p. 415 283. 267. The Fan Test for Snapping Hip Syndrome - p. 416 284. 268. External Snapping Hip Test for External Snapping Hip Syndrome - p. 416 285. 269. The Internal Snapping Hip Test for Internal Snapping Hip Syndrome - p. 417 286. 270. Active Iliopsoas Snapping Test for Internal Snapping Hip Syndrome - p. 419 287. Section X: The Knee - p. 419 288. 271. Functional Anatomy of the Knee - p. 421 289. 272. Visual Inspection of the Knee - p. 424 290. 273. Palpation of the Knee - p. 425 291. 274. Flexion of the Knee - p. 425 292. 275. Extension of the Knee - p. 426 293. 276. Rotation of the Knee - p. 427 294. 277. An Overview of Painful Conditions of the Knee - p. 429 295. 278. The Bulge Sign for Small Joint Effusions - p. 429 296. 279. The Ballottement Test for Large Joint Effusions - p. 431 297. 280. The Valgus Stress Test for Medial Collateral Ligament Integrity - p. 433 298. 281. The Swain Rotary Stability Test for Medial Knee Instability - p. 434 299. 282. The Varus Stress Test for Lateral Collateral Ligament Integrity - p. 434 300. 283. The Anterior Drawer Test for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Integrity - p. 435 301. 284. The Flexion-Rotation Anterior Drawer Test for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Instability - p. 436 302. 285. The Lachman Test for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Integrity - p. 437 303. 286. The Posterior Drawer Test for Posterior Cruciate Ligament Integrity - p. 438 304. 287. The Hughston External Rotation-Recurvatum Test for Posterior Cruciate Ligament Instability - p. 439 305. 288. The Quadriceps Active Test for Posterior Cruciate Ligament Integrity - p. 440 306. 289. The Pivot Shift Test for Anterolateral Rotary Instability - p. 441 307. 290. The Reverse Pivot Shift Test of Jakob for Posterolateral Instability - p. 442 308. 291. The Tibial External Rotation Test for Injury to the Posterolateral Corner - p. 443 309. 292. The Perkins Test for Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - p. 444 310. 293. The Patellar Grind Test for Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - p. 446 311. 294. The Fairbanks Apprehension Test for Lateral Patellar Subluxation - p. 447 312. 295. The Patellar Tilt Test for Lateral Retinacular Dysfunction - p. 448 313. 296. The McMurray Test for Torn Meniscus - p. 449 314. 297. The Apley Grinding Test for Meniscal Tear - p. 450 315. 298. The Squat Test for Meniscal Tear - p. 451 316. 299. The Ege Test for Meniscal Tear - p. 452 317. 300. The Thessaly Test for Meniscal Tear - p. 454 318. 301. The Twist Test for Semimembranosus Insertion Syndrome - p. 456 319. 302. The Knee Extension Test for Quadriceps Expansion Syndrome - p. 458 320. 303. Bursitis of the Knee - p. 460 321. 304. The Creaking Tendon Sign for Hamstring Tendinitis - p. 464 322. 305. The Noble Compression Test for Iliotibial Band Syndrome - p. 465 323. 306. The Bump Sign for Baker Cyst of the Knee - p. 466 324. 307. The Foucher Sign for Baker Cyst - p. 468 325. Section XI: The Ankle and Foot - p. 469 326. 308. Functional Anatomy of the Ankle and Foot - p. 471 327. 309. Visual Inspection of the Ankle and Foot - p. 473 328. 310. Palpation of the Ankle and Foot - p. 475 329. 311. The Wave Test for Ankle Joint Effusion - p. 477 330. 312. The Anterior Drawer Test for Anterior Talofibular Ligament Insufficiency - p. 478 331. 313. The Inversion Test for Anterior Talofibular Ligament Insufficiency - p. 480 332. 314. The Eversion Test for Deltoid Ligament Insufficiency - p. 482 333. 315. The Kleiger Test for High Ankle Sprain - p. 485 334. 316. The Talar Tilt Test for Lateral Ankle Sprain - p. 486 335. 317. The Squeeze Test for Syndesmosis Ankle Strain - p. 489 336. 318. The External Rotation Test for Syndesmosis Ankle Strain - p. 490 337. 319. The Tinel Sign for Anterior Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 491 338. 320. The Tinel Sign for Posterior Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 493 339. 321. The Valleix Sign for Posterior Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome - p. 496 340. 322. The Creak Sign for Achilles Tendinitis - p. 497 341. 323. The Toe Raise Test for Achilles Tendon Rupture - p. 499 342. 324. The Thompson Squeeze Test for Achilles Tendon Rupture - p. 501 343. 325. The Matles Test for Achilles Tendon Rupture - p. 502 344. 326. The Calcaneal Jump Sign for Plantar Fasciitis - p. 503 345. 327. The Calcaneal Squeeze Test for Calcaneal Stress Fracture - p. 505 346. 328. The Windlass Test for Plantar Fasciitis - p. 506 347. 329. The Mulder Sign for Morton Neuroma - p. 508 348. 330. The Digital Nerve Stretch Test for Morton Neuroma - p. 510 349. 331. The Metatarsophalangeal Dorsal Drawer Test for Plantar Plate Insufficiency - p. 511 350. 332. The Paper Pullout Test for Plantar Plate Insufficiency - p. 512 351. Index - p. 513
