Informed by the Biopsychosocial Model, this Encyclopedia of Child and Adolescent Health examines multiple aspects of child and adolescent development and physical and mental health. According to the Biopsychosocial Model, health is determined by the reciprocal interactions between biological (e.g., genetics, physical development, family health history), psychological (e.g., mental health, identity developmental, attitudes), and social (e.g., family, peers, school, social supports) factors. This theory posits that each one of these factors alone is not sufficient to understand health; instead, it is important to understand how these interactive components ultimately influence health outcomes.
In addition to the Biopsychosocial Model, this Encyclopedia of Child and Adolescent Health has a translational approach. Each section and all applicable entries include a discussion of prevention or intervention efforts that can inform health and health promotion, and prevent health risks.
1. Introduction to the brain development section - p. iii 2. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in typical and atypical brain development: Challenges and suggestions - p. iii 3. Synaptic plasticity during brain development: Implications for therapeutic reorganization of neural circuits - p. iii 4. Genetics of cortical development - p. iii 5. Adolescent neurocognitive development - p. iii 6. Neurovascular development - p. iii 7. Altered childhood brain development in autism and epilepsy - p. iii 8. Impacts of socially assistive robots on improving the quality of life in children with autism - p. iii 9. Socially assistive robots serving individuals with cancer and deafness/hearing loss - p. iii 10. Migraine headache - p. iii 11. COVID-19 and the developing brain - p. iii 12. Shyness: Brain development and self-regulatory processes - p. iii 13. The effect of sex hormones on brain development and functioning - p. iii 14. Neurodevelopmental impact of prenatal and early adolescent cannabis use and resulting neurocognitive deficits - p. iii 15. The impacts of cannabis on adolescent psychological development - p. iii 16. Substance use and substance use disorders in adolescents - p. iii 17. The brain under the influence of substances and addictive disorders: How it differs from a healthy one? - p. iii 18. Problematic Internet use in adolescent psychosocial and physiological development - p. iii 19. Child physical health introduction - p. iii 20. Care in the newborn nursery - p. iii 21. The care of the premature infant - p. iii 22. Normal child growth and development - p. iii 23. Early childhood nutrition and obesity prevention - p. iii 24. Early childhood literacy and emergent literacy development - p. iii 25. Pediatric disorders of stature - p. iii 26. Common disorders of development - p. iii 27. Social drivers of health - p. iii 28. Immunizations - p. iii 29. Gender identity and sex assignment - p. iii 30. Sleep - p. iii 31. Physical activity and sports medicine - p. iii 32. Diagnosis of genetic and metabolic conditions - p. iii 33. Childhood seizures - p. iii 34. Children and youth with special healthcare needs - p. iii 35. Pediatric gastrointestinal and liver disorders - p. iii 36. Approach to pediatric renal disorders - p. iii 37. Pediatric genitourinary disorders - p. iii 38. Endocrine disorders in infants, children, and adolescents - p. iii 39. Evaluation and care of common pediatric cardiac disorders - p. iii 40. Common respiratory disorders in children - p. iii 41. Childhood infections and antibiotic prescribing - p. iii 42. Pediatric rheumatic diseases - p. iii 43. Hematology of childhood and adolescence - p. iii 44. Oncology of childhood and adolescence - p. iii 45. Pediatric dermatology and common skin conditions - p. iii 46. Adolescent physical health - p. iii 47. Normal adolescent growth and development - p. iii 48. Disorders of linear growth during adolescence - p. iii 49. Disorders of puberty - p. iii 50. Adolescent nutrition - p. iii 51. Adolescent obesity - p. iii 52. Anorexia nervosa - p. iii 53. Bulimia nervosa - p. iii 54. Avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) in children and adolescents - p. iii 55. Eating disorders in adolescent boys - p. iii 56. Bone health in adolescents - p. iii 57. The female athlete triad/male athlete triad and relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) - p. iii 58. Primary and secondary amenorrhea - p. iii 59. Abnormal uterine bleeding in the adolescent - p. iii 60. Dysmenorrhea in the adolescent - p. iii 61. Diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents - p. iii 62. Sexually transmitted infections in adolescents and young adults: Chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomonas, syphilis, herpes, and mycoplasma - p. iii 63. Pelvic inflammatory disease in adolescents - p. iii 64. Human papillomavirus - p. iii 65. Long-acting reversible contraception in adolescents - p. iii 66. Teenage pregnancy: Trends, predictors, prevention efforts, and future directions - p. iii 67. Gender care - p. iii 68. Acne vulgaris - p. iii 69. Pediatric and adolescent sports concussions - p. iii 70. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - p. iii 71. Sleep disorders in adolescents - p. iii 72. Adolescent running injuries - p. iii 73. Cognitive and psychosocial development - p. iii 74. Executive function and inhibitory control - p. iii 75. Cognitive disabilities in children and adolescents - p. iii 76. Pretense, imagination, and fantasy - p. iii 77. Creativity in psychological, biological, and social development - p. iii 78. Harnessing gesture to understand and support healthy development - p. iii 79. Autobiographical memory and health in childhood and adolescence - p. iii 80. Who am I? Identity and its implications for health and psychosocial functioning - p. iii 81. Cultural identity development among ethnic-racial minorities: An examination of ethnic-racial identity, national identity, and biculturalism - p. iii 82. Prejudice in the lives of children and adolescents - p. iii 83. Gender development - p. iii 84. Sexual orientation: LGBTQ adolescent health and well-being - p. iii 85. Morality and prosocial behavior - p. iii 86. Spirituality, religion, and healthy development - p. iii 87. Body image: From understanding to interventions - p. iii 88. Weight bias - p. iii 89. Adolescent development and its impacts on health-related decision-making - p. iii 90. Temperament - p. iii 91. The development of depression among youth - p. iii 92. What is anxiety? - p. iii 93. Specific fears and phobias - p. iii 94. Rumination - p. iii 95. Stress and allostatic load in childhood and adolescence - p. iii 96. Coping skills - p. iii 97. Mindfulness - p. iii 98. Child and adolescent risk behaviors - p. iii 99. Dual and multi-process models of adolescent risk taking - p. iii 100. Culture and risk behaviors - p. iii 101. Race and ethnicity - p. iii 102. Genetic and environmental basis of adolescent risk behaviors - p. iii 103. Understanding the role of parents and peers on adolescent risk behaviors through a socio-ecological framework - p. iii 104. Biopsychosocial risk factors and health disparities for LGBTQ youth of color - p. iii 105. Religiousness and adolescent risk behavior - p. iii 106. The health needs and experiences of justice system involved youth - p. iii 107. Adolescent E-cigarette use: Rates, concerns, and policy implications - p. iii 108. Cigarettes: A toxic lifelong cycle - p. iii 109. The history of adolescent tobacco prevention and cessation programs and recommendations for moving forward - p. iii 110. Cannabis use in youth: Consumption and health consequences - p. iii 111. Adolescents’ alcohol use - p. iii 112. Gambling - p. iii 113. Teen pregnancy in the US: Overview and opportunities for prevention - p. iii 114. Early sex initiation - p. iii 115. Sedentary behavior - p. iii 116. Childhood obesity and food addiction - p. iii 117. Social risk behaviors for firearm violence - p. iii 118. Teenagers and driving - p. iii 119. Child and adolescent suicidal and self-harm behavior - p. iii 120. Introduction to the section on family influences on child and adolescent health - p. iii 121. Mother-child relationships - p. iii 122. Father-child relationships - p. iii 123. Supportive relationships among youth and non-parental adult relatives - p. iii 124. The role of human-animal interaction in child and adolescent health and development - p. iii 125. Family influences on the health of sexual and gender minority youth - p. iii 126. Adoption and child health and psychosocial well-being - p. iii 127. Biopsychosocial development of children and adolescents in military families - p. iii 128. Parenting styles and children's development: A review of the literature - p. iii 129. Parent-adolescent conflict - p. iii 130. Parental practices and adolescent health - p. iii 131. Gender role socialization and adolescent health - p. iii 132. The role of family cultural values in adolescent health and psychosocial functioning - p. iii 133. Family acculturation: Understanding the acculturation gap through the caregiver-adolescent dyad - p. iii 134. Racial and ethnic socialization from early childhood through adolescence - p. iii 135. Parental leave - p. iii 136. Parental nonstandard work schedules and family well-being - p. iii 137. The influence of parental mental health on child health & development - p. iii 138. Parent substance use and child and adolescent health outcomes - p. iii 139. Youth exposure to gender-based violence - p. iii 140. Parental separation or divorce - p. iii 141. Biopsychosocial impacts of parental detention and deportation on children of immigrants - p. iii 142. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on youth and families - p. iii 143. Families and child mental health treatment - p. iii 144. Parent training interventions - p. iii 145. Peer relationships across development - p. iii 146. Social withdrawal - p. iii 147. Peer acceptance and rejection in childhood and adolescence - p. iii 148. Popularity and health - p. iii 149. Peer victimization and health among children and adolescents - p. iii 150. Friendships - p. iii 151. Deleterious friendship behaviors - p. iii 152. The role of gender in the friendships of children and adolescents - p. iii 153. Race, ethnicity, and peer relationships - p. iii 154. Peer experiences of LGBQ youth - p. iii 155. Peer influence processes as applied to externalizing behavior outcomes - p. iii 156. Beyond the “dark side”: The “bright side” of peer experiences and physiological adaptation - p. iii 157. Peers and psychopathology - p. iii 158. Peer experiences via social media - p. iii 159. Peer similarity in adolescent social networks: Types of selection and influence, and factors contributing to openness to peer influence - p. iii 160. Media and social media - p. iii 161. Media and substance use - p. iii 162. Media & sleep - p. iii 163. Sexual media and behaviors - p. iii 164. Digital technologies and adolescents’ body image - p. iii 165. Screen media technology and ADHD in children and adolescents: Potential perils and emerging opportunities - p. iii 166. Gender socialization in childhood and adolescence: The role of the media in context - p. iii 167. Media effects on prosocial thought and behavior across the lifespan - p. iii 168. The role of cognition in mediating the relationship between media use and health in a media saturated world - p. iii 169. Advertising effects on behavior - p. iii 170. Measuring media use in youth - p. iii 171. Social media and adolescent mental health - p. iii 172. Internet addiction: Theoretical models, assessment and intervention - p. iii 173. Cyberbullying - p. iii 174. Media literacy and digital citizenship - p. iii 175. Screen use and early child development: Risks and benefits - p. iii 176. Young children's learning from media - p. iii 177. The evaluation and impact of educational media and technology on children and adolescents - p. iii 178. Entertainment-education in promoting healthy adolescent behaviors - p. iii 179. LGBTQ+ adolescent health and media: Meeting young people where they are - p. iii 180. Media use and youth with disabilities - p. iii 181. SpEdTech: Design and effects of assistive and instructional technologies for children with disabilities - p. iii 182. Strength-based approaches to community health - p. iii 183. Gender socialization of boys and (un)intended consequences - p. iii 184. Gender socialization of girls - p. iii 185. Stigma and resilience in LGBTQ youth of color - p. iii 186. Extracurricular activities in the school or community setting - p. iii 187. Social-cultural socializations of emotion - p. iii 188. Ethnic-racial identity in neighborhood, community, and schools contexts - p. iii 189. Family, neighborhood, and community supports in promoting identity development among LGBTQ youth of color - p. iii 190. Children's participation rights, youth activism, and generation Z - p. iii 191. Youth political activism: Specific considerations for racial justice - p. iii 192. Social justice and community multiculturalism - p. iii 193. Immigrant youth's community participation to promote immigrant rights and resist psychosocial and sociopolitical challenges - p. iii 194. Racism-related stress: Manifestations, moderators, and additional considerations - p. iii 195. Racial-ethnic socialization and health outcomes in youth - p. iii 196. Racial-ethnic protective factors - p. iii 197. Peer victimization - p. iii 198. Reducing domestic violence in the community - p. iii 199. Spirituality and health - p. iii 200. Assets and stressors on adolescent substance use: The role of religiosity - p. iii 201. Moral development socialization - p. iii 202. Suicide among Black youth: The role of mental health services - p. iii 203. School based interventions for equitable learning - p. iii 204. Community strength-based interventions - p. iii 205. Immigration and cultural stressors and their impact on mental health outcomes - p. iii 206. Index - p. iii 207. Authors - p. iii
Informed by the Biopsychosocial Model, this Encyclopedia of Child and Adolescent Health examines multiple aspects of child and adolescent development and physical and mental health. According to the Biopsychosocial Model, health is determined by the reciprocal interactions between biological (e.g., genetics, physical development, family health history), psychological (e.g., mental health, identity developmental, attitudes), and social (e.g., family, peers, school, social supports) factors. This theory posits that each one of these factors alone is not sufficient to understand health; instead, it is important to understand how these interactive components ultimately influence health outcomes.
In addition to the Biopsychosocial Model, this Encyclopedia of Child and Adolescent Health has a translational approach. Each section and all applicable entries include a discussion of prevention or intervention efforts that can inform health and health promotion, and prevent health risks.
1. Introduction to the brain development section - p. iii 2. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in typical and atypical brain development: Challenges and suggestions - p. iii 3. Synaptic plasticity during brain development: Implications for therapeutic reorganization of neural circuits - p. iii 4. Genetics of cortical development - p. iii 5. Adolescent neurocognitive development - p. iii 6. Neurovascular development - p. iii 7. Altered childhood brain development in autism and epilepsy - p. iii 8. Impacts of socially assistive robots on improving the quality of life in children with autism - p. iii 9. Socially assistive robots serving individuals with cancer and deafness/hearing loss - p. iii 10. Migraine headache - p. iii 11. COVID-19 and the developing brain - p. iii 12. Shyness: Brain development and self-regulatory processes - p. iii 13. The effect of sex hormones on brain development and functioning - p. iii 14. Neurodevelopmental impact of prenatal and early adolescent cannabis use and resulting neurocognitive deficits - p. iii 15. The impacts of cannabis on adolescent psychological development - p. iii 16. Substance use and substance use disorders in adolescents - p. iii 17. The brain under the influence of substances and addictive disorders: How it differs from a healthy one? - p. iii 18. Problematic Internet use in adolescent psychosocial and physiological development - p. iii 19. Child physical health introduction - p. iii 20. Care in the newborn nursery - p. iii 21. The care of the premature infant - p. iii 22. Normal child growth and development - p. iii 23. Early childhood nutrition and obesity prevention - p. iii 24. Early childhood literacy and emergent literacy development - p. iii 25. Pediatric disorders of stature - p. iii 26. Common disorders of development - p. iii 27. Social drivers of health - p. iii 28. Immunizations - p. iii 29. Gender identity and sex assignment - p. iii 30. Sleep - p. iii 31. Physical activity and sports medicine - p. iii 32. Diagnosis of genetic and metabolic conditions - p. iii 33. Childhood seizures - p. iii 34. Children and youth with special healthcare needs - p. iii 35. Pediatric gastrointestinal and liver disorders - p. iii 36. Approach to pediatric renal disorders - p. iii 37. Pediatric genitourinary disorders - p. iii 38. Endocrine disorders in infants, children, and adolescents - p. iii 39. Evaluation and care of common pediatric cardiac disorders - p. iii 40. Common respiratory disorders in children - p. iii 41. Childhood infections and antibiotic prescribing - p. iii 42. Pediatric rheumatic diseases - p. iii 43. Hematology of childhood and adolescence - p. iii 44. Oncology of childhood and adolescence - p. iii 45. Pediatric dermatology and common skin conditions - p. iii 46. Adolescent physical health - p. iii 47. Normal adolescent growth and development - p. iii 48. Disorders of linear growth during adolescence - p. iii 49. Disorders of puberty - p. iii 50. Adolescent nutrition - p. iii 51. Adolescent obesity - p. iii 52. Anorexia nervosa - p. iii 53. Bulimia nervosa - p. iii 54. Avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) in children and adolescents - p. iii 55. Eating disorders in adolescent boys - p. iii 56. Bone health in adolescents - p. iii 57. The female athlete triad/male athlete triad and relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) - p. iii 58. Primary and secondary amenorrhea - p. iii 59. Abnormal uterine bleeding in the adolescent - p. iii 60. Dysmenorrhea in the adolescent - p. iii 61. Diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents - p. iii 62. Sexually transmitted infections in adolescents and young adults: Chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomonas, syphilis, herpes, and mycoplasma - p. iii 63. Pelvic inflammatory disease in adolescents - p. iii 64. Human papillomavirus - p. iii 65. Long-acting reversible contraception in adolescents - p. iii 66. Teenage pregnancy: Trends, predictors, prevention efforts, and future directions - p. iii 67. Gender care - p. iii 68. Acne vulgaris - p. iii 69. Pediatric and adolescent sports concussions - p. iii 70. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - p. iii 71. Sleep disorders in adolescents - p. iii 72. Adolescent running injuries - p. iii 73. Cognitive and psychosocial development - p. iii 74. Executive function and inhibitory control - p. iii 75. Cognitive disabilities in children and adolescents - p. iii 76. Pretense, imagination, and fantasy - p. iii 77. Creativity in psychological, biological, and social development - p. iii 78. Harnessing gesture to understand and support healthy development - p. iii 79. Autobiographical memory and health in childhood and adolescence - p. iii 80. Who am I? Identity and its implications for health and psychosocial functioning - p. iii 81. Cultural identity development among ethnic-racial minorities: An examination of ethnic-racial identity, national identity, and biculturalism - p. iii 82. Prejudice in the lives of children and adolescents - p. iii 83. Gender development - p. iii 84. Sexual orientation: LGBTQ adolescent health and well-being - p. iii 85. Morality and prosocial behavior - p. iii 86. Spirituality, religion, and healthy development - p. iii 87. Body image: From understanding to interventions - p. iii 88. Weight bias - p. iii 89. Adolescent development and its impacts on health-related decision-making - p. iii 90. Temperament - p. iii 91. The development of depression among youth - p. iii 92. What is anxiety? - p. iii 93. Specific fears and phobias - p. iii 94. Rumination - p. iii 95. Stress and allostatic load in childhood and adolescence - p. iii 96. Coping skills - p. iii 97. Mindfulness - p. iii 98. Child and adolescent risk behaviors - p. iii 99. Dual and multi-process models of adolescent risk taking - p. iii 100. Culture and risk behaviors - p. iii 101. Race and ethnicity - p. iii 102. Genetic and environmental basis of adolescent risk behaviors - p. iii 103. Understanding the role of parents and peers on adolescent risk behaviors through a socio-ecological framework - p. iii 104. Biopsychosocial risk factors and health disparities for LGBTQ youth of color - p. iii 105. Religiousness and adolescent risk behavior - p. iii 106. The health needs and experiences of justice system involved youth - p. iii 107. Adolescent E-cigarette use: Rates, concerns, and policy implications - p. iii 108. Cigarettes: A toxic lifelong cycle - p. iii 109. The history of adolescent tobacco prevention and cessation programs and recommendations for moving forward - p. iii 110. Cannabis use in youth: Consumption and health consequences - p. iii 111. Adolescents’ alcohol use - p. iii 112. Gambling - p. iii 113. Teen pregnancy in the US: Overview and opportunities for prevention - p. iii 114. Early sex initiation - p. iii 115. Sedentary behavior - p. iii 116. Childhood obesity and food addiction - p. iii 117. Social risk behaviors for firearm violence - p. iii 118. Teenagers and driving - p. iii 119. Child and adolescent suicidal and self-harm behavior - p. iii 120. Introduction to the section on family influences on child and adolescent health - p. iii 121. Mother-child relationships - p. iii 122. Father-child relationships - p. iii 123. Supportive relationships among youth and non-parental adult relatives - p. iii 124. The role of human-animal interaction in child and adolescent health and development - p. iii 125. Family influences on the health of sexual and gender minority youth - p. iii 126. Adoption and child health and psychosocial well-being - p. iii 127. Biopsychosocial development of children and adolescents in military families - p. iii 128. Parenting styles and children's development: A review of the literature - p. iii 129. Parent-adolescent conflict - p. iii 130. Parental practices and adolescent health - p. iii 131. Gender role socialization and adolescent health - p. iii 132. The role of family cultural values in adolescent health and psychosocial functioning - p. iii 133. Family acculturation: Understanding the acculturation gap through the caregiver-adolescent dyad - p. iii 134. Racial and ethnic socialization from early childhood through adolescence - p. iii 135. Parental leave - p. iii 136. Parental nonstandard work schedules and family well-being - p. iii 137. The influence of parental mental health on child health & development - p. iii 138. Parent substance use and child and adolescent health outcomes - p. iii 139. Youth exposure to gender-based violence - p. iii 140. Parental separation or divorce - p. iii 141. Biopsychosocial impacts of parental detention and deportation on children of immigrants - p. iii 142. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on youth and families - p. iii 143. Families and child mental health treatment - p. iii 144. Parent training interventions - p. iii 145. Peer relationships across development - p. iii 146. Social withdrawal - p. iii 147. Peer acceptance and rejection in childhood and adolescence - p. iii 148. Popularity and health - p. iii 149. Peer victimization and health among children and adolescents - p. iii 150. Friendships - p. iii 151. Deleterious friendship behaviors - p. iii 152. The role of gender in the friendships of children and adolescents - p. iii 153. Race, ethnicity, and peer relationships - p. iii 154. Peer experiences of LGBQ youth - p. iii 155. Peer influence processes as applied to externalizing behavior outcomes - p. iii 156. Beyond the “dark side”: The “bright side” of peer experiences and physiological adaptation - p. iii 157. Peers and psychopathology - p. iii 158. Peer experiences via social media - p. iii 159. Peer similarity in adolescent social networks: Types of selection and influence, and factors contributing to openness to peer influence - p. iii 160. Media and social media - p. iii 161. Media and substance use - p. iii 162. Media & sleep - p. iii 163. Sexual media and behaviors - p. iii 164. Digital technologies and adolescents’ body image - p. iii 165. Screen media technology and ADHD in children and adolescents: Potential perils and emerging opportunities - p. iii 166. Gender socialization in childhood and adolescence: The role of the media in context - p. iii 167. Media effects on prosocial thought and behavior across the lifespan - p. iii 168. The role of cognition in mediating the relationship between media use and health in a media saturated world - p. iii 169. Advertising effects on behavior - p. iii 170. Measuring media use in youth - p. iii 171. Social media and adolescent mental health - p. iii 172. Internet addiction: Theoretical models, assessment and intervention - p. iii 173. Cyberbullying - p. iii 174. Media literacy and digital citizenship - p. iii 175. Screen use and early child development: Risks and benefits - p. iii 176. Young children's learning from media - p. iii 177. The evaluation and impact of educational media and technology on children and adolescents - p. iii 178. Entertainment-education in promoting healthy adolescent behaviors - p. iii 179. LGBTQ+ adolescent health and media: Meeting young people where they are - p. iii 180. Media use and youth with disabilities - p. iii 181. SpEdTech: Design and effects of assistive and instructional technologies for children with disabilities - p. iii 182. Strength-based approaches to community health - p. iii 183. Gender socialization of boys and (un)intended consequences - p. iii 184. Gender socialization of girls - p. iii 185. Stigma and resilience in LGBTQ youth of color - p. iii 186. Extracurricular activities in the school or community setting - p. iii 187. Social-cultural socializations of emotion - p. iii 188. Ethnic-racial identity in neighborhood, community, and schools contexts - p. iii 189. Family, neighborhood, and community supports in promoting identity development among LGBTQ youth of color - p. iii 190. Children's participation rights, youth activism, and generation Z - p. iii 191. Youth political activism: Specific considerations for racial justice - p. iii 192. Social justice and community multiculturalism - p. iii 193. Immigrant youth's community participation to promote immigrant rights and resist psychosocial and sociopolitical challenges - p. iii 194. Racism-related stress: Manifestations, moderators, and additional considerations - p. iii 195. Racial-ethnic socialization and health outcomes in youth - p. iii 196. Racial-ethnic protective factors - p. iii 197. Peer victimization - p. iii 198. Reducing domestic violence in the community - p. iii 199. Spirituality and health - p. iii 200. Assets and stressors on adolescent substance use: The role of religiosity - p. iii 201. Moral development socialization - p. iii 202. Suicide among Black youth: The role of mental health services - p. iii 203. School based interventions for equitable learning - p. iii 204. Community strength-based interventions - p. iii 205. Immigration and cultural stressors and their impact on mental health outcomes - p. iii 206. Index - p. iii 207. Authors - p. iii
