As the biomedical engineering field expands throughout the world, clinical engineers play an evermore-important role as translators between the medical, engineering, and business professions. They influence procedure and policy at research facilities, universities, as well as private and government agencies including the Food and Drug Administration and the World Health Organization. The profession of clinical engineering continues to seek its place amidst the myriad of professionals that comprise the health care field.
The Clinical Engineering Handbook meets a long felt need for a comprehensive book on all aspects of clinical engineering that is a suitable reference in hospitals, classrooms, workshops, and governmental and non-governmental organization. The Handbook’s thirteen sections address the following areas: Clinical Engineering; Models of Clinical Engineering Practice; Technology Management; Safety Education and Training; Design, Manufacture, and Evaluation and Control of Medical Devices; Utilization and Service of Medical Devices; Information Technology; and Professionalism and Ethics. The Clinical Engineering Handbook provides the reader with prospects for the future of clinical engineering as well as guidelines and standards for best practice around the world. From telemedicine and IT issues, to sanitation and disaster planning, it brings together all the important aspects of clinical engineering.
* Clinical Engineers are the safety and quality faciltators in all medical facilities.
* The most definitive, comprehensive, and up-to-date book available on the subject of clinical engineering.
* Over 170 contributions by leaders in the field of clinical engineering.
1. Introduction - p. 10 2. Section I: Clinical Engineering - p. 13 3. Introduction to Clinical Engineering - p. 14 4. Chapter 1: Clinical Engineering: Evolution of a Discipline - p. 17 5. Chapter 2: History of Engineering and Technology in Health Care - p. 23 6. Chapter 3: The Health Care Environment - p. 30 7. Chapter 4: Enhancing Patient Safety: The Role of Clinical Engineering - p. 35 8. Chapter 5: A Model Clinical Engineering Department - p. 38 9. Chapter 6: Clinical Engineering in an Academic Medical Center - p. 42 10. Chapter 7: Regional Clinical Engineering Shared Services and Cooperatives - p. 48 11. Chapter 8: Nationwide Clinical Engineering System - p. 51 12. Chapter 9: Clinical Engineering and Biomedical Maintenance in the United States Military - p. 56 13. Chapter 10: Careers, Roles, and Responsibilities - p. 60 14. Chapter 11: Clinical Engineering at the Bedside - p. 65 15. Chapter 12: The Clinical Engineer as Consultant - p. 66 16. Chapter 13: The Clinical Engineer as Investigator and Expert Witness - p. 70 17. Chapter 14: Careers in Facilities - p. 81 18. Section II: Worldwide Clinical Engineering Practice - p. 83 19. Introduction to Worldwide Clinical Engineering Practice - p. 84 20. Chapter 15: World Clinical Engineering Survey - p. 85 21. Chapter 16: Clinical Engineering in the United Kingdom - p. 90 22. Chapter 17: Clinical Engineering in Canada - p. 95 23. Chapter 18: Clinical Engineering in Estonia - p. 99 24. Chapter 19: Clinical Engineering in Germany - p. 102 25. Chapter 20: Clinical Engineering in Brazil - p. 105 26. Chapter 21: Clinical Engineering in Colombia - p. 108 27. Chapter 22: Clinical Engineering in Ecuador - p. 114 28. Chapter 23: Clinical Engineering in Mexico - p. 117 29. Chapter 24: Clinical Engineering in Paraguay - p. 121 30. Chapter 25: Clinical Engineering in Peru - p. 126 31. Chapter 26: Clinical Engineering in Venezuela - p. 130 32. Chapter 27: Clinical Engineering in Japan - p. 133 33. Chapter 28: Clinical Engineering in Mozambique - p. 136 34. Chapter 29: Clinical Engineering in the Middle East - p. 139 35. Section III: Health Technology Management - p. 140 36. Introduction to Health Technology Management - p. 141 37. Chapter 30: Introduction to Medical Technology Management Practices - p. 142 38. Chapter 31: Good Management Practice for Medical Equipment - p. 149 39. Chapter 32: Health Care Strategic Planning Utilizing Technology Assessment - p. 152 40. Chapter 33: Technology Evaluation - p. 155 41. Chapter 34: Technology Procurement - p. 162 42. Chapter 35: Equipment Control and Asset Management - p. 166 43. Chapter 36: Computerized Maintenance Management Systems - p. 169 44. Chapter 37: Maintenance and Repair of Medical Devices - p. 178 45. Chapter 38: A Strategy to Maintain Essential Medical Equipment in Developing Countries - p. 183 46. Chapter 39: Outsourcing Clinical Engineering Service - p. 185 47. Chapter 40: New Strategic Directions in Acquiring and Outsourcing High-Tech Services by Hospitals and Implications for Clinical Engineering Organizations and ISOs - p. 189 48. Chapter 41: Vendor and Service Management - p. 197 49. Chapter 42: Health Care Technology Replacement Planning - p. 207 50. Chapter 43: Donation of Medical Device Technologies - p. 209 51. Chapter 44: National Health Technology Policy - p. 214 52. Chapter 45: The Essential Health Care Technology Package - p. 219 53. Chapter 46: Impact Analysis - p. 230 54. Section IV: Management - p. 236 55. Introduction to Management - p. 237 56. Chapter 47: Industrial/Management Engineering in Health Care - p. 238 57. Chapter 48: Financial Management of Clinical Engineering Services - p. 246 58. Chapter 49: Cost-Effectiveness and Productivity - p. 257 59. Chapter 50: Clinical Engineering Program Indicators - p. 261 60. Chapter 51: Personnel Management - p. 266 61. Chapter 52: Skills Identification - p. 272 62. Chapter 53: Management Styles and Human Resource Development - p. 274 63. Chapter 54: Quality - p. 286 64. Section V: Safety - p. 293 65. Introduction to Safety - p. 294 66. Chapter 55: Patient Safety and the Clinical Engineer - p. 295 67. Chapter 56: Risk Management - p. 303 68. Chapter 57: Patient Safety Best Practices Model - p. 314 69. Chapter 58: Hospital Safety Programs - p. 317 70. Chapter 59: Systems Approach to Medical Device Safety - p. 320 71. Chapter 60: Interactions Between Medical Devices - p. 323 72. Chapter 61: Single-Use Injection Devices - p. 327 73. Chapter 62: Electromagnetic Interference with Medical Devices: In Vitro Laboratory Studies and Electromagnetic Compatibility Standards - p. 330 74. Chapter 63: Electromagnetic Interference in the Hospital - p. 338 75. Chapter 64: Accident Investigation - p. 345 76. Chapter 65: The Great Debate on Electrical Safety—In Retrospect - p. 356 77. Section VI: Education and Training - p. 360 78. Introduction to Education and Training - p. 361 79. Chapter 66: Academic Programs in North America - p. 363 80. Chapter 67: Clinical Engineering Education in Germany - p. 368 81. Chapter 68: Clinical Engineering Internship - p. 371 82. Chapter 69: Biomedical Engineering Technology Program - p. 374 83. Chapter 70: Advanced Clinical Engineering Workshops - p. 377 84. Chapter 71: Advanced Health Technology Management Workshop - p. 383 85. Chapter 72: Distance Education - p. 389 86. Chapter 73: Emerging Technologies: Internet and Interactive Video Conferencing - p. 392 87. Chapter 74: In-Service Education - p. 397 88. Chapter 75: Technical Service Schools - p. 401 89. Chapter 76: Clinical Engineering and Nursing - p. 405 90. Chapter 77: Retraining Programs - p. 414 91. Chapter 78: Techno-Bio-Psycho-Socio-Medical Approach to Health Care - p. 420 92. Section VII: Medical Devices: Design, Manufacturing, Evaluation, and Control - p. 427 93. Introduction to Medical Devices: Design, Manufacturing, Evaluation, and Control - p. 428 94. Chapter 79: Evolution of Medical Device Technology - p. 429 95. Chapter 80: Technology in Health Care - p. 434 96. Chapter 81: Medical Device Design and Control in the Hospital - p. 440 97. Chapter 82: Medical Device Research and Design - p. 446 98. Chapter 83: Human Factors: Environment - p. 450 99. Chapter 84: Medical Devices: Failure Modes, Accidents, and Liability - p. 455 100. Chapter 85: Medical Device Software Development - p. 461 101. Chapter 86: Comparative Evaluations of Medical Devices - p. 471 102. Chapter 87: Evaluating Investigational Devices for Institutional Review Boards - p. 476 103. Section VIII: Medical Devices: Utilization and Service - p. 479 104. Introduction to Medical Devices: Utilization and Service - p. 480 105. Chapter 88: Intensive Care - p. 482 106. Chapter 89: Operating Room - p. 485 107. Chapter 90: Anesthesiology - p. 495 108. Chapter 91: Imaging Devices - p. 506 109. Chapter 92: Machine Vision - p. 515 110. Chapter 93: Perinatology - p. 520 111. Chapter 94: Cardiovascular Techniques and Technology - p. 528 112. Chapter 95: General Hospital Devices: Beds, Stretchers, and Wheelchairs - p. 534 113. Chapter 96: Medical Device Troubleshooting - p. 547 114. Section IX: Information - p. 561 115. Introduction to Information - p. 562 116. Chapter 97: Information Systems Management - p. 564 117. Chapter 98: Physiologic Monitoring and Clinical Information Systems - p. 569 118. Chapter 99: Advanced Diagnostics and Artificial Intelligence - p. 582 119. Chapter 100: Real-Time Executive Dashboards and Virtual Instrumentation: Solutions for Health Care Systems - p. 590 120. Chapter 101: Telemedicine: Clinical and Operational Issues - p. 594 121. Chapter 102: Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) - p. 599 122. Chapter 103: Wireless Medical Telemetry: Addressing the Interference Issue and the New Wireless Medical Telemetry Service (WMTS) - p. 606 123. Chapter 104: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and Its Implications for Clinical Engineering - p. 615 124. Chapter 105: Y2K and Clinical Engineering - p. 624 125. Chapter 106: The Integration and Convergence of Medical and Information Technologies - p. 628 126. Section X: Engineering the Clinical Environment - p. 632 127. Introduction to Engineering the Clinical Environment - p. 633 128. Chapter 107: Physical Plant - p. 634 129. Chapter 108: Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning - p. 637 130. Chapter 109: Electrical Power - p. 641 131. Chapter 110: Medical Gas Systems - p. 644 132. Chapter 111: Support Services - p. 649 133. Chapter 112: Construction and Renovation - p. 653 134. Chapter 113: Radiation Safety - p. 656 135. Chapter 114: Sanitation - p. 663 136. Chapter 115: Water Systems in Health Care Facilities - p. 684 137. Chapter 116: Disaster Planning - p. 688 138. Section XI: Medical Device Standards, Regulations, and the Law - p. 696 139. Introduction to Medical Device Standards, Regulations, and the Law - p. 697 140. Chapter 117: Primer on Standards and Regulations - p. 698 141. Chapter 118: Medical Device Regulatory and Technology Assessment Agencies - p. 702 142. Chapter 119: Health Care Quality and ISO 9001:2000 - p. 707 143. Chapter 120: Hospital Facilities Safety Standards - p. 712 144. Chapter 121: JCAHO Accreditation - p. 715 145. Chapter 122: Medical Equipment Management Program and ANSI/AAMI EQ56 - p. 720 146. Chapter 123: Clinical Engineering Standards of Practice for Canada - p. 724 147. Chapter 124: Regulations and the Law - p. 728 148. Chapter 125: European Union Medical Device Directives and Vigilance System - p. 733 149. Chapter 126: United States Food & Drug Administration - p. 739 150. Chapter 127: Tort Liability for Clinical Engineers and Device Manufacturers - p. 745 151. Section XII: Professionalism and Ethics - p. 750 152. Introduction to Professionalism and Ethics - p. 751 153. Chapter 128: Professionalism - p. 752 154. Chapter 129: Clinical Engineering Advocacy - p. 758 155. Chapter 130: American College of Clinical Engineering - p. 761 156. Chapter 131: The New England Society of Clinical Engineering - p. 774 157. Chapter 132: New York City Metropolitan Area Clinical Engineering Directors Group - p. 779 158. Chapter 133: Clinical Engineering Certification in the United States - p. 781 159. Chapter 134: Clinical Engineering Certification in Germany - p. 784 160. Section XIII: The Future - p. 785 161. Introduction to The Future - p. 786 162. Chapter 135: The Future of Clinical Engineering: The Challenge of Change - p. 787 163. Chapter 136: Virtual Instrumentation—Applications to Health Care - p. 794 164. Chapter 137: Clinical Engineers in Non-Traditional Roles - p. 801 165. Chapter 138: Clinical Support: The Forgotten Function - p. 805 166. Chapter 139: Postmarket Surveillance and Vigilance on Medical Devices - p. 808 167. Chapter 140: Small Business Development: Business Plan Development Fundamentals for the Entrepreneur - p. 811 168. Chapter 141: Engineering Primary Health Care: The Sickle Cell Business Case - p. 816 169. Chapter 142: Global Hospital in 2050—A Vision - p. 820 170. Appendices - p. 825 171. Appendix 10-A: Sample Request for Proposal (rfp) - p. 826 172. Appendix 10-B: Position Description - p. 827 173. Index - p. 828
As the biomedical engineering field expands throughout the world, clinical engineers play an evermore-important role as translators between the medical, engineering, and business professions. They influence procedure and policy at research facilities, universities, as well as private and government agencies including the Food and Drug Administration and the World Health Organization. The profession of clinical engineering continues to seek its place amidst the myriad of professionals that comprise the health care field.
The Clinical Engineering Handbook meets a long felt need for a comprehensive book on all aspects of clinical engineering that is a suitable reference in hospitals, classrooms, workshops, and governmental and non-governmental organization. The Handbook’s thirteen sections address the following areas: Clinical Engineering; Models of Clinical Engineering Practice; Technology Management; Safety Education and Training; Design, Manufacture, and Evaluation and Control of Medical Devices; Utilization and Service of Medical Devices; Information Technology; and Professionalism and Ethics. The Clinical Engineering Handbook provides the reader with prospects for the future of clinical engineering as well as guidelines and standards for best practice around the world. From telemedicine and IT issues, to sanitation and disaster planning, it brings together all the important aspects of clinical engineering.
* Clinical Engineers are the safety and quality faciltators in all medical facilities.
* The most definitive, comprehensive, and up-to-date book available on the subject of clinical engineering.
* Over 170 contributions by leaders in the field of clinical engineering.
1. Introduction - p. 10 2. Section I: Clinical Engineering - p. 13 3. Introduction to Clinical Engineering - p. 14 4. Chapter 1: Clinical Engineering: Evolution of a Discipline - p. 17 5. Chapter 2: History of Engineering and Technology in Health Care - p. 23 6. Chapter 3: The Health Care Environment - p. 30 7. Chapter 4: Enhancing Patient Safety: The Role of Clinical Engineering - p. 35 8. Chapter 5: A Model Clinical Engineering Department - p. 38 9. Chapter 6: Clinical Engineering in an Academic Medical Center - p. 42 10. Chapter 7: Regional Clinical Engineering Shared Services and Cooperatives - p. 48 11. Chapter 8: Nationwide Clinical Engineering System - p. 51 12. Chapter 9: Clinical Engineering and Biomedical Maintenance in the United States Military - p. 56 13. Chapter 10: Careers, Roles, and Responsibilities - p. 60 14. Chapter 11: Clinical Engineering at the Bedside - p. 65 15. Chapter 12: The Clinical Engineer as Consultant - p. 66 16. Chapter 13: The Clinical Engineer as Investigator and Expert Witness - p. 70 17. Chapter 14: Careers in Facilities - p. 81 18. Section II: Worldwide Clinical Engineering Practice - p. 83 19. Introduction to Worldwide Clinical Engineering Practice - p. 84 20. Chapter 15: World Clinical Engineering Survey - p. 85 21. Chapter 16: Clinical Engineering in the United Kingdom - p. 90 22. Chapter 17: Clinical Engineering in Canada - p. 95 23. Chapter 18: Clinical Engineering in Estonia - p. 99 24. Chapter 19: Clinical Engineering in Germany - p. 102 25. Chapter 20: Clinical Engineering in Brazil - p. 105 26. Chapter 21: Clinical Engineering in Colombia - p. 108 27. Chapter 22: Clinical Engineering in Ecuador - p. 114 28. Chapter 23: Clinical Engineering in Mexico - p. 117 29. Chapter 24: Clinical Engineering in Paraguay - p. 121 30. Chapter 25: Clinical Engineering in Peru - p. 126 31. Chapter 26: Clinical Engineering in Venezuela - p. 130 32. Chapter 27: Clinical Engineering in Japan - p. 133 33. Chapter 28: Clinical Engineering in Mozambique - p. 136 34. Chapter 29: Clinical Engineering in the Middle East - p. 139 35. Section III: Health Technology Management - p. 140 36. Introduction to Health Technology Management - p. 141 37. Chapter 30: Introduction to Medical Technology Management Practices - p. 142 38. Chapter 31: Good Management Practice for Medical Equipment - p. 149 39. Chapter 32: Health Care Strategic Planning Utilizing Technology Assessment - p. 152 40. Chapter 33: Technology Evaluation - p. 155 41. Chapter 34: Technology Procurement - p. 162 42. Chapter 35: Equipment Control and Asset Management - p. 166 43. Chapter 36: Computerized Maintenance Management Systems - p. 169 44. Chapter 37: Maintenance and Repair of Medical Devices - p. 178 45. Chapter 38: A Strategy to Maintain Essential Medical Equipment in Developing Countries - p. 183 46. Chapter 39: Outsourcing Clinical Engineering Service - p. 185 47. Chapter 40: New Strategic Directions in Acquiring and Outsourcing High-Tech Services by Hospitals and Implications for Clinical Engineering Organizations and ISOs - p. 189 48. Chapter 41: Vendor and Service Management - p. 197 49. Chapter 42: Health Care Technology Replacement Planning - p. 207 50. Chapter 43: Donation of Medical Device Technologies - p. 209 51. Chapter 44: National Health Technology Policy - p. 214 52. Chapter 45: The Essential Health Care Technology Package - p. 219 53. Chapter 46: Impact Analysis - p. 230 54. Section IV: Management - p. 236 55. Introduction to Management - p. 237 56. Chapter 47: Industrial/Management Engineering in Health Care - p. 238 57. Chapter 48: Financial Management of Clinical Engineering Services - p. 246 58. Chapter 49: Cost-Effectiveness and Productivity - p. 257 59. Chapter 50: Clinical Engineering Program Indicators - p. 261 60. Chapter 51: Personnel Management - p. 266 61. Chapter 52: Skills Identification - p. 272 62. Chapter 53: Management Styles and Human Resource Development - p. 274 63. Chapter 54: Quality - p. 286 64. Section V: Safety - p. 293 65. Introduction to Safety - p. 294 66. Chapter 55: Patient Safety and the Clinical Engineer - p. 295 67. Chapter 56: Risk Management - p. 303 68. Chapter 57: Patient Safety Best Practices Model - p. 314 69. Chapter 58: Hospital Safety Programs - p. 317 70. Chapter 59: Systems Approach to Medical Device Safety - p. 320 71. Chapter 60: Interactions Between Medical Devices - p. 323 72. Chapter 61: Single-Use Injection Devices - p. 327 73. Chapter 62: Electromagnetic Interference with Medical Devices: In Vitro Laboratory Studies and Electromagnetic Compatibility Standards - p. 330 74. Chapter 63: Electromagnetic Interference in the Hospital - p. 338 75. Chapter 64: Accident Investigation - p. 345 76. Chapter 65: The Great Debate on Electrical Safety—In Retrospect - p. 356 77. Section VI: Education and Training - p. 360 78. Introduction to Education and Training - p. 361 79. Chapter 66: Academic Programs in North America - p. 363 80. Chapter 67: Clinical Engineering Education in Germany - p. 368 81. Chapter 68: Clinical Engineering Internship - p. 371 82. Chapter 69: Biomedical Engineering Technology Program - p. 374 83. Chapter 70: Advanced Clinical Engineering Workshops - p. 377 84. Chapter 71: Advanced Health Technology Management Workshop - p. 383 85. Chapter 72: Distance Education - p. 389 86. Chapter 73: Emerging Technologies: Internet and Interactive Video Conferencing - p. 392 87. Chapter 74: In-Service Education - p. 397 88. Chapter 75: Technical Service Schools - p. 401 89. Chapter 76: Clinical Engineering and Nursing - p. 405 90. Chapter 77: Retraining Programs - p. 414 91. Chapter 78: Techno-Bio-Psycho-Socio-Medical Approach to Health Care - p. 420 92. Section VII: Medical Devices: Design, Manufacturing, Evaluation, and Control - p. 427 93. Introduction to Medical Devices: Design, Manufacturing, Evaluation, and Control - p. 428 94. Chapter 79: Evolution of Medical Device Technology - p. 429 95. Chapter 80: Technology in Health Care - p. 434 96. Chapter 81: Medical Device Design and Control in the Hospital - p. 440 97. Chapter 82: Medical Device Research and Design - p. 446 98. Chapter 83: Human Factors: Environment - p. 450 99. Chapter 84: Medical Devices: Failure Modes, Accidents, and Liability - p. 455 100. Chapter 85: Medical Device Software Development - p. 461 101. Chapter 86: Comparative Evaluations of Medical Devices - p. 471 102. Chapter 87: Evaluating Investigational Devices for Institutional Review Boards - p. 476 103. Section VIII: Medical Devices: Utilization and Service - p. 479 104. Introduction to Medical Devices: Utilization and Service - p. 480 105. Chapter 88: Intensive Care - p. 482 106. Chapter 89: Operating Room - p. 485 107. Chapter 90: Anesthesiology - p. 495 108. Chapter 91: Imaging Devices - p. 506 109. Chapter 92: Machine Vision - p. 515 110. Chapter 93: Perinatology - p. 520 111. Chapter 94: Cardiovascular Techniques and Technology - p. 528 112. Chapter 95: General Hospital Devices: Beds, Stretchers, and Wheelchairs - p. 534 113. Chapter 96: Medical Device Troubleshooting - p. 547 114. Section IX: Information - p. 561 115. Introduction to Information - p. 562 116. Chapter 97: Information Systems Management - p. 564 117. Chapter 98: Physiologic Monitoring and Clinical Information Systems - p. 569 118. Chapter 99: Advanced Diagnostics and Artificial Intelligence - p. 582 119. Chapter 100: Real-Time Executive Dashboards and Virtual Instrumentation: Solutions for Health Care Systems - p. 590 120. Chapter 101: Telemedicine: Clinical and Operational Issues - p. 594 121. Chapter 102: Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) - p. 599 122. Chapter 103: Wireless Medical Telemetry: Addressing the Interference Issue and the New Wireless Medical Telemetry Service (WMTS) - p. 606 123. Chapter 104: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and Its Implications for Clinical Engineering - p. 615 124. Chapter 105: Y2K and Clinical Engineering - p. 624 125. Chapter 106: The Integration and Convergence of Medical and Information Technologies - p. 628 126. Section X: Engineering the Clinical Environment - p. 632 127. Introduction to Engineering the Clinical Environment - p. 633 128. Chapter 107: Physical Plant - p. 634 129. Chapter 108: Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning - p. 637 130. Chapter 109: Electrical Power - p. 641 131. Chapter 110: Medical Gas Systems - p. 644 132. Chapter 111: Support Services - p. 649 133. Chapter 112: Construction and Renovation - p. 653 134. Chapter 113: Radiation Safety - p. 656 135. Chapter 114: Sanitation - p. 663 136. Chapter 115: Water Systems in Health Care Facilities - p. 684 137. Chapter 116: Disaster Planning - p. 688 138. Section XI: Medical Device Standards, Regulations, and the Law - p. 696 139. Introduction to Medical Device Standards, Regulations, and the Law - p. 697 140. Chapter 117: Primer on Standards and Regulations - p. 698 141. Chapter 118: Medical Device Regulatory and Technology Assessment Agencies - p. 702 142. Chapter 119: Health Care Quality and ISO 9001:2000 - p. 707 143. Chapter 120: Hospital Facilities Safety Standards - p. 712 144. Chapter 121: JCAHO Accreditation - p. 715 145. Chapter 122: Medical Equipment Management Program and ANSI/AAMI EQ56 - p. 720 146. Chapter 123: Clinical Engineering Standards of Practice for Canada - p. 724 147. Chapter 124: Regulations and the Law - p. 728 148. Chapter 125: European Union Medical Device Directives and Vigilance System - p. 733 149. Chapter 126: United States Food & Drug Administration - p. 739 150. Chapter 127: Tort Liability for Clinical Engineers and Device Manufacturers - p. 745 151. Section XII: Professionalism and Ethics - p. 750 152. Introduction to Professionalism and Ethics - p. 751 153. Chapter 128: Professionalism - p. 752 154. Chapter 129: Clinical Engineering Advocacy - p. 758 155. Chapter 130: American College of Clinical Engineering - p. 761 156. Chapter 131: The New England Society of Clinical Engineering - p. 774 157. Chapter 132: New York City Metropolitan Area Clinical Engineering Directors Group - p. 779 158. Chapter 133: Clinical Engineering Certification in the United States - p. 781 159. Chapter 134: Clinical Engineering Certification in Germany - p. 784 160. Section XIII: The Future - p. 785 161. Introduction to The Future - p. 786 162. Chapter 135: The Future of Clinical Engineering: The Challenge of Change - p. 787 163. Chapter 136: Virtual Instrumentation—Applications to Health Care - p. 794 164. Chapter 137: Clinical Engineers in Non-Traditional Roles - p. 801 165. Chapter 138: Clinical Support: The Forgotten Function - p. 805 166. Chapter 139: Postmarket Surveillance and Vigilance on Medical Devices - p. 808 167. Chapter 140: Small Business Development: Business Plan Development Fundamentals for the Entrepreneur - p. 811 168. Chapter 141: Engineering Primary Health Care: The Sickle Cell Business Case - p. 816 169. Chapter 142: Global Hospital in 2050—A Vision - p. 820 170. Appendices - p. 825 171. Appendix 10-A: Sample Request for Proposal (rfp) - p. 826 172. Appendix 10-B: Position Description - p. 827 173. Index - p. 828
