The Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Reconstruction and Basic Science, 2nd Edition, by Dr. Chadwick Prodromos, provides the expert guidance you need to effectively select the right procedure and equipment, prevent complications, and improve outcomes for every patient. Written and edited by world leaders in hamstring, allograft, and bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) ACL reconstruction, this revised reference is a must-have resource for the full range of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques, plus fixation devices, rehabilitation, revision ACLR surgery, and much more!
1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Dedication - p. v 6. About This Book - p. vii 7. Acknowledgments - p. viii 8. List of Contributors - p. ix 9. Section I. Anatomy and Genetics of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury - p. xvi 10. 1. Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament - p. 1 11. 2. Genetic Influences on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury - p. 8 12. 3. Association Between Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear and Femoroacetabular Impingement - p. 12 13. Section II. Mechanism, Incidence, and Epidemiology of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury - p. 15 14. 4. Mechanisms of Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries - p. 16 15. 5. Risk and Gender Factors for Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury - p. 19 16. 6. Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury as a Function of Type of Playing Surface - p. 27 17. 7. Incidence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury as a Function of Gender, Sport, and Injury-Reduction Programs - p. 29 18. 8. Analysis of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention Programs for the Athlete - p. 41 19. Section III. Diagnosis and Nonoperative Treatment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears - p. 45.e2 20. 9. Diagnosis of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear - p. 46 21. 10. Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears - p. 51 22. 11. Nonoperative Management of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficient Patients - p. 60 23. Section IV. Economics of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 65.e3 24. 12. Economics of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear and Reconstruction - p. 66 25. Section V. Graft Mechanical Properties - p. 70.e2 26. 13. Relative Strengths of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Autografts and Allografts - p. 71 27. 14. Comparative and Morphological Analysis of Commonly Used Autografts for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with the Native Anterior Cruciate Ligament: An Electron Microscopic and Morphologic Study - p. 73 28. Section VI. Graft Choices - p. 77.e1 29. 15. The Case for the Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Autograft with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 78 30. 16. The Case for Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 81 31. 17. The Case for Quadriceps Autograft - p. 84 32. 18. Current Status on Synthetic Grafts - p. 85 33. Section VII. Graft Harvest Techniques, Preparation, and Complications - p. 87.e1 34. 19. Hamstring Harvest Technique for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 88 35. 20. Posterior Mini-Incision Hamstring Harvest Approach for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 90 36. 21. Technique for Harvesting a Mid-Third Patella Tendon Graft for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 95 37. 22. The Central Quadriceps Free Tendon for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 99 38. 23. Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With a Quadrupled or Tripled Semitendinosus Tendon Graft - p. 103 39. 24. Five- and Six-Strand Hamstring Tendon Graft Preparation for Single-Bundle Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 107 40. 25. Harvest Complications and Donor Site Morbidity: Hamstring Grafts - p. 111 41. 26. Harvest Complications and Morbidity of Patellar Tendon Harvest for Bone–Patella Tendon–Bone Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 113 42. 27. Harvest Complications and Donor Site Morbidity: Quadriceps Grafts - p. 116 43. 28. Chemical Sterilization Techniques for Allograft Preparation for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 117 44. 29. Radiation Sterilization Techniques for Allograft Preparation for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 120 45. 30. Hamstring Regeneration Following Harvest for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Review of the Current Literature - p. 123 46. 31. Regeneration of the Donor Site After Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone Graft Harvest for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction, and Possible Enhanced Regeneration Using Platelet Rich Plasma - p. 127 47. Section VIII. Reconstruction Techniques Including Double-Bundle - p. 130.e2 48. 32. Pearls for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 131 49. 33. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Hamstrings in Press-Fit Technique without Hardware - p. 135 50. 34. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Quadriceps Tendon Autograft - p. 140 51. 35. Three-Portal Technique for Anatomic Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 142 52. 36. Anatomical Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Procedure Using the Semitendinosus Tendon - p. 147 53. 37. Anatomical Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with a Semitendinosus Hamstring Tendon Graft - p. 151 54. 38. Anatomic Double-Bundle Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament - p. 155 55. 39. Augmented Grafts: Synthetic/Allograft/Autograft - p. 160 56. 40. A Systematic Review of Single- Versus Double-Bundle Results - p. 163 57. Section IX. Principles of Tunnel Formation - p. 166.e3 58. 41. Transtibial Tunnel Drilling of the Femoral Tunnel for Anatomic Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 167 59. 42. The Anteromedial Portal for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 169 60. 43. Intraoperative Fluoroscopy for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tunnel Placement - p. 173 61. 44. Anterior Cruciate Ligament All-Inside Retroconstruction: Single- and Double-Bundle Techniques - p. 178 62. 45. Femoral Tunnel Creation Using the Zimmer Biomet SwitchCut Femoral Aimer - p. 182 63. 46. Use of the Pinpoint Guide System for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 184 64. 47. Femoral Tunnel Placement to Restore Normal Knee Laxity after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 188 65. 48. Description of the Direct Femoral Attachment of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Implication for Femoral Tunnel Placement in Reconstruction - p. 193 66. 49. Flexible Reamers for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 197 67. Section X. Control of Pain in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 201.e1 68. 50. Risks and Benefits of Femoral Nerve Block for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 202 69. Bonus E-Chapter. Risks and Benefits of Intra-Articular Hyaluronic Acid for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 218.e2 70. 51. Saphenous Nerve Block for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 204 71. 52. Efficacy of Cryotherapy for Pain Control After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 207 72. 53. Chondrolysis: Risk-Benefit Analysis of “Caine” Local Anesthetics for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 210 73. 54. Use of Preoperative Gabapentin for Postoperative Pain Relief After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 215 74. 55. Obturator and Sciatica Nerve Block for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 216 75. Section XI. Additional Surgical Considerations - p. 218.e1 76. 56. Notch Anatomy and Notchplasty - p. 219 77. 57. Computer-Assisted Navigation for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 224 78. 58. Sparing the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Remnant: Is It Worth the Hassle? - p. 228 79. 59. Graft Tensioning in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 231 80. 60. The Use of CO2 Instead of Fluid in Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 237 81. Section XII. Fixation Biomechanics - p. 240.e1 82. 61. Intratunnel Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Fixation - p. 241 83. 62. Biomechanical Considerations of Suspensory Cortical Fixation Devices - p. 244 84. Section XIII. Soft-Tissue Graft Cortical Fixation - p. 246.e1 85. 63. Endobutton Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Femoral Fixation - p. 247 86. 64. Cortical Screw Post Femoral Fixation Using Whipstitches, Fabric Loop, or Endobutton: The Universal Salvage - p. 254 87. 65. Arthrex TightRope Fixation of a Soft Tissue Graft - p. 258 88. 66. RigidLoop Femoral Fixation Techniques - p. 263 89. 67. MedShape ExoShape Fixation - p. 267 90. 68. Biomet ToggleLoc - p. 269 91. 69. EZLoc: Optimizing Femoral Fixation for Soft-Tissue Graft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 273 92. Section XIV. Soft-Tissue Graft Interference Screw Fixation - p. 276.e1 93. 70. Hamstring Tendon Interference Screw Fixation - p. 277 94. 71. Compression Aperture Fixation of Soft-Tissue Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions - p. 280 95. 72. Milagro Advance (Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate, Polylactide Co-Glycolide Biocomposite) Interference Screw for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 284 96. 73. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with the Use of Femoral INTRAFIX: Rationale, Procedure, and Pearls for a Novel Anterior Cruciate Ligament Fixation Technique to Achieve Anatomical Single-Tunnel Reconstruction - p. 288 97. 74. Utilizing the ComposiTCP Screw for Interference Screw Fixation - p. 291 98. 75. Bioabsorbable Versus Metal Interference Screws: Adverse Events and Clinical Results - p. 294 99. 76. Use of TunneLoc for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 298 100. 77. Improving Biodegradable Interference Screw Properties by Combining Polymers - p. 302 101. Section XV. Soft-Tissue Graft Tibial Fixation - p. 306.e2 102. 78. Whipstitch-Post Tibial Fixation for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 307 103. 79. WasherLoc: Optimizing Tibial Fixation of Soft-Tissue Grafts Used for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 311 104. 80. Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with INTRAFIX and BioINTRAFIX Tibial Fastener Systems - p. 315 105. Section XVI. Bone–Tendon–Bone Graft Fixation - p. 321 106. 81. Interference Screw Fixation in Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 322 107. 82. Use of the TightRope Bone–Tendon–Bone for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 326 108. 83. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using a Mini-Arthrotomy Technique with Either an Ipsilateral or a Contralateral Autogenous Patellar Tendon Graft - p. 330 109. 84. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using the Endobutton Continuous Loop Bone–Tendon–Bone Fixation System - p. 337 110. Section XVII. Graft Healing and Ligamentization - p. 340 111. 85. Graft Remodeling and Ligamentization after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 341 112. 86. Graft-Tunnel Healing - p. 348 113. 87. Graft Length in the Tunnel in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 352 114. Section XVIII. Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 354 115. 88. Hamstring Four- to Six-Strand Double-Bundle Graft for Revision or High-Risk Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 355 116. 89. Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone Autograft - p. 358.e1 117. 90. Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Management of Femoral Tunnel Malposition - p. 364 118. 91. Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction—The Multicenter Anterior Cruciate Ligament Revision Study - p. 369 119. Section XIX. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Skeletally Immature Patients - p. 370.e1 120. 92. Techniques and Complications of Transphyseal Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in the Skeletally Immature Patient - p. 371 121. 93. An Overview of the Diagnosis and Treatment of the Torn Anterior Cruciate Ligament in the Skeletally Immature Athlete - p. 374 122. 94. Operative Versus Nonoperative Treatment and Timing of Surgery in Skeletally Immature Patients with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear - p. 377 123. Section XX. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Partial Tears - p. 379.e1 124. 95. Partial Tear of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Management with One-Bundle Augmentation Technique - p. 380 125. 96. Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture: A Biological Approach through Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair, Augmentation with Bone Marrow Stimulation, and Growth Factor Injection - p. 382 126. 97. Isolated Single-Bundle Reconstruction - p. 386 127. 98. Sonographically Guided Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injection: Technique and Potential Use for the Treatment of Partial Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear - p. 390 128. Section XXI. Associated Injuries and Disorders: Ligament, Meniscus, Articular Cartilage, Bone, Malalignment, and Ganglion Cyst - p. 392.e1 129. 99. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Combined with Medial Collateral Ligament, Posterior Cruciate Ligament, and/or Lateral Collateral Ligament Injury - p. 393 130. 100. Treatment of Meniscus Tears with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 398 131. 101. Meniscal Repair with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 403 132. 102. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Combined with High-Tibial Osteotomy, Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation, Microfracture, Osteochondral, and/or Meniscal Allograft Transplantation - p. 407 133. 103. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency in the Varus-Angulated Knee: Diagnosis, Surgical Techniques, and Clinical Outcomes - p. 413 134. 104. The Treatment of Combined Posterolateral Knee Injuries and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears - p. 423 135. 105. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction–Related Bone Contusions: Association with Intra-Articular Injury, Pain, and Outcomes - p. 427 136. 106. Ganglion Cyst - p. 431 137. Section XXII. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction and Unicondylar Knee Arthroplasty - p. 436.e2 138. 107. Indications for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Anterior Cruciate Ligament– Deficient Patients Undergoing Unicondylar Knee Arthroplasty - p. 437 139. Section XXIII. Rehabilitation, Prehabilitation, and Bracing - p. 439 140. 108. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Strain Behavior During Rehabilitation Exercises - p. 440 141. 109. Principles of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rehabilitation - p. 444 142. 110. The Stability-Conservative Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Rehabilitation Protocol - p. 450 143. 111. Proprioception and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 455 144. 112. Functional Bracing for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: Current State and Future Direction - p. 459 145. 113. Prehabilitation Before Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 462 146. Section XXIV. Outcomes After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 463.e1 147. 114. Stability Results After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 464 148. 115. Quality of Life After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 466 149. 116. Allografts Have Higher Failure Rates Than Autografts in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Young, Active Patients - p. 470 150. 117. Factors Associated with Increased Allograft Failure Rate in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 472 151. 118. Arthrosis Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear and Reconstruction - p. 475 152. 119. Criteria for Return to Play After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 480 153. 120. A Comparison of the Standardized Rating Forms for Evaluation of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injured or Reconstructed Patients - p. 484 154. Section XXV. Patient Factors That Contribute to Success or Failure - p. 489.e2 155. 121. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Outcomes as a Function of Age - p. 490 156. 122. The Multicenter Orthopaedics Outcomes Network Group and the Effects of Obesity and Body Weight on the Results of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 494 157. 123. The Effects of Smoking on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Outcomes - p. 495 158. 124. Psychological Predictors of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Recovery Outcomes - p. 498.e1 159. 125. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Patients with Hereditary Abnormalities Involving Connective Tissue - p. 501 160. Section XXVI. Return to Sports - p. 504.e2 161. 126. Performance and Return to Sport after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Skiers and Snowboarders - p. 505 162. 127. Return to Play and Future Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Soccer Players - p. 509 163. 128. Return to American Football after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 510 164. Section XXVII. Complications - p. 512 165. 129. Septic Arthritis in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery - p. 513 166. 130. Osteoporosis after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 518 167. 131. Tunnel Widening after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 521 168. 132. Numbness/Saphenous Nerve - p. 524 169. 133. Hardware Complications after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 527 170. 134. Vascular Complications after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction and Deep Venous Thrombosis Prophylaxis - p. 533 171. 135. Fracture Complications after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 538 172. 136. Anterior Knee Problems after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 545 173. 137. Stiffness: Prevention and Treatment - p. 550 174. Section XXVIII. Tibial Eminence Fractures - p. 554.e1 175. 138. Treatment of Tibial Eminence Fractures - p. 555 176. Section XXIX. Gait Analysis and Extra-Articular Reconstruction - p. 557.e1 177. 139. Motion Analysis in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficient and Reconstructed Knees - p. 558 178. 140. Extra-Articular Tenodesis and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Techniques and Outcomes - p. 564 179. Section XXX. Tissue Engineering and the Future - p. 568.e1 180. 141. Growth Factors and Other New Methods for Graft-Healing Enhancement - p. 569 181. 142. Outlook for Tissue Engineering Strategies for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 573 182. Index - p. 578
The Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Reconstruction and Basic Science, 2nd Edition, by Dr. Chadwick Prodromos, provides the expert guidance you need to effectively select the right procedure and equipment, prevent complications, and improve outcomes for every patient. Written and edited by world leaders in hamstring, allograft, and bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) ACL reconstruction, this revised reference is a must-have resource for the full range of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques, plus fixation devices, rehabilitation, revision ACLR surgery, and much more!
1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Dedication - p. v 6. About This Book - p. vii 7. Acknowledgments - p. viii 8. List of Contributors - p. ix 9. Section I. Anatomy and Genetics of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury - p. xvi 10. 1. Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament - p. 1 11. 2. Genetic Influences on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury - p. 8 12. 3. Association Between Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear and Femoroacetabular Impingement - p. 12 13. Section II. Mechanism, Incidence, and Epidemiology of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury - p. 15 14. 4. Mechanisms of Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries - p. 16 15. 5. Risk and Gender Factors for Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury - p. 19 16. 6. Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury as a Function of Type of Playing Surface - p. 27 17. 7. Incidence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury as a Function of Gender, Sport, and Injury-Reduction Programs - p. 29 18. 8. Analysis of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention Programs for the Athlete - p. 41 19. Section III. Diagnosis and Nonoperative Treatment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears - p. 45.e2 20. 9. Diagnosis of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear - p. 46 21. 10. Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears - p. 51 22. 11. Nonoperative Management of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficient Patients - p. 60 23. Section IV. Economics of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 65.e3 24. 12. Economics of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear and Reconstruction - p. 66 25. Section V. Graft Mechanical Properties - p. 70.e2 26. 13. Relative Strengths of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Autografts and Allografts - p. 71 27. 14. Comparative and Morphological Analysis of Commonly Used Autografts for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with the Native Anterior Cruciate Ligament: An Electron Microscopic and Morphologic Study - p. 73 28. Section VI. Graft Choices - p. 77.e1 29. 15. The Case for the Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Autograft with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 78 30. 16. The Case for Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 81 31. 17. The Case for Quadriceps Autograft - p. 84 32. 18. Current Status on Synthetic Grafts - p. 85 33. Section VII. Graft Harvest Techniques, Preparation, and Complications - p. 87.e1 34. 19. Hamstring Harvest Technique for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 88 35. 20. Posterior Mini-Incision Hamstring Harvest Approach for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 90 36. 21. Technique for Harvesting a Mid-Third Patella Tendon Graft for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 95 37. 22. The Central Quadriceps Free Tendon for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 99 38. 23. Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With a Quadrupled or Tripled Semitendinosus Tendon Graft - p. 103 39. 24. Five- and Six-Strand Hamstring Tendon Graft Preparation for Single-Bundle Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 107 40. 25. Harvest Complications and Donor Site Morbidity: Hamstring Grafts - p. 111 41. 26. Harvest Complications and Morbidity of Patellar Tendon Harvest for Bone–Patella Tendon–Bone Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 113 42. 27. Harvest Complications and Donor Site Morbidity: Quadriceps Grafts - p. 116 43. 28. Chemical Sterilization Techniques for Allograft Preparation for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 117 44. 29. Radiation Sterilization Techniques for Allograft Preparation for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 120 45. 30. Hamstring Regeneration Following Harvest for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Review of the Current Literature - p. 123 46. 31. Regeneration of the Donor Site After Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone Graft Harvest for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction, and Possible Enhanced Regeneration Using Platelet Rich Plasma - p. 127 47. Section VIII. Reconstruction Techniques Including Double-Bundle - p. 130.e2 48. 32. Pearls for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 131 49. 33. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Hamstrings in Press-Fit Technique without Hardware - p. 135 50. 34. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Quadriceps Tendon Autograft - p. 140 51. 35. Three-Portal Technique for Anatomic Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 142 52. 36. Anatomical Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Procedure Using the Semitendinosus Tendon - p. 147 53. 37. Anatomical Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with a Semitendinosus Hamstring Tendon Graft - p. 151 54. 38. Anatomic Double-Bundle Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament - p. 155 55. 39. Augmented Grafts: Synthetic/Allograft/Autograft - p. 160 56. 40. A Systematic Review of Single- Versus Double-Bundle Results - p. 163 57. Section IX. Principles of Tunnel Formation - p. 166.e3 58. 41. Transtibial Tunnel Drilling of the Femoral Tunnel for Anatomic Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 167 59. 42. The Anteromedial Portal for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 169 60. 43. Intraoperative Fluoroscopy for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tunnel Placement - p. 173 61. 44. Anterior Cruciate Ligament All-Inside Retroconstruction: Single- and Double-Bundle Techniques - p. 178 62. 45. Femoral Tunnel Creation Using the Zimmer Biomet SwitchCut Femoral Aimer - p. 182 63. 46. Use of the Pinpoint Guide System for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 184 64. 47. Femoral Tunnel Placement to Restore Normal Knee Laxity after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 188 65. 48. Description of the Direct Femoral Attachment of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Implication for Femoral Tunnel Placement in Reconstruction - p. 193 66. 49. Flexible Reamers for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 197 67. Section X. Control of Pain in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 201.e1 68. 50. Risks and Benefits of Femoral Nerve Block for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 202 69. Bonus E-Chapter. Risks and Benefits of Intra-Articular Hyaluronic Acid for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 218.e2 70. 51. Saphenous Nerve Block for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 204 71. 52. Efficacy of Cryotherapy for Pain Control After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 207 72. 53. Chondrolysis: Risk-Benefit Analysis of “Caine” Local Anesthetics for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 210 73. 54. Use of Preoperative Gabapentin for Postoperative Pain Relief After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 215 74. 55. Obturator and Sciatica Nerve Block for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 216 75. Section XI. Additional Surgical Considerations - p. 218.e1 76. 56. Notch Anatomy and Notchplasty - p. 219 77. 57. Computer-Assisted Navigation for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 224 78. 58. Sparing the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Remnant: Is It Worth the Hassle? - p. 228 79. 59. Graft Tensioning in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 231 80. 60. The Use of CO2 Instead of Fluid in Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 237 81. Section XII. Fixation Biomechanics - p. 240.e1 82. 61. Intratunnel Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Fixation - p. 241 83. 62. Biomechanical Considerations of Suspensory Cortical Fixation Devices - p. 244 84. Section XIII. Soft-Tissue Graft Cortical Fixation - p. 246.e1 85. 63. Endobutton Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Femoral Fixation - p. 247 86. 64. Cortical Screw Post Femoral Fixation Using Whipstitches, Fabric Loop, or Endobutton: The Universal Salvage - p. 254 87. 65. Arthrex TightRope Fixation of a Soft Tissue Graft - p. 258 88. 66. RigidLoop Femoral Fixation Techniques - p. 263 89. 67. MedShape ExoShape Fixation - p. 267 90. 68. Biomet ToggleLoc - p. 269 91. 69. EZLoc: Optimizing Femoral Fixation for Soft-Tissue Graft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 273 92. Section XIV. Soft-Tissue Graft Interference Screw Fixation - p. 276.e1 93. 70. Hamstring Tendon Interference Screw Fixation - p. 277 94. 71. Compression Aperture Fixation of Soft-Tissue Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions - p. 280 95. 72. Milagro Advance (Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate, Polylactide Co-Glycolide Biocomposite) Interference Screw for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 284 96. 73. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with the Use of Femoral INTRAFIX: Rationale, Procedure, and Pearls for a Novel Anterior Cruciate Ligament Fixation Technique to Achieve Anatomical Single-Tunnel Reconstruction - p. 288 97. 74. Utilizing the ComposiTCP Screw for Interference Screw Fixation - p. 291 98. 75. Bioabsorbable Versus Metal Interference Screws: Adverse Events and Clinical Results - p. 294 99. 76. Use of TunneLoc for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 298 100. 77. Improving Biodegradable Interference Screw Properties by Combining Polymers - p. 302 101. Section XV. Soft-Tissue Graft Tibial Fixation - p. 306.e2 102. 78. Whipstitch-Post Tibial Fixation for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 307 103. 79. WasherLoc: Optimizing Tibial Fixation of Soft-Tissue Grafts Used for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 311 104. 80. Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with INTRAFIX and BioINTRAFIX Tibial Fastener Systems - p. 315 105. Section XVI. Bone–Tendon–Bone Graft Fixation - p. 321 106. 81. Interference Screw Fixation in Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 322 107. 82. Use of the TightRope Bone–Tendon–Bone for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 326 108. 83. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using a Mini-Arthrotomy Technique with Either an Ipsilateral or a Contralateral Autogenous Patellar Tendon Graft - p. 330 109. 84. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using the Endobutton Continuous Loop Bone–Tendon–Bone Fixation System - p. 337 110. Section XVII. Graft Healing and Ligamentization - p. 340 111. 85. Graft Remodeling and Ligamentization after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 341 112. 86. Graft-Tunnel Healing - p. 348 113. 87. Graft Length in the Tunnel in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 352 114. Section XVIII. Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 354 115. 88. Hamstring Four- to Six-Strand Double-Bundle Graft for Revision or High-Risk Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 355 116. 89. Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone Autograft - p. 358.e1 117. 90. Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Management of Femoral Tunnel Malposition - p. 364 118. 91. Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction—The Multicenter Anterior Cruciate Ligament Revision Study - p. 369 119. Section XIX. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Skeletally Immature Patients - p. 370.e1 120. 92. Techniques and Complications of Transphyseal Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in the Skeletally Immature Patient - p. 371 121. 93. An Overview of the Diagnosis and Treatment of the Torn Anterior Cruciate Ligament in the Skeletally Immature Athlete - p. 374 122. 94. Operative Versus Nonoperative Treatment and Timing of Surgery in Skeletally Immature Patients with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear - p. 377 123. Section XX. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Partial Tears - p. 379.e1 124. 95. Partial Tear of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Management with One-Bundle Augmentation Technique - p. 380 125. 96. Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture: A Biological Approach through Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair, Augmentation with Bone Marrow Stimulation, and Growth Factor Injection - p. 382 126. 97. Isolated Single-Bundle Reconstruction - p. 386 127. 98. Sonographically Guided Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injection: Technique and Potential Use for the Treatment of Partial Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear - p. 390 128. Section XXI. Associated Injuries and Disorders: Ligament, Meniscus, Articular Cartilage, Bone, Malalignment, and Ganglion Cyst - p. 392.e1 129. 99. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Combined with Medial Collateral Ligament, Posterior Cruciate Ligament, and/or Lateral Collateral Ligament Injury - p. 393 130. 100. Treatment of Meniscus Tears with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 398 131. 101. Meniscal Repair with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 403 132. 102. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Combined with High-Tibial Osteotomy, Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation, Microfracture, Osteochondral, and/or Meniscal Allograft Transplantation - p. 407 133. 103. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency in the Varus-Angulated Knee: Diagnosis, Surgical Techniques, and Clinical Outcomes - p. 413 134. 104. The Treatment of Combined Posterolateral Knee Injuries and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears - p. 423 135. 105. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction–Related Bone Contusions: Association with Intra-Articular Injury, Pain, and Outcomes - p. 427 136. 106. Ganglion Cyst - p. 431 137. Section XXII. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction and Unicondylar Knee Arthroplasty - p. 436.e2 138. 107. Indications for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Anterior Cruciate Ligament– Deficient Patients Undergoing Unicondylar Knee Arthroplasty - p. 437 139. Section XXIII. Rehabilitation, Prehabilitation, and Bracing - p. 439 140. 108. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Strain Behavior During Rehabilitation Exercises - p. 440 141. 109. Principles of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rehabilitation - p. 444 142. 110. The Stability-Conservative Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Rehabilitation Protocol - p. 450 143. 111. Proprioception and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 455 144. 112. Functional Bracing for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: Current State and Future Direction - p. 459 145. 113. Prehabilitation Before Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 462 146. Section XXIV. Outcomes After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 463.e1 147. 114. Stability Results After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 464 148. 115. Quality of Life After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 466 149. 116. Allografts Have Higher Failure Rates Than Autografts in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Young, Active Patients - p. 470 150. 117. Factors Associated with Increased Allograft Failure Rate in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 472 151. 118. Arthrosis Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear and Reconstruction - p. 475 152. 119. Criteria for Return to Play After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 480 153. 120. A Comparison of the Standardized Rating Forms for Evaluation of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injured or Reconstructed Patients - p. 484 154. Section XXV. Patient Factors That Contribute to Success or Failure - p. 489.e2 155. 121. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Outcomes as a Function of Age - p. 490 156. 122. The Multicenter Orthopaedics Outcomes Network Group and the Effects of Obesity and Body Weight on the Results of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 494 157. 123. The Effects of Smoking on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Outcomes - p. 495 158. 124. Psychological Predictors of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Recovery Outcomes - p. 498.e1 159. 125. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Patients with Hereditary Abnormalities Involving Connective Tissue - p. 501 160. Section XXVI. Return to Sports - p. 504.e2 161. 126. Performance and Return to Sport after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Skiers and Snowboarders - p. 505 162. 127. Return to Play and Future Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Soccer Players - p. 509 163. 128. Return to American Football after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 510 164. Section XXVII. Complications - p. 512 165. 129. Septic Arthritis in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery - p. 513 166. 130. Osteoporosis after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 518 167. 131. Tunnel Widening after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 521 168. 132. Numbness/Saphenous Nerve - p. 524 169. 133. Hardware Complications after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 527 170. 134. Vascular Complications after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction and Deep Venous Thrombosis Prophylaxis - p. 533 171. 135. Fracture Complications after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 538 172. 136. Anterior Knee Problems after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 545 173. 137. Stiffness: Prevention and Treatment - p. 550 174. Section XXVIII. Tibial Eminence Fractures - p. 554.e1 175. 138. Treatment of Tibial Eminence Fractures - p. 555 176. Section XXIX. Gait Analysis and Extra-Articular Reconstruction - p. 557.e1 177. 139. Motion Analysis in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficient and Reconstructed Knees - p. 558 178. 140. Extra-Articular Tenodesis and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Techniques and Outcomes - p. 564 179. Section XXX. Tissue Engineering and the Future - p. 568.e1 180. 141. Growth Factors and Other New Methods for Graft-Healing Enhancement - p. 569 181. 142. Outlook for Tissue Engineering Strategies for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 573 182. Index - p. 578
