Campbell Walsh Wein Urology

1. Introduction - p. 1628 2. Hysterectomy - p. 1628 3. Pelvic organ prolapse repair - p. 1629 4. Cystectomy - p. 1629 5. Rectal surgery - p. 1629 6. Genital cosmetic surgery and female sexual dysfunction - p. 1629 7. Lower urinary tract dysfunction and female sexual dysfunction - p. 1630 8. Self-image/body image connected to female sexual dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms - p. 1633.e1 9. Conclusions - p. 1633.e1 10. References - p. 1633.e1 11. PART VII. Male Genitalia - p. 1633.e13 12. 78.  Surgical, radiographic, and endoscopic anatomy of the retroperitoneum - p. 1634 13. 79.  Neoplasms of the testis - p. 1658 14. Germ cell tumors - p. 1658.e1 15. Epidemiology - p. 1658.e1 16. Risk factors - p. 1658.e1 17. Pathogenesis and biology - p. 1659 18. Histologic classification - p. 1659.e1 19. Initial presentation - p. 1661 20. Diagnostic testing and initial management - p. 1662 21. Clinical staging - p. 1666 22. Treatment - p. 1668 23. Nonseminoma germ cell tumors - p. 1670 24. Seminoma - p. 1677 25. Brain metastases - p. 1680 26. Treatment sequelae - p. 1681 27. Non–germ cell tumors - p. 1681 28. Tumors of the testicular adnexa - p. 1681.e2 29. Selected references - p. 1681.e3 30. References - p. 1682 31. 80.  Surgery of testicular tumors - p. 1683 32. 81.  Minimally invasive retroperitoneal lymph node dissection - p. 1706 33. 82.  Tumors of the penis - p. 1715 34. Premalignant cutaneous lesions - p. 1715 35. Virus-related penile lesions - p. 1715.e2 36. Squamous cell carcinoma - p. 1716.e1 37. Modes of presentation - p. 1719 38. Surgical management of the primary tumor - p. 1725 39. Treatment of the inguinal nodes - p. 1726 40. Radiation therapy - p. 1738 41. Radiation therapy of the penile primary - p. 1738 42. Radiation treatment of lymph node regions - p. 1741 43. Systemic therapy for penile cancer - p. 1743 44. Nonsquamous penile malignant neoplasms - p. 1745 45. References - p. 1748 46. 83.  Tumors of the urethra - p. 1749 47. 84.  Inguinal node dissection - p. 1764 48. 85.  Benign disorders of the penis and urethra - p. 1774 49. 86.  Urethral stricture disease - p. 1794 50. 87.  Surgery of the scrotum and seminal vesicles - p. 1817 51. PART VIII. Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology - p. 1837.e3 52. 88.  Surgical, radiologic, and endoscopic anatomy of the kidney and ureter - p. 1838 53. 89.  Physiology and pharmacology of the renal pelvis and ureter - p. 1853.e2 54. 90.  Fundamentals of nephrology - p. 1854 55. 91.  Renal transplantation - p. 1883 56. 92.  Urologic complications of renal transplantation - p. 1896 57. PART IX. Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction and Trauma - p. 1902.e2 58. 93.  Management of upper urinary tract obstruction - p. 1903 59. 94.  Upper urinary tract trauma - p. 1942 60. PART X. Urinary Lithiasis and Endourology - p. 1971.e11 61. 95.  Urinary lithiasis: Etiology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis - p. 1972 62. Epidemiology of renal calculi - p. 1972 63. Physiochemistry and pathogenesis - p. 1976 64. Mineral metabolism - p. 1982 65. Pathophysiology of upper urinary tract calculi - p. 1984 66. Classification of nephrolithiasis - p. 1984 67. Calcium stones - p. 1984 68. Uric acid stones - p. 1992 69. Cystine stones - p. 1995 70. Infection stones - p. 1996 71. Miscellaneous stones - p. 1998 72. Anatomic predisposition to stones - p. 2000 73. Stones in pregnancy - p. 2002 74. Selected references - p. 2002 75. References - p. 2003 76. 96.  Acute car e of urinary lithiasis - p. 2004 77. 97.  Surgical management of ureteral calculi - p. 2011 78. 98.  Surgical management of upper urinary tract calculi - p. 2027 79. 99.  Prevention of urinary stone disease - p. 2049 80. 100.  Lower urinary tract calculi - p. 2059 81. PART XI. Urine Transport, Storage, and Emptying - p. 2066.e3 82. 101.  Surgical, radiographic, and endoscopic anatomy of the female pelvis - p. 2067 83. 102.  Surgical, radiographic, and endoscopic anatomy of the male pelvis - p. 2084 84. 103.  Physiology and pharmacology of the bladder and urethra - p. 2104 85. Lower urinary tract anatomy - p. 2104 86. Bladder compartments - p. 2104 87. Overview of the urethra - p. 2108 88. Urothelial physiology - p. 2110 89. Smooth muscle physiology - p. 2113 90. Bladder mechanics - p. 2121 91. Neural control of the lower urinary tract - p. 2122 92. Pharmacology - p. 2140 93. Muscarinic mechanisms - p. 2140 94. Adrenergic mechanisms - p. 2143 95. Urethral tone in females - p. 2144 96. Afferent neuropeptides - p. 2144 97. Sex steroids - p. 2145 98. Clinical relevance - p. 2146 99. Future research - p. 2155 100. Selected references - p. 2156 101. References - p. 2156 102. 104.  Pathophysiology and classification of lower urinary tract dysfunction - p. 2157 103. 105.  Evaluat ion and management of women with urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse - p. 2166 104. 106.  Evaluation and management of males with urinary incontinence - p. 2180 105. 107.  Urodynamic and videourodynamic evaluation of the lower urinary tract - p. 2192 106. 108.  Urinary incontinence and pelvic prolapse: Epidemiology and pathophysiology - p. 2218 107. 109.  Neuromuscular dysfunction of the lower urinary tract - p. 2238 108. Objectives - p. 2238 109. Patterns of neuropathic voiding dysfunction - p. 2238 110. Diseases at or above the brainstem - p. 2240 111. Disease distal to the spinal cord - p. 2256 112. Miscellaneous neurologic diseases causing lower urinary tract dysfunction - p. 2261 113. Miscellaneous conditions definitely, probably, or possibly related to neuromuscular dysfunction - p. 2263 114. Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia - p. 2263 115. Dysfunctional voiding - p. 2264 116. Bladder neck dysfunction - p. 2264 117. Bladder outlet obstruction in females - p. 2264 118. Low-pressure and low-flow voiding in younger males: Paruresis (bashful bladder) - p. 2265 119. Urinary retention: Fowler syndrome in young females - p. 2265 120. Postoperative urinary retention - p. 2266 121. Hyperthyroidism - p. 2266 122. Schizophrenia - p. 2266 123. Gastroparesis - p. 2267 124. Myasthenia gravis - p. 2267 125. Isaacs syndrome - p. 2267 126. Wernicke encephalopathy - p. 2267 127. Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) - p. 2267 128. Ehlers-danlos syndrome - p. 2268 129. Myotonic dystrophy - p. 2268 130. Corticobasal degeneration - p. 2268 131. Sacrococcygeal teratoma - p. 2268 132. Williams-beuren syndrome - p. 2268 133. Amyloidosis - p. 2268 134. Machado-joseph disease - p. 2268 135. Radiation - p. 2269 136. Defunctionalized bladder - p. 2269 137. Disorders of sexual differentiation - p. 2269 138. Aging - p. 2270 139. Benign joint hypermobility syndrome - p. 2270 140. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - p. 2270 141. Other conditions - p. 2270 142. Evaluation, surveillance, and treatment of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction - p. 2270 143. Selected references - p. 2275 144. References - p. 2275 145. 110.  Overactive bladder - p. 2276 146. 111.  Underactive detrusor - p. 2290 147. 112.  Nocturia - p. 2304 148. 113.  Pharmacologic management of lower urinary tract storage and emptying failure - p. 2337 149. Pharmacologic therapy to facilitate bladder filling and urine storage - p. 2337 150. Inhibiting bladder contractility, decreasing sensory input, increasing bladder capacity - p. 2337 151. Increasing external urethral sphincter activity - p. 2358 152. Reducing urine production - p. 2359 153. Pharmacologic therapy to facilitate voiding and bladder emptying - p. 2359.e1 154. Pharmacotherapy for underactive bladder syndrome/detrusor underactivity - p. 2363.e1 155. BoNT/A injection in the external urethral sphincter to treat detrusor underactivity and bladder sphincter dyssynergia - p. 2363.e1 156. Combination therapies - p. 2363.e1 157. Drugs that failed in clinical trials to improve storage or voiding function - p. 2370 158. Drugs that failed to improve voiding dysfunction - p. 2372 159. References - p. 2372 160. 114.  Conservative management of urinary inc ontinence: Behavioral and pelvic floor therapy, urethral and pelvic devices - p. 2373 161. 115.  Electrical stimulation and neuromodulation in storage and emptying failure - p. 2404 162. 116.  Retropubic suspension surgery for incontinence in females - p. 2416 163. 117.  Vaginal and abdominal reconstructive surgery for pelvic organ prolapse - p. 2426 164. Preparing the patient for prolapse surgery - p. 2426 165. The use of mesh in vaginal surgery: Historical background - p. 2427 166. Surgical management of pelvic organ prolapse (Tables 117.1 and 117.2) - p. 2427.e2 167. Procedures for lateral and combined defects - p. 2430 168. Other procedures to correct anterior compartment defects - p. 2432.e2 169. Apical compartment - p. 2435 170. High uterosacral vaginal vault suspension: Technique - p. 2435 171. Abdominal approach to the uterosacral ligaments - p. 2436 172. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy: Technique - p. 2444 173. Laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy: Technique - p. 2446 174. Results of sacrocolpopexy - p. 2447 175. Complications of sacrocolpopexy - p. 2449 176. Abdominal sacrocolpopexy versus laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (Table 117.8) - p. 2449 177. Laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy versus robotic sacrocolpopexy versus abdominal sacrocolpopexy (Table 117.9) - p. 2450 178. Laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy versus robotic sacrocolpopexy - p. 2451 179. Colpocleisis - p. 2453 180. Posterior compartment repair - p. 2456.e12 181. Posterior colporrhaphy: Technique (Fig. 117.36) - p. 2457 182. Site specific repair: Technique - p. 2457 183. Perineorrhaphy: Technique - p. 2457 184. Results of posterior colporrhaphy (eTable 117.16) - p. 2458 185. Biologic interposition graft repairs of the posterior compartment - p. 2459 186. References - p. 2459 187. 118.  Slings: Autologous, biologic, synthetic, and mid-urethral - p. 2460 188. The evolution of slings - p. 2460 189. Pathophysiology of stress urinary incontinence and sling mechanism of action - p. 2460.e1 190. The advent of the mid-urethral sling - p. 2460.e1 191. Preoperative assessment - p. 2460.e1 192. Alternative treatment options - p. 2462 193. Pubovaginal sling - p. 2462 194. Autologous pubovaginal sling operative procedure - p. 2464 195. Outcomes of autologous pubovaginal slings for predominantly stress urinary incontinence - p. 2467 196. Outcomes of autologous pubovaginal sling in patients with mixed urinary incontinence - p. 2468.e2 197. Outcomes of autologous pubovaginal sling for urethral reconstruction - p. 2470 198. Complications of pubovaginal slings - p. 2473 199. Mid-urethral slings - p. 2473 200. Mid-urethral sling operative procedures - p. 2475 201. Mid-urethral sling patient counseling - p. 2475 202. Outcomes of mid-urethral sling for intrinsic sphincteric dysfunction - p. 2482 203. Outcomes of mid-urethral sling for recurrent stress urinary incontinence - p. 2483 204. Outcomes of mid-urethral sling in patients with pelvic organ prolapse - p. 2483 205. Outcomes of mid-urethral sling in elderly females - p. 2484 206. Outcomes of mid-urethral sling in obese patients - p. 2485 207. Complications of retropubic, transobturator, and single-incision mid-urethral sling - p. 2486 208. Sexual dysfunction after mid-urethral sling - p. 2488 209. Selected references - p. 2489 210. References - p. 2489 211. 119.  Genitourinary complications of mesh and their repair - p. 2490 212. 120.  Aging and geriatric urology - p. 2503 213. 121.  Urinary tract fistulae - p. 2515 214. Urogynecologic fistulae - p. 2515 215. Laparoscopic and robotic vesicovaginal fistula repairs - p. 2531 216. Interposing flaps and grafts - p. 2531 217. Transabdominal interposing options - p. 2534 218. Urinary symptoms after vesicovaginal fistula repair - p. 2534 219. Sexual function after vesicovaginal fistula repair - p. 2535 220. Urinary diversions for the treatment of vesicovaginal fistula - p. 2535 221. Ureterovaginal fistula - p. 2535 222. Vesicouterine fistula - p. 2537 223. Urethrovaginal fistula - p. 2539 224. Uroenteric fistulae - p. 2540 225. Urocutaneous fistula - p. 2546 226. Uro-osteo-articular fistulae - p. 2548 227. Urovascular fistula - p. 2550.e1 228. Renal fistula - p. 2551 229. Vesicourethral anastomotic fistula - p. 2553 230. Urinary fistula after gender-affirming surgery - p. 2553 231. References - p. 2554 232. 122.  Bladder and female urethral diverticula - p. 2555 233. 123.  Surgical procedures for sphincteric incontinence in the male: The artificial urinary sphincter and perineal sling procedures - p. 2584 234. Volume III - p. 2600.e4 235. PART XII. Benign and Malignant Bladder Disorders - p. 2600.e4 236. 124.  Bladder surgery for benign disease - p. 2601 237. 125.  Genital and lower urinary tract trauma - p. 2642 238. 126.  Management and considerations in transgender and nonbinary individuals - p. 2655 239. 127.  Male-to-female gender-affirming surgery: Vagin oplasty - p. 2664 240. 128.  Special urologic considerations in transmasculine individuals - p. 2677 241. 129.  Tumors of the urinary bladder - p. 2687 242. 130.  Management strategies for non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (Ta, T1, and CIS) - p. 2707 243. 131.  Management of muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer - p. 2730 244. 132.  Surgical management of bladder cancer: Transurethral, open, and robotic - p. 2756 245. 133.  Use of intestinal segments in urinary diversion - p. 2784 246. Surgical anatomy - p. 2784 247. Selecting the segment of intestine - p. 2785 248. Preparing the bowel for surgery and postoperative recovery - p. 2786 249. Intestinal anastomoses - p. 2792 250. Ureterointestinal anastomoses - p. 2797 251. Renal deterioration - p. 2800 252. Urinary diversion - p. 2801 253. Metabolic and neurochemical problems of urinary intestinal diversion - p. 2805 254. Summary - p. 2811.e2 255. References - p. 2811.e3 256. 134.  Continent urinary diversion - p. 2812 257. 135.  Minimally invasive urinary diversion - p. 2843 258. PART XIII. Neoplasms of the Upper Urinary Tract - p. 2859.e2 259. 136.  Benign renal tumors - p. 2860 260. 137.  Malignant renal tumors - p. 2872 261. Historical considerations - p. 2872 262. Classification - p. 2872 263. Incidence - p. 2877 264. Etiology - p. 2879 265. Staging - p. 2897 266. Prognosis - p. 2899 267. Treatment of localized renal cell carcinoma - p. 2901 268. Treatment of locally advanced renal cell carcinoma - p. 2914 269. Other malignant renal tumors - p. 2919 270. Selected references - p. 2923 271. References - p. 2923.e1 272. 138.  Urothelial tumors of the upper urinary tract and ureter - p. 2924 273. 139.  Surgical management of upper urinary tract urothelial tumors - p. 2940 274. 140.  Retroperitoneal tumors - p. 2968 275. 141.  Contemporary open surgery of the kidney - p. 2990 276. 142.  Laparoscopic and robotic surgery of the kidney - p. 3027 277. 143.  Focal therapy for renal tumors - p. 3059 278. 144.  Treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma - p. 3078 279. PART XIV. The Adrenals - p. 3101.e5 280. 145.  Surgical and radiographic anatomy of the adrenals - p. 3102 281. 146.  Pathophysiology, evaluation, and medical management of adrenal disorders - p. 3111 282. Historical background - p. 3111 283. Adrenal embryology and anatomy - p. 3111 284. Adrenal physiology - p. 3113 285. Evaluation of adrenal lesions in urologic practice - p. 3117 286. Overview - p. 3118 287. Adrenal neoplasia - p. 3132 288. Nonfunctional benign adrenal lesions - p. 3144 289. Malignant adrenal neoplasms - p. 3147 290. Summary - p. 3152 291. Non-neoplastic adrenal disorders - p. 3153 292. Conclusions - p. 3160 293. Acknowledgments - p. 3160 294. Selected references - p. 3160 295. References - p. 3160 296. 147.  Surgery of the adrenal glands - p. 3161 297. PART XV. The Prostate - p. 3171.e2 298. 148.  Anatomy and development of the prostate - p. 3172 299. 149.  Benign prostatic hyperplasia: Etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and natural history - p. 3180 300. Etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia - p. 3181 301. Pathophysiology - p. 3189 302. Epidemiology and natural history - p. 3192 303. Definitions - p. 3192 304. Descriptive epidemiologic studies - p. 3192 305. Symptom severity and frequency - p. 3193 306. Analytical epidemiologic studies - p. 3196 307. Natural history of untreated benign prostatic hyperplasia - p. 3204 308. Complications of benign prostatic hyperplasia - p. 3212 309. Acute urinary retention - p. 3213 310. Surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia - p. 3216 311. Selected references - p. 3218 312. References - p. 3220 313. 150.  Evaluation and nonsurgical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia - p. 3221 314. Diagnostic evaluation - p. 3221 315. Management of lower urinary tract symptoms caused by benign prostatic enlargement - p. 3227 316. Androgen manipulation - p. 3249 317. Rationale for androgen manipulation - p. 3249 318. Classification of pharmacologic agents - p. 3249 319. Interpreting the literature on androgen manipulation - p. 3250 320. Review of the literature - p. 3250 321. Finasteride - p. 3250 322. Dutasteride - p. 3252 323. Zanoterone - p. 3253 324. Flutamide - p. 3253 325. Cetrorelix - p. 3253 326. Chlormadinone acetate - p. 3254 327. Aromatase inhibitors - p. 3254 328. Selective estrogen and androgen receptor modulators - p. 3255 329. Tolerability and safety of androgen manipulation therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia - p. 3255 330. 5α-reductase inhibitors and sexual dysfunction - p. 3256 331. Summary - p. 3257 332. Muscarinic receptor antagonists - p. 3257 333. β3-agonist (mirabegron) - p. 3259 334. Phytotherapy - p. 3273 335. Prognosis of patients receiving medical treatment for lower urinary tract symptoms - p. 3278 336. Acute urinary retention - p. 3279 337. Future directions in medical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia - p. 3280 338. References - p. 3282 339. 151.  Minimally invasive and endoscopic management of benign prostatic hyperplasia - p. 3283 340. Epidemiology, natural history, and market share - p. 3283.e1 341. Surgical trends - p. 3283.e1 342. Race, socioeconomic status, and benign prostatic hyperplasia surgery - p. 3283.e1 343. Effect of medications for benign prostatic hyperplasia - p. 3283.e1 344. Prostate size/volume - p. 3283.e2 345. Workup - p. 3284.e1 346. Defining outcomes - p. 3284.e1 347. Specific treatments - p. 3285.e3 348. Transurethral microwave therapy - p. 3285.e3 349. Convective radiofrequency water vapor thermal therapy - p. 3288 350. Resection-based techniques - p. 3290 351. Bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate - p. 3298 352. Transurethral incision of the prostate - p. 3300 353. Ablation-based techniques - p. 3301 354. Transurethral vaporization of the prostate - p. 3303 355. Laser physics - p. 3304 356. Photoselective vaporization of the prostate - p. 3305.e1 357. Enucleation-based techniques: Anatomic endoscopic enucleation of the prostate - p. 3308.e1 358. Thulium and thulium fiber lasers - p. 3312 359. Concept and introduction—comparison of thulium and thulium fiber lasers - p. 3312 360. Technique - p. 3312.e1 361. Outcomes - p. 3312.e1 362. Comparative series - p. 3312.e1 363. Complications - p. 3313.e1 364. Conclusion - p. 3313.e1 365. Alternative energy sources for anatomic endoscopic enucleation of the prostate - p. 3313.e1 366. True minimally invasive surgical therapy concept - p. 3314 367. Temporary implanted prostatic devices - p. 3314.e1 368. Drug-coated balloon dilation - p. 3314.e1 369. Prostate artery embolization - p. 3315 370. Transperineal prostate laser ablation - p. 3316 371. Failed therapies - p. 3316.e1 372. Prostatic injections - p. 3316.e2 373. Conclusion - p. 3316.e3 374. Selected references - p. 3316.e3 375. References - p. 3317 376. 152.  Simple prostatectomy—open, laparoscopic, and robotic approaches - p. 3318 377. 153.  Epidemiology, etiology, and prevention of prostate cancer - p. 3334 378. 154.  Prostate cancer biomarkers - p. 3353 379. 155.  Prostate biopsy: Techniques and imaging - p. 3364 380. 156.  Pathology of prostatic neoplasia - p. 3382 381. 157.  Diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer - p. 3390 382. 158.  Active management strategies for locali zed prostate cancer - p. 3398 383. 159.  Active surveillance of prostate cancer - p. 3417 384. 160.  Open radical prostatectomy - p. 3431 385. 161.  Laparoscopic and robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy - p. 3449 386. 162.  Radiation therapy for prostate cancer - p. 3474 387. 163.  Focal therapy of prostate cancer - p. 3505 388. 164.  Treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer - p. 3543 389. 165.  Management of recurrent and newly metastatic prostate cancer - p. 3562 390. 166.  Management of castration-resistant prostate cancer - p. 3588 391. Index - p. I-1