This book is part of a series on sustainability. Specifically, it deals with the issue of sustainable water use. Fresh sources of potable water are being depleted across the world. Pure water is the goal of water utilities as well as several industries. Well past the experimental stage, membrane processes are now a proven and reliable method of providing high-quality, cost-effective water. Membrane technologies have immediate applications to treatment of fresh, brackish and sea waters, as well as wastewater reclamation. With innovative module design and engineering, micro- and ultra-filtrations have become effective and economical for drinking water production, particularly for removal of microorganisms. Membrane bioreactors are being developed for municipal and industrial water recycling. Various membrane processes are also used to remove contaminants from industrial wastewaters.
This book covers the fundamental and practical concepts and issues regarding the application of membrane technologies for sustainable water treatment. It describes and compares the effectiveness of desalination versus water recycling for long-term sustainable water use.
- Describes the global water situation with respect to sustainability - Emphasizes the role of membrane technologies - Compares the strategies of water recycling and desalination
1. 1. Introduction 2. 2. Historical Development 3. 3. Global Installed Desalination Capacity 4. 4. Regional Desalination Situation 5. 5. Environmental Concerns of Seawater Desalination 6. 6. Summary and Conclusion 7. Chapter 3 The Global Water Recycling Situation 8. 1. Introduction 9. 2. Short History of Reuse Applications 10. 3. Water Recycling Today 11. 4. Water Recycling in the USA 12. 5. Water Recycling in Asia 13. 6. Water Recycling in Europe 14. 7. Water Recycling in Australia 15. 8. Water Recycling in other Parts of the World 16. 9. Conclusions and Further Challenges 17. Chapter 4 Desalination: Reverse Osmosis and Membrane Distillation 18. 1. Reverse Osmosis 19. 2. Membrane Distillation 20. Chapter 5 Salinity Gradient Energy 21. 1. Introduction 22. 2. Theoretical Potential of Salinity Gradient Energy 23. 3. Pressure-Retarded Osmosis 24. 4. Reverse Electrodialysis 25. 5. Concluding Remarks 26. Chapter 6 Ion-Exchange Membrane Processes in Water Treatment 27. 1. Introduction 28. 2. Transport of Ions in Membranes and Solutions 29. 3. Ion-Exchange Membranes, and their Properties and Preparation 30. 4. The Design of Ion-Exchange Membrane Separation Processes 31. 5. Applications of Ion-Exchange Membrane Separation Processes 32. List of symbols 33. Chapter 7 Micropollutants in Water Recycling: A Case Study of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) Exposure from Water versus Food 34. 1. Introduction 35. 2. Characteristics, Formation, and Sources of NDMA 36. 3. Human Exposure to NDMA 37. 4. Regulation of NDMA in Drinking Water 38. 5. Control of NDMA in Water 39. 6. Conclusions 40. Chapter 8 TiO2-Based Advanced Oxidation Nanotechnologies for Water Purification and Reuse 41. 1. Role of Advanced Oxidation Technologies for Innovative Water Treatment 42. 2. TiO2 Photocatalytic Processes: Green Chemistry and Engineering 43. 3. Mechanism of TiO2 Photocatalysis 44. 4. Photocatalytic Water and Wastewater Treatment and Purification 45. 5. Applications of TiO2 Photocatalysis 46. 6. Challenges and Issues in TiO2 Photocatalysis for Water Treatment 47. 7. Current Advances in TiO2 Photocatalysis 48. 8. Economic Aspect of TiO2 Photocatalysis 49. 9. Concluding Remark: Advanced Oxidation Nanotechnologies and Sustainability 50. Acknowledgments 51. Chapter 9 Membrane Bioreactors: Theory and Applications to Wastewater Reuse 52. 1. Introduction 53. 2. Membrane Bioreactor Fundamentals 54. 3. Contaminant Removal 55. 4. Application of Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Reuse 56. Chapter 10 Concentrate Treatment for Inland Desalting 57. 1. Introduction 58. 2. Background 59. 3. Concentrate Production 60. 4. RO Concentrate Treatment Technologies 61. 5. Conclusion 62. Chapter 11 Inland Desalination: Current Practices, Environmental Implications, and Case Studies in Las Vegas, NV 63. 1. Introduction 64. 2. Strategies for Inland Brine Disposal: ZLD and Fluidized Bed Crystallizers 65. 3. Beneficial Uses of Brine By-Products 66. 4. Las Vegas Valley Shallow Groundwater Study 67. 5. Zero-Liquid Discharge with Fluidized Bed Crystallizer Study 68. 6. Test Results 69. 7. Treatment Costs and Energy Requirements 70. 8. Outcomes and Future Considerations 71. Chapter 12 Renewable Energy Powered Water Treatment Systems 72. 1. Introduction 73. 2. Renewable Energy in the World Today 74. 3. Renewable Energy Powered Water Treatment Technologies 75. 4. Synergy between Renewable Energy Resource and Water Supply 76. 5. Small-Scale Renewable Energy Powered Membrane Filtration Plants 77. 6. Conclusions 78. Chapter 13 Desalinated Versus Recycled Water: What Does the Public Think? 79. 1. Introduction 80. 2. Prior Work 81. 3. Methodology 82. 4. Results 83. 5. Conclusions 84. Acknowledgments 85. Chapter 14 Conclusion: A Summary of Challenges still Facing Desalination and Water Reuse 86. 1. Challenges Facing Desalination 87. 2. Challenges Facing Water Reuse 88. 3. Cross-Cutting Needs
This book is part of a series on sustainability. Specifically, it deals with the issue of sustainable water use. Fresh sources of potable water are being depleted across the world. Pure water is the goal of water utilities as well as several industries. Well past the experimental stage, membrane processes are now a proven and reliable method of providing high-quality, cost-effective water. Membrane technologies have immediate applications to treatment of fresh, brackish and sea waters, as well as wastewater reclamation. With innovative module design and engineering, micro- and ultra-filtrations have become effective and economical for drinking water production, particularly for removal of microorganisms. Membrane bioreactors are being developed for municipal and industrial water recycling. Various membrane processes are also used to remove contaminants from industrial wastewaters.
This book covers the fundamental and practical concepts and issues regarding the application of membrane technologies for sustainable water treatment. It describes and compares the effectiveness of desalination versus water recycling for long-term sustainable water use.
- Describes the global water situation with respect to sustainability - Emphasizes the role of membrane technologies - Compares the strategies of water recycling and desalination
1. 1. Introduction 2. 2. Historical Development 3. 3. Global Installed Desalination Capacity 4. 4. Regional Desalination Situation 5. 5. Environmental Concerns of Seawater Desalination 6. 6. Summary and Conclusion 7. Chapter 3 The Global Water Recycling Situation 8. 1. Introduction 9. 2. Short History of Reuse Applications 10. 3. Water Recycling Today 11. 4. Water Recycling in the USA 12. 5. Water Recycling in Asia 13. 6. Water Recycling in Europe 14. 7. Water Recycling in Australia 15. 8. Water Recycling in other Parts of the World 16. 9. Conclusions and Further Challenges 17. Chapter 4 Desalination: Reverse Osmosis and Membrane Distillation 18. 1. Reverse Osmosis 19. 2. Membrane Distillation 20. Chapter 5 Salinity Gradient Energy 21. 1. Introduction 22. 2. Theoretical Potential of Salinity Gradient Energy 23. 3. Pressure-Retarded Osmosis 24. 4. Reverse Electrodialysis 25. 5. Concluding Remarks 26. Chapter 6 Ion-Exchange Membrane Processes in Water Treatment 27. 1. Introduction 28. 2. Transport of Ions in Membranes and Solutions 29. 3. Ion-Exchange Membranes, and their Properties and Preparation 30. 4. The Design of Ion-Exchange Membrane Separation Processes 31. 5. Applications of Ion-Exchange Membrane Separation Processes 32. List of symbols 33. Chapter 7 Micropollutants in Water Recycling: A Case Study of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) Exposure from Water versus Food 34. 1. Introduction 35. 2. Characteristics, Formation, and Sources of NDMA 36. 3. Human Exposure to NDMA 37. 4. Regulation of NDMA in Drinking Water 38. 5. Control of NDMA in Water 39. 6. Conclusions 40. Chapter 8 TiO2-Based Advanced Oxidation Nanotechnologies for Water Purification and Reuse 41. 1. Role of Advanced Oxidation Technologies for Innovative Water Treatment 42. 2. TiO2 Photocatalytic Processes: Green Chemistry and Engineering 43. 3. Mechanism of TiO2 Photocatalysis 44. 4. Photocatalytic Water and Wastewater Treatment and Purification 45. 5. Applications of TiO2 Photocatalysis 46. 6. Challenges and Issues in TiO2 Photocatalysis for Water Treatment 47. 7. Current Advances in TiO2 Photocatalysis 48. 8. Economic Aspect of TiO2 Photocatalysis 49. 9. Concluding Remark: Advanced Oxidation Nanotechnologies and Sustainability 50. Acknowledgments 51. Chapter 9 Membrane Bioreactors: Theory and Applications to Wastewater Reuse 52. 1. Introduction 53. 2. Membrane Bioreactor Fundamentals 54. 3. Contaminant Removal 55. 4. Application of Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Reuse 56. Chapter 10 Concentrate Treatment for Inland Desalting 57. 1. Introduction 58. 2. Background 59. 3. Concentrate Production 60. 4. RO Concentrate Treatment Technologies 61. 5. Conclusion 62. Chapter 11 Inland Desalination: Current Practices, Environmental Implications, and Case Studies in Las Vegas, NV 63. 1. Introduction 64. 2. Strategies for Inland Brine Disposal: ZLD and Fluidized Bed Crystallizers 65. 3. Beneficial Uses of Brine By-Products 66. 4. Las Vegas Valley Shallow Groundwater Study 67. 5. Zero-Liquid Discharge with Fluidized Bed Crystallizer Study 68. 6. Test Results 69. 7. Treatment Costs and Energy Requirements 70. 8. Outcomes and Future Considerations 71. Chapter 12 Renewable Energy Powered Water Treatment Systems 72. 1. Introduction 73. 2. Renewable Energy in the World Today 74. 3. Renewable Energy Powered Water Treatment Technologies 75. 4. Synergy between Renewable Energy Resource and Water Supply 76. 5. Small-Scale Renewable Energy Powered Membrane Filtration Plants 77. 6. Conclusions 78. Chapter 13 Desalinated Versus Recycled Water: What Does the Public Think? 79. 1. Introduction 80. 2. Prior Work 81. 3. Methodology 82. 4. Results 83. 5. Conclusions 84. Acknowledgments 85. Chapter 14 Conclusion: A Summary of Challenges still Facing Desalination and Water Reuse 86. 1. Challenges Facing Desalination 87. 2. Challenges Facing Water Reuse 88. 3. Cross-Cutting Needs
