Year Book of Urology 2013

1. Cover image - p. 1 2. Title page - p. 2 3. Table of Contents - p. 3 4. Clinical Outcomes - p. 8 5. Chapter 1: Diagnosis, Evaluation and Follow-Up of Asymptomatic Microhematuria (AMH) in Adults: AUA Guideline - p. 9 6. Chapter 2: Long-Term Functional Outcomes after Treatment for Localized Prostate Cancer - p. 10 7. Chapter 3: The 20-Year Public Health Impact and Direct Cost of Testosterone Deficiency in U.S. Men - p. 11 8. Imaging - p. 12 9. Chapter 4: Interactive magnetic resonance imaging for paediatric vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) - p. 13 10. Chapter 5: Development and Initial Validation of a Scoring System to Diagnose Testicular Torsion in Children - p. 14 11. Quality Improvement - p. 15 12. Chapter 6: Unintended Consequences of Eliminating Medicare Payments for Consultations - p. 16 13. Clinical Research - p. 17 14. Chapter 7: Aspiration and Sclerotherapy: A Nonsurgical Treatment Option for Hydroceles - p. 18 15. Endourology Stone Disease - p. 19 16. Endourology - p. 20 17. Chapter 8: Prospective Evaluation and Classification of Ureteral Wall Injuries Resulting from Insertion of a Ureteral Access Sheath During Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery - p. 21 18. Chapter 9: Contemporary Management of Ureteral Stones - p. 22 19. Chapter 10: A single dose of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) prevents severe pain after ureteric stent removal: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial - p. 23 20. Chapter 11: Association Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Urinary Calculi: A Population-based Case-control Study - p. 24 21. Chapter 12: Impact of Radiological Technologists on the Outcome of Shock Wave Lithotripsy - p. 25 22. Chapter 13: Pathogenesis of Bladder Calculi in the Presence of Urinary Stasis - p. 26 23. Shock Wave Lithotripsy - p. 27 24. Chapter 14: Shock Wave Lithotripsy of Vesical Stones in Patients With Infravesical Obstruction: An Underused Noninvasive Approach - p. 28 25. Transplantation - p. 29 26. Chapter 15: Cost-Effectiveness of Hypothermic Machine Preservation Versus Static Cold Storage in Renal Transplantation - p. 30 27. Trauma - p. 31 28. Chapter 16: High-grade renal injury: non-operative management of urinary extravasation and prediction of long-term outcomes - p. 32 29. Female Urology - p. 33 30. Diagnostics - p. 34 31. Chapter 17: A randomized trial of urodynamic testing before stress-incontinence surgery - p. 35 32. Chapter 18: 5-Year Continence Rates, Satisfaction and Adverse Events of Burch Urethropexy and Fascial Sling Surgery for Urinary Incontinence - p. 36 33. Chapter 19: A Midurethral Sling to Reduce Incontinence after Vaginal Prolapse Repair - p. 37 34. Chapter 20: Symptoms and Risk Factors Associated with First Urinary Tract Infection in College Age Women: A Prospective Cohort Study - p. 38 35. Pharmacologic Therapy - p. 39 36. Chapter 21: Anticholinergic Therapy vs. OnabotulinumtoxinA for Urgency Urinary Incontinence - p. 40 37. Reconstruction - p. 41 38. Chapter 22: Long-Term Results of Artificial Urinary Sphincter for Women with Type III Stress Urinary Incontinence - p. 42 39. Chapter 23: Autologous Muscle Derived Cell Therapy for Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Prospective, Dose Ranging Study - p. 43 40. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - p. 44 41. Epidemiology and Biomarkers - p. 45 42. Chapter 24: Urodynamic Effects of Transrectal Intraprostatic Ona botulinum Toxin A Injections for Symptomatic Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - p. 46 43. Surgical Treatment - p. 47 44. Chapter 25: Effects of bipolar and monopolar transurethral resection of the prostate on urinary and erectile function: a prospective randomized comparative study - p. 48 45. Medical Treatment - p. 49 46. Chapter 26: Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Vehicle Controlled, Multicenter Phase IIb Clinical Trial of the Pore Forming Protein PRX302 for Targeted Treatment of Symptomatic Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - p. 50 47. Male Incontinence/Voiding Dysfunction - p. 51 48. Chapter 27: Impact of Complete Bladder Neck Preservation on Urinary Continence, Quality of Life and Surgical Margins After Radical Prostatectomy: A Randomized, Controlled, Single Blind Trial - p. 52 49. Chapter 28: Long-Term Functional Outcomes after Treatment for Localized Prostate Cancer - p. 53 50. Voiding Dysfunction/Enuresis - p. 54 51. Chapter 29: Urodynamic Studies in Adults: AUA/SUFU Guideline - p. 55 52. Chapter 30: Patterns and Predictors of Urodynamics Use in the United States - p. 56 53. Chapter 31: Diagnosis and Treatment of Overactive Bladder (Non-Neurogenic) in Adults: AUA/SUFU Guideline - p. 57 54. Chapter 32: Efficacy and Tolerability of Mirabegron, a β3-Adrenoceptor Agonist, in Patients with Overactive Bladder: Results from a Randomised European–Australian Phase 3 Trial - p. 58 55. Chapter 33: Long-term outcome of the use of intravesical botulinum toxin for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) - p. 59 56. Chapter 34: Increased Risk of Large Post-Void Residual Urine and Decreased Long-Term Success Rate After Intravesical OnabotulinumtoxinA Injection for Refractory Idiopathic Detrusor Overactivity - p. 60 57. Chapter 35: Sacral Neuromodulation with an Implantable Pulse Generator in Children With Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: 15-Year Experience - p. 61 58. Chapter 36: The prevalence and natural history of urinary symptoms among recreational ketamine users - p. 62 59. Chapter 37: Experience with Glycerin for Antegrade Continence Enema in Patients with Neurogenic Bowel - p. 63 60. Chapter 38: Bladder and bowel dysfunction and the resolution of urinary incontinence with successful management of bowel symptoms in children - p. 64 61. Sexual Function - p. 65 62. Chapter 39: Sexual Dysfunction among Male Veterans Returning from Iraq and Afghanistan: Prevalence and Correlates - p. 66 63. Chapter 40: Bother and distress associated with Peyronie's disease: validation of the Peyronie's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ) - p. 67 64. Chapter 41: Psychological Impact of Peyronie's Disease: A Review - p. 68 65. Chapter 42: Listening to Placebo in Clinical Trials for Female Sexual Dysfunction - p. 69 66. Chapter 43: Expression of Aquaporin Proteins in Vagina of Diabetes Mellitus Rats - p. 70 67. Chapter 44: Erectile Dysfunction Diagnosis and Treatment as a Means to Improve Medication Adherence and Optimize Comorbidity Management - p. 71 68. Chapter 45: Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder: Characterization, Etiology, and Management - p. 72 69. Chapter 46: Does Current Scientific and Clinical Evidence Support the Use of Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Premature Ejaculation? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis - p. 73 70. Chapter 47: Long-Term Changes of Sexual Function in Men with Obstructive Sleep Apnea after Initiation of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure - p. 74 71. Chapter 48: The Role of Initial Success Rates and Other Factors in Determining Reliability of Outcomes of Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction: A Pooled Analysis of 17 Placebo-Controlled Trials of Tadalafil for Use as Needed - p. 75 72. Chapter 49: Internet-Ordered Viagra (Sildenafil Citrate) Is Rarely Genuine - p. 76 73. Chapter 50: Quality of life in women with vulvar cancer submitted to surgical treatment: a comparative study - p. 77 74. Chapter 51: The Impact of Androgen Receptor CAG Repeat Polymorphism on Andropausal Symptoms in Different Serum Testosterone Levels - p. 78 75. Chapter 52: WNT2 Locus Is Involved in Genetic Susceptibility of Peyronie's Disease - p. 79 76. Chapter 53: Incomplete Recovery of Erectile Function in Rat after Discontinuation of Dual 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitor Therapy - p. 80 77. Chapter 54: Estrogens in Men: Clinical Implications for Sexual Function and the Treatment of Testosterone Deficiency - p. 81 78. Chapter 55: Cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase mediates penile erection - p. 82 79. Chapter 56: The Effects of Hormonal Contraceptives on Female Sexuality: A Review - p. 83 80. Chapter 57: Safety and Efficacy of Once Daily Administration of 50 mg Mirodenafil in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction: a Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial - p. 84 81. Chapter 58: A Prospective Longitudinal Survey of Erectile Dysfunction in Patients with Localized Prostate Cancer Treated with Permanent Prostate Brachytherapy - p. 85 82. Chapter 59: Periprostatic Implantation of Human Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Potentiates Recovery of Erectile Function by Intracavernosal Injection in a Rat Model of Cavernous Nerve Injury - p. 86 83. Chapter 60: Increased Sexual Health After Restored Genital Sensation in Male Patients with Spina Bifida or a Spinal Cord Injury: the TOMAX Procedure - p. 87 84. Chapter 61: A 2-Stage Genome-Wide Association Study to Identify Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated With Development of Erectile Dysfunction Following Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer - p. 88 85. Chapter 62: Molecular Analysis of Erection Regulatory Factors in Sickle Cell Disease Associated Priapism in the Human Penis - p. 89 86. Chapter 63: Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction in Lifelong Premature Ejaculation: Analysis of Heart Rate Variability - p. 90 87. Chapter 64: The Use of Tramadol “On-demand” for Premature Ejaculation: A Systematic Review - p. 91 88. Chapter 65: Intratunical Injection of Human Adipose Tissue–derived Stem Cells Prevents Fibrosis and Is Associated with Improved Erectile Function in a Rat Model of Peyronie's Disease - p. 92 89. Chapter 66: Prostate cancer diagnosis is associated with an increased risk of erectile dysfunction after prostate biopsy - p. 93 90. Chapter 67: The Effect of Endovascular Revascularization of Common Iliac Artery Occlusions on Erectile Function - p. 94 91. Chapter 68: Outcome of Penile Revascularization for Arteriogenic Erectile Dysfunction After Pelvic Fracture Urethral Injuries - p. 95 92. Chapter 69: Priapism is Associated with Sleep Hypoxemia in Sickle Cell Disease - p. 96 93. Chapter 70: The Impact of Serial Prostate Biopsies on Sexual Function in Men on Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer - p. 97 94. Chapter 71: Avanafil for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Study in Men With Diabetes Mellitus - p. 98 95. Chapter 72: Effect of Tunical Defect Size After Peyronie's Plaque Excision on Postoperative Erectile Function: Do Centimeters Matter? - p. 99 96. Chapter 73: Pilot Genome-Wide Association Search Identifies Potential Loci for Risk of Erectile Dysfunction in Type 1 Diabetes Using the DCCT/EDIC Study Cohort - p. 100 97. Chapter 74: Efficacy and Safety of Tramadol for Premature Ejaculation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis - p. 101 98. Chapter 75: Coated Implants and “No Touch” Surgical Technique Decreases Risk of Infection in Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Implantation to 0.46% - p. 102 99. Chapter 76: Erectile Function, Incontinence, and Other Quality of Life Outcomes Following Proton Therapy for Prostate Cancer in Men 60 Years Old and Younger - p. 103 100. Chapter 77: Efficacy and Safety of Udenafil for Erectile Dysfunction: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials - p. 104 101. Chapter 78: Response to On-demand Vardenafil was Improved by its Daily Usage in Hypertensive Men - p. 105 102. Chapter 79: Prevention and Management of Postprostatectomy Sexual Dysfunctions Part 1: Choosing the Right Patient at the Right Time for the Right Surgery - p. 106 103. Chapter 80: Population-based study of erectile dysfunction and polypharmacy - p. 107 104. Chapter 81: The Princeton III Consensus Recommendations for the Management of Erectile Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease - p. 108 105. Chapter 82: Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Thoughts Among Former Users of Finasteride With Persistent Sexual Side Effects - p. 109 106. Chapter 83: Sexual dysfunction in people with prodromal or first-episode psychosis - p. 110 107. Chapter 84: Can simvastatin improve erectile function and health-related quality of life in men aged ≥40 years with erectile dysfunction? Results of the Erectile Dysfunction and Statins Trial [ISRCTN66772971] - p. 111 108. Chapter 85: Temporal patterns of selected late toxicities in patients treated with brachytherapy or brachytherapy plus external beam radiation for prostate adenocarcinoma - p. 112 109. Chapter 86: Irbesartan promotes erection recovery after nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy: a retrospective long-term analysis - p. 113 110. Hypogonadism - p. 114 111. Chapter 87: Testosterone Therapy in Men With Prostate Cancer: Scientific and Ethical Considerations - p. 115 112. STD - p. 116 113. Chapter 88: Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Effectiveness: A Swedish National Cohort Study - p. 117 114. Renal Tumors - p. 118 115. Diagnosis and Prognosis - p. 119 116. Chapter 89: Utility of the RENAL nephrometry scoring system in the real world: predicting surgeon operative preference and complication risk - p. 120 117. Chapter 90: RENAL Nephrometry Score Predicts Surgery Type Independent of Individual Surgeon's Use of Nephron-Sparing Surgery - p. 121 118. Partial Nephrectomy - p. 122 119. Chapter 91: Functional Analysis of Elective Nephron-sparing Surgery vs Radical Nephrectomy for Renal Tumors Larger than 4 cm - p. 123 120. Chapter 92: ‘Zero ischaemia’, sutureless laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal tumours with a low nephrometry score - p. 124 121. Chapter 93: Trends in the use of of nephron–sparing surgery (NSS) at an Australian tertiary referral centre: an analysis of surgical decision–making using the R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry scoring system - p. 125 122. Prostate Cancer - p. 126 123. Screening - p. 127 124. Chapter 94: Quality-of-Life Effects of Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening - p. 128 125. Chapter 95: Serum Isoform [−2]proPSA Derivatives Significantly Improve Prediction of Prostate Cancer at Initial Biopsy in a Total PSA Range of 2–10 ng/ml: A Multicentric European Study - p. 129 126. Chapter 96: Critical role of prostate biopsy mortality in the number of years of life gained and lost within a prostate cancer screening programme - p. 130 127. Diagnostics - p. 131 128. Chapter 97: Increasing Hospital Admission Rates for Urological Complications After Transrectal Ultrasound Guided Prostate Biopsy - p. 132 129. Chapter 98: Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasound Fusion Biopsy Detect Prostate Cancer in Patients with Prior Negative Transrectal Ultrasound Biopsies - p. 133 130. Chapter 99: Is Undetectable Prostate-Specific Antigen Always Reliable to Rule Out Prostate Cancer Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy? - p. 134 131. Diagnostics/Staging - p. 135 132. Chapter 100: Image-Guided Prostate Biopsy Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Derived Targets: A Systematic Review - p. 136 133. Chapter 101: Transition Zone Prostate Cancer: Detection and Localization with 3-T Multiparametric MR Imaging - p. 137 134. Chapter 102: Contemporary Grading for Prostate Cancer: Implications for Patient Care - p. 138 135. Chapter 103: Primary Cancers Before and After Prostate Cancer Diagnosis - p. 139 136. Natural History/Outcomes - p. 140 137. Chapter 104: Projecting Prostate Cancer Mortality in the PCPT and REDUCE Chemoprevention Trials - p. 141 138. Chapter 105: Active Surveillance of Very-low-risk Prostate Cancer in the Setting of Active Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia With 5α-reductase Inhibitors - p. 142 139. Chapter 106: Evidence of Perineural Invasion on Prostate Biopsy Specimen and Survival After Radical Prostatectomy - p. 143 140. Chapter 107: Orgasm-Associated Incontinence (Climacturia) after Bladder Neck-Sparing Radical Prostatectomy: Clinical and Video-Urodynamic Evaluation - p. 144 141. Treatment Comparison - p. 145 142. Chapter 108: Long-Term Functional Outcomes after Treatment for Localized Prostate Cancer - p. 146 143. Chapter 109: Long-Term Functional Outcomes after Treatment for Localized Prostate Cancer - p. 147 144. Watchful Waiting/Outcomes - p. 148 145. Chapter 110: Strengthening evidence for active surveillance for prostate cancer - p. 149 146. Chapter 111: Validation of a Cell-Cycle Progression Gene Panel to Improve Risk Stratification in a Contemporary Prostatectomy Cohort - p. 150 147. Radical Prostatectomy Outcomes - p. 151 148. Chapter 112: Radical Prostatectomy versus Observation for Localized Prostate Cancer - p. 152 149. Chapter 113: Effects of Screening on Radical Prostatectomy Efficacy: The Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial - p. 153 150. Chapter 114: The Relationships Between Preoperative Sexual Desire and Quality of Life Following Radical Prostatectomy: A 5-Year Follow-Up Study - p. 154 151. Androgen Deprivation - p. 155 152. Chapter 115: Intermittent Androgen Suppression for Rising PSA Level after Radiotherapy - p. 156 153. Advanced Disease - p. 157 154. Chapter 116: Androgen deprivation therapy before radical prostatectomy is associated with poorer postoperative erectile function outcomes - p. 158 155. Chapter 117: Intermittent versus Continuous Androgen Deprivation in Prostate Cancer - p. 159 156. Basic Science - p. 160 157. Chapter 118: Association Between Germline HOXB13 G84E Mutation and Risk of Prostate Cancer - p. 161 158. Chemoprevention/Neoadjuvant Therapy - p. 162 159. Chapter 119: The REDUCE Follow-Up Study: Low Rate of New Prostate Cancer Diagnoses Observed During a 2-Year, Observational, Followup Study of Men Who Participated in the REDUCE Trial - p. 163 160. Chapter 120: Dutasteride in localised prostate cancer management: the REDEEM randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial - p. 164 161. Chapter 121: Aspirin Use and the Risk of Prostate Cancer Mortality in Men Treated With Prostatectomy or Radiotherapy - p. 165 162. Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy - p. 166 163. Chapter 122: Mapping of Pelvic Lymph Node Metastases in Prostate Cancer - p. 167 164. Bladder Cancer - p. 168 165. Chapter 123: Impact of a Bladder Cancer Diagnosis on Smoking Behavior - p. 169 166. Chapter 124: Routine Urine Cytology has No Role in Hematuria Investigations - p. 170 167. Urinary Reconstruction - p. 171 168. Chapter 125: Bladder Neck Closure in Conjunction with Enterocystoplasty and Mitrofanoff Diversion for Complex Incontinence: Closing the Door for Good - p. 172 169. Chapter 126: Half Century of Followup After Ureterosigmoidostomy Performed in Early Childhood - p. 173 170. Infertility - p. 174 171. Chapter 127: Sperm counts and endocrinological markers of spermatogenesis in long-term survivors of testicular cancer - p. 175 172. Chapter 128: Predictors of Spermatogenesis in Orchiectomy Specimens - p. 176 173. Chapter 129: Seminal and molecular evidence that sauna exposure affects human spermatogenesis - p. 177 174. Chapter 130: Parental attitudes toward fertility preservation in boys with cancer: context of different risk levels of infertility and success rates of fertility restoration - p. 178 175. Chapter 131: Outcomes of the management of post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection-associated anejaculation - p. 179 176. Chapter 132: Does Infertility Treatment Increase Male Reproductive Tract Disorder? - p. 180 177. Varicocele - p. 181 178. Chapter 133: Pubertal Screening and Treatment for Varicocele do not Improve Chance of Paternity as Adult - p. 182 179. Pediatric Urology - p. 183 180. Chapter 134: Finasteride for recurrent priapism in children and adolescents: A report on 5 cases - p. 184 181. Antenatal Hydronephrosis - p. 185 182. Chapter 135: Risk Factors for Renal Injury in Children With a Solitary Functioning Kidney - p. 186 183. Chapter 136: Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Urinary Tract Infections in Antenatal Hydronephrosis - p. 187 184. Chapter 137: High Pressure Balloon Dilation of the Ureterovesical Junction–First Line Approach to Treat Primary Obstructive Megaureter? - p. 188 185. Chapter 138: Endoscopic Management and the Role of Double Stenting for Primary Obstructive Megaureters - p. 189 186. Chapter 139: Concomitant Endoureterotomy and Dextranomer/Hyaluronic Acid Subureteral Injection for Management of Obstructive Refluxing Megaureter - p. 190 187. Chapter 140: Outcomes of fetuses with lower urinary tract obstruction treated with vesicoamniotic shunt: A single-institution experience - p. 191 188. Urinary Tract Infection - p. 192 189. Chapter 141: Urinary Tract Infection in Male Veterans: Treatment Patterns and Outcomes - p. 193 190. Chapter 142: Challenges in Assessing Nursing Home Residents with Advanced Dementia for Suspected Urinary Tract Infections - p. 194 191. Chapter 143: Peri-interventional antibiotic prophylaxis only vs continuous low-dose antibiotic treatment in patients with JJ stents: a prospective randomised trial analysing the effect on urinary tract infections and stent-related symptoms - p. 195 192. Pediatric Urinary Tract Infection - p. 196 193. Chapter 144: Different Guidelines for Imaging After First UTI in Febrile Infants: Yield, Cost, and Radiation - p. 197 194. Chapter 145: Acute 99mTc DMSA Scan Predicts Dilating Vesicoureteral Reflux in Young Children With a First Febrile Urinary Tract Infection: A Population-Based Cohort Study - p. 198 195. Vesicoureteral Reflux - p. 199 196. Chapter 146: Familial Vesicoureteral Reflux and Reflux Related Morbidity in Relatives of Index Patients with High Grade Vesicoureteral Reflux - p. 200 197. Chapter 147: Febrile Urinary Tract Infections After Ureteroneocystostomy and Subureteral Injection of Dextranomer/hyaluronic Acid for Vesicoureteral Reflux–Do Choice of Procedure and Success Matter? - p. 201 198. Chapter 148: Dextranomer/Hyaluronic Acid Endoscopic Injection is Effective in the Treatment of Intermediate and High Grade Vesicoureteral Reflux in Patients with Complete Duplex Systems - p. 202 199. Chapter 149: Single Center Experience with Endoscopic Subureteral Dextranomer/Hyaluronic Acid Injection as First Line Treatment in 1,551 Children with Intermediate and High Grade Vesicoureteral Reflux - p. 203 200. Chapter 150: Is the Appearance of the Dextranomer/Hyaluronic Acid Mound Predictive of Reflux Resolution? - p. 204 201. Chapter 151: Delayed-onset Ureteral Obstruction After Endoscopic Dextranomer/Hyaluronic Acid Copolymer (Deflux) Injection for Treatment of Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children: A Case Series - p. 205 202. Cryptorchidism - p. 206 203. Chapter 152: Is surgical exploration necessary in bilateral anorchia? - p. 207 204. Chapter 153: Boys with Undescended Testes: Endocrine, Volumetric and Morphometric Studies on Testicular Function before and after Orchidopexy at Nine Months or Three Years of Age - p. 208 205. Chapter 154: Growth of Spontaneously Descended and Surgically Treated Testes During Early Childhood - p. 209 206. Testicular Torsion - p. 210 207. Chapter 155: Comparative Analysis of Detorsion Alone Versus Detorsion and Tunica Albuginea Decompression (Fasciotomy) with Tunica Vaginalis Flap Coverage in the Surgical Management of Prolonged Testicular Ischemia - p. 211 208. Gential Ambiguity - p. 212 209. Chapter 156: Increased Occurrence of Disorders of Sex Development, Prematurity and Intrauterine Growth Restriction in Children with Proximal Hypospadias Associated with Undescended Testes - p. 213 210. Hypospadias - p. 214 211. Chapter 157: “Snodgraft” Technique for the Treatment of Primary Distal Hypospadias: Pushing the Envelope - p. 215 212. Neurogenic Reconstruction - p. 216 213. Chapter 158: Bladder Neck Closure in Conjunction with Enterocystoplasty and Mitrofanoff Diversion for Complex Incontinence: Closing the Door for Good - p. 217 214. Neurogenic Bladder/Urinary Diversion - p. 218 215. Chapter 159: Acute Spinal Cord Injury–Do Ambulatory Patients Need Urodynamic Investigations? - p. 219 216. Pediatric Oncology - p. 220 217. Chapter 160: Lack of Specificity of Plasma Concentrations of Inhibin B and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone for Identification of Azoospermic Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Report From the St Jude Lifetime Cohort Study - p. 221 218. Pediatric Laparoscopy/Reconstruction - p. 222 219. Chapter 161: Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty for Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction in Infants - p. 223 220. Chapter 162: Cost Analysis of Pediatric Robot-Assisted and Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty - p. 224 221. Chapter 163: Endopyelotomy for Pediatric Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction: A Review of our 25-Year Experience - p. 225