Algae Based Polymers, Blends, and Composites: Chemistry, Biotechnology and Material Sciences offers considerable detail on the origin of algae, extraction of useful metabolites and major compounds from algal bio-mass, and the production and future prospects of sustainable polymers derived from algae, blends of algae, and algae based composites. Characterization methods and processing techniques for algae-based polymers and composites are discussed in detail, enabling researchers to apply the latest techniques to their own work.
The conversion of bio-mass into high value chemicals, energy, and materials has ample financial and ecological importance, particularly in the era of declining petroleum reserves and global warming. Algae are an important source of biomass since they flourish rapidly and can be cultivated almost everywhere. At present the majority of naturally produced algal biomass is an unused resource and normally is left to decompose. Similarly, the use of this enormous underexploited biomass is mainly limited to food consumption and as bio-fertilizer. However, there is an opportunity here for materials scientists to explore its potential as a feedstock for the production of sustainable materials.
1. 1.1. Introduction - p. 1 2. 1.2. Application and Production of Bio-Based Polymers - p. 2 3. 1.3. Future Perspective - p. 19 4. Chapter 2. Synthetic Materials and the Problems They Pose - p. 33 5. Chapter 3. Microalgae: A Promising Feedstock for Energy and High-Value Products - p. 55 6. Chapter 4. Origin of Algae and Their Plastids - p. 77 7. Chapter 5. Algal Polysaccharides, Novel Application, and Outlook - p. 115 8. 5.1. Introduction - p. 115 9. 5.2. Alginates - p. 118 10. 5.3. Ulvan - p. 122 11. 5.4. Carrageenans - p. 125 12. 5.5. Fucoidan - p. 128 13. 5.6. Laminarin - p. 133 14. 5.7. Chitin/Chitosan - p. 137 15. Chapter 6. Algae-Based Biologically Active Compounds - p. 155 16. 6.1. Introduction - p. 155 17. 6.2. Occurrence - p. 156 18. 6.3. General Characters of Algae - p. 156 19. 6.4. Classification of Algae - p. 156 20. 6.5. Biologically Active Compounds Extracted From Algae - p. 160 21. 6.6. Therapeutic Applications of Algae - p. 210 22. 6.7. Conclusion - p. 245 23. Chapter 7. Production and Processing of Algal Biomass - p. 273 24. Chapter 8. Algae Biotechnology: A Green Light for Engineered Algae - p. 301 25. Chapter 9. A Biorefinery Processing Perspective for the Production of Polymers - p. 335 26. Chapter 10. Blends of Algae With Natural Polymers - p. 371 27. 10.1. Introduction - p. 371 28. 10.2. Methods of Blending - p. 373 29. 10.3. Advantages of Blending - p. 374 30. 10.4. Algal Polymers and Their Geographical Distribution - p. 375 31. 10.5. Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Algal Blends - p. 390 32. 10.6. Environmental Applications - p. 401 33. 10.7. Concluding Remarks - p. 402 34. Chapter 11. Algae-Based Polyurethane Blends and Composites - p. 415 35. 11.1. Introduction - p. 415 36. 11.2. Algae to Alginate - p. 416 37. 11.3. Polyurethanes—A Commercial Grade Class of Polymer - p. 424 38. 11.4. Alginate-Based Polyurethane Materials - p. 428 39. 11.5. Summary - p. 444 40. Chapter 12. Algae-Derived Polyester Blends and Composites - p. 459 41. 12.1. Introduction - p. 459 42. 12.2. Algae as Alternative Biomaterial for Biobased Polyesters - p. 460 43. 12.3. Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate Production From Algae - p. 463 44. 12.4. Synthesis of Algae-Derived Polyesters - p. 465 45. 12.5. Advancements in Algae-Based Polyesters and Their Novel Applications - p. 469 46. 12.6. Conclusion and Future Perspectives - p. 485 47. Chapter 13. Algae-Based Polyolefins - p. 499 48. Chapter 14. Chlorella-Based Composites - p. 531 49. Chapter 15. Alginate Blends of Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) for Higher Physicomechanical Properties: Rationale of Making Heteropolymers - p. 565 50. Chapter 16. Alginate-Poly(Ethylene) Glycol and Poly(Ethylene) Oxide Blend Materials - p. 581 51. Chapter 17. Alginate-Based Hybrid Nanocomposite Materials - p. 603 52. 17.1. Introduction - p. 603 53. 17.2. Graphene/Graphite–Alginate Nanocomposites - p. 610 54. 17.3. Titania–Alginate Hybrid Nanocomposites - p. 625 55. 17.4. Graphene and Titania-Based Alginate Mixed Matrix Materials - p. 631 56. 17.5. Conclusion - p. 632 57. Chapter 18. Characterization Techniques for Algae-Based Materials - p. 649 58. Chapter 19. Processing Techniques of Algae-Based Materials - p. 671 59. Chapter 20. Future Prospects of Algae-Based Materials - p. 687 60. Index - p. 693
Algae Based Polymers, Blends, and Composites: Chemistry, Biotechnology and Material Sciences offers considerable detail on the origin of algae, extraction of useful metabolites and major compounds from algal bio-mass, and the production and future prospects of sustainable polymers derived from algae, blends of algae, and algae based composites. Characterization methods and processing techniques for algae-based polymers and composites are discussed in detail, enabling researchers to apply the latest techniques to their own work.
The conversion of bio-mass into high value chemicals, energy, and materials has ample financial and ecological importance, particularly in the era of declining petroleum reserves and global warming. Algae are an important source of biomass since they flourish rapidly and can be cultivated almost everywhere. At present the majority of naturally produced algal biomass is an unused resource and normally is left to decompose. Similarly, the use of this enormous underexploited biomass is mainly limited to food consumption and as bio-fertilizer. However, there is an opportunity here for materials scientists to explore its potential as a feedstock for the production of sustainable materials.
1. 1.1. Introduction - p. 1 2. 1.2. Application and Production of Bio-Based Polymers - p. 2 3. 1.3. Future Perspective - p. 19 4. Chapter 2. Synthetic Materials and the Problems They Pose - p. 33 5. Chapter 3. Microalgae: A Promising Feedstock for Energy and High-Value Products - p. 55 6. Chapter 4. Origin of Algae and Their Plastids - p. 77 7. Chapter 5. Algal Polysaccharides, Novel Application, and Outlook - p. 115 8. 5.1. Introduction - p. 115 9. 5.2. Alginates - p. 118 10. 5.3. Ulvan - p. 122 11. 5.4. Carrageenans - p. 125 12. 5.5. Fucoidan - p. 128 13. 5.6. Laminarin - p. 133 14. 5.7. Chitin/Chitosan - p. 137 15. Chapter 6. Algae-Based Biologically Active Compounds - p. 155 16. 6.1. Introduction - p. 155 17. 6.2. Occurrence - p. 156 18. 6.3. General Characters of Algae - p. 156 19. 6.4. Classification of Algae - p. 156 20. 6.5. Biologically Active Compounds Extracted From Algae - p. 160 21. 6.6. Therapeutic Applications of Algae - p. 210 22. 6.7. Conclusion - p. 245 23. Chapter 7. Production and Processing of Algal Biomass - p. 273 24. Chapter 8. Algae Biotechnology: A Green Light for Engineered Algae - p. 301 25. Chapter 9. A Biorefinery Processing Perspective for the Production of Polymers - p. 335 26. Chapter 10. Blends of Algae With Natural Polymers - p. 371 27. 10.1. Introduction - p. 371 28. 10.2. Methods of Blending - p. 373 29. 10.3. Advantages of Blending - p. 374 30. 10.4. Algal Polymers and Their Geographical Distribution - p. 375 31. 10.5. Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Algal Blends - p. 390 32. 10.6. Environmental Applications - p. 401 33. 10.7. Concluding Remarks - p. 402 34. Chapter 11. Algae-Based Polyurethane Blends and Composites - p. 415 35. 11.1. Introduction - p. 415 36. 11.2. Algae to Alginate - p. 416 37. 11.3. Polyurethanes—A Commercial Grade Class of Polymer - p. 424 38. 11.4. Alginate-Based Polyurethane Materials - p. 428 39. 11.5. Summary - p. 444 40. Chapter 12. Algae-Derived Polyester Blends and Composites - p. 459 41. 12.1. Introduction - p. 459 42. 12.2. Algae as Alternative Biomaterial for Biobased Polyesters - p. 460 43. 12.3. Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate Production From Algae - p. 463 44. 12.4. Synthesis of Algae-Derived Polyesters - p. 465 45. 12.5. Advancements in Algae-Based Polyesters and Their Novel Applications - p. 469 46. 12.6. Conclusion and Future Perspectives - p. 485 47. Chapter 13. Algae-Based Polyolefins - p. 499 48. Chapter 14. Chlorella-Based Composites - p. 531 49. Chapter 15. Alginate Blends of Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) for Higher Physicomechanical Properties: Rationale of Making Heteropolymers - p. 565 50. Chapter 16. Alginate-Poly(Ethylene) Glycol and Poly(Ethylene) Oxide Blend Materials - p. 581 51. Chapter 17. Alginate-Based Hybrid Nanocomposite Materials - p. 603 52. 17.1. Introduction - p. 603 53. 17.2. Graphene/Graphite–Alginate Nanocomposites - p. 610 54. 17.3. Titania–Alginate Hybrid Nanocomposites - p. 625 55. 17.4. Graphene and Titania-Based Alginate Mixed Matrix Materials - p. 631 56. 17.5. Conclusion - p. 632 57. Chapter 18. Characterization Techniques for Algae-Based Materials - p. 649 58. Chapter 19. Processing Techniques of Algae-Based Materials - p. 671 59. Chapter 20. Future Prospects of Algae-Based Materials - p. 687 60. Index - p. 693
