Bioprocess Engineering: Kinetics, Sustainability, and Reactor Design, Second Edition, provides a comprehensive resource on bioprocess kinetics, bioprocess systems, sustainability, and reaction engineering. Author Dr. Shijie Liu reviews the relevant fundamentals of chemical kinetics, batch and continuous reactors, biochemistry, microbiology, molecular biology, reaction engineering, and bioprocess systems engineering, also introducing key principles that enable bioprocess engineers to engage in analysis, optimization, and design with consistent control over biological and chemical transformations.
The quantitative treatment of bioprocesses is the central theme in this book, with more advanced techniques and applications being covered in depth. This updated edition reflects advances that are transforming the field, ranging from genetic sequencing, to new techniques for producing proteins from recombinant DNA, and from green chemistry, to process stability and sustainability.
The book introduces techniques with broad applications, including the conversion of renewable biomass, the production of chemicals, materials, pharmaceuticals, biologics, and commodities, medical applications, such as tissue engineering and gene therapy, and solving critical environmental problems.
1. Chapter 1: Introduction - p. xix 2. Chapter 2: An Overview of Biological Basics - p. 20 3. Chapter 3: An Overview of Chemical Reaction Analysis - p. 80 4. Abstract - p. 81 5. 3.1 Chemical Species - p. 81 6. 3.2 Chemical Reactions - p. 83 7. 3.3 Reaction Rates - p. 86 8. Example 3.1: Is Sodium Hydroxide Reacting? - p. 88 9. Example 3.2: Arrhenius Law - p. 94 10. Example 3.3: Elemental Balance - p. 97 11. Example 3.4: Yield Factors - p. 99 12. Example 3.5: Fermented Rice - p. 114 13. Example 3.6: Cooling of Fermentation Medium - p. 118 14. Example 3.7: Heat and Material Balances in Combustion - p. 120 15. Example 3.8: Economic Analysis - p. 127 16. Problems - p. 133 17. Chapter 4: Batch Reactor - p. 137 18. Abstract - p. 139 19. 4.1 Isothermal Batch Reactors - p. 140 20. Example 4.1: Constant Volume Batch Reactor - p. 143 21. Example 4.2: Variable Volume Batch Reactor - p. 145 22. Example 4.3: Concentration Profile for a Series Reaction - p. 147 23. Example 4.4: Batch Reactor Sizing - p. 154 24. Example 4.5: Optimum Batch Reactor Size - p. 154 25. Example 4.6: H-Factor - p. 158 26. Example 4.7: Hot Water Extraction of Woodchips - p. 161 27. Example 4.8: Concentration Profile for a Series Reaction With Feedback Regulation - p. 164 28. Problems - p. 174 29. Chapter 5: Ideal Flow Reactors - p. 178 30. Abstract - p. 179 31. 5.1 Flow Rate, Residence Time, Space Time, Space Velocity, and Dilution Rate - p. 180 32. 5.2 Plug Flow Reactor - p. 182 33. Example 5.1: Constant Density PFR - p. 187 34. Example 5.2: Variable Density PFR - p. 188 35. Example 5.3: Constant Density CSTR - p. 199 36. Example 5.4: CSTR Process Optimization - p. 204 37. Example 5.5: Reactor Arrangement for Autocatalytic Reaction - p. 209 38. Example 5.6: Autocatalytic Reaction in PFR With Recycle - p. 214 39. Example 5.7: Reactor Feeding Pattern - p. 217 40. Example 5.8: Optimization for Intermediate Product Production - p. 228 41. Example 5.9: Temperature Effect in a CSTR - p. 232 42. Example 5.10: Temperature Effect in a PFR - p. 234 43. Problems - p. 245 44. Chapter 6: Kinetic Theory and Reaction Kinetics - p. 257 45. Chapter 7: Enzymes - p. 295 46. Abstract - p. 297 47. 7.1 How Enzymes Work - p. 302 48. 7.2 Simple Enzyme Kinetics - p. 308 49. Example 7.1: Specific Activity - p. 314 50. Example 7.2: Allosteric Inhibition - p. 327 51. Example 7.3: Batch Enzyme Reaction - p. 340 52. Example 7.4: Batch Enzymatic Reactor Optimization - p. 341 53. Example 7.4 - p. 343 54. Example 7.5: Enzymatic Reaction in a CSTR - p. 343 55. Problems - p. 365 56. Chapter 8: Chemical Reactions on Solid Surfaces - p. 373 57. Abstract - p. 375 58. 8.1 Catalysis - p. 376 59. 8.2 How Does Reaction With Solid Occur? - p. 379 60. 8.3 Adsorption and Desorption - p. 382 61. Example 8.1: Adsorption of Phenol on Activated Carbon From Aqueous Solutions. A Comparison of a Nonideal Isotherm and Ideal Isotherm - p. 391 62. Example 8.2: Adsorption of Water Vapor on Silica Gel - p. 401 63. Example 8.3: Temkin and Freundlich Isotherms - p. 409 64. Example 8.4: The reaction network of isomerization on a solid catalyst follows the following scheme - p. 421 65. Problems - p. 445 66. Chapter 9: Cell Metabolism - p. 450 67. Abstract - p. 451 68. 9.1 The Central Dogma - p. 452 69. 9.2 DNA Replication: Preserving and Propagating the Cellular Message - p. 455 70. 9.3 Transcription: Sending the Message - p. 457 71. 9.4 Translation: Message to Product - p. 464 72. 9.5 Metabolic Regulation - p. 471 73. Example 9.1: Diauxic Growth - p. 477 74. Example 9.2: Sequential Feedback Control of Branched Pathways - p. 480 75. Example 9.3: Fluxes in Sequential Feedback Control of Branched Pathways - p. 484 76. 9.6 How a Cell Senses Its Extracellular Environment - p. 488 77. Example 9.4 - p. 491 78. 9.7 Major Metabolic Pathways - p. 494 79. 9.8 Overview of Biosynthesis - p. 514 80. 9.9 Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism - p. 515 81. 9.10 Interrelationships of Metabolic Pathways - p. 518 82. 9.11 Overview of Autotrophic Metabolism - p. 520 83. 9.12 The Monod Equation: FES Approximation Through Metabolic Pathways - p. 522 84. 9.13 Summary - p. 526 85. Problems - p. 529 86. Chapter 10: Interactive Enzyme and Molecular Regulation - p. 533 87. Abstract - p. 535 88. 10.1 Protein Oligomerization and Interactive Enzyme - p. 538 89. 10.2 Ligand Binding and Cooperativity - p. 563 90. 10.3 Competitive Multiligand Binding on an Interactive Enzyme - p. 581 91. 10.4 Catalytic Reaction Rate on Interactive Enzymes - p. 598 92. 10.5 Kinetics of Polymorphic Catalysis and Allosteric Modulation - p. 604 93. 10.6 Influence of a Competitive Effector on Interactive Enzymes - p. 615 94. 10.7 Summary - p. 618 95. Problems - p. 624 96. Chapter 11: How Cells Grow - p. 628 97. Abstract - p. 629 98. 11.1 Quantifying Biomass - p. 630 99. 11.2 Batch Growth Patterns - p. 633 100. 11.3 Biomass Yield - p. 638 101. Example 11.1: Simplistic Growth Kinetics Calculation - p. 640 102. Example 11.2: Growth Kinetic Modeling - p. 647 103. Example 11.3: Selective Uptake Model Kinetics - p. 684 104. Problems - p. 692 105. Chapter 12: Cell Cultivation - p. 697 106. Abstract - p. 699 107. 12.1 Batch Culture - p. 700 108. Example 12.1: Optimum Batch Reactor Size - p. 703 109. Example 12.2: Kinetic Parameter Estimation From Chemostat Data - p. 713 110. Example 12.3: Chemostat With Recycle - p. 722 111. Example 12.4: Continuous Secondary Metabolite Production Reactor Design Based on Batch Data - p. 728 112. Example 12.5: Continuous Wastewater Treatment - p. 736 113. Example 12.6: Fermentation in a PFR - p. 743 114. Example 12.7: Fed-Batch Reactor - p. 764 115. Problems - p. 769 116. Chapter 13: Evolution and Genetic Engineering - p. 782 117. Chapter 14: Sustainability: Humanity Perspective - p. 828 118. Chapter 15: Sustainability and Stability - p. 870 119. Abstract - p. 871 120. 15.1 Feed Stability of a CSTR - p. 873 121. Example 15.1: Multiple Steady States - p. 881 122. Example 15.2: Multiple Steady States in a Bioreaction System - p. 884 123. Example 15.3: Thermal Hysteresis: Ignition/Extinction Curve - p. 897 124. Example 15.4: Changing Steady State Operations - p. 902 125. Example 15.5: Segregational Loss - p. 910 126. Example 15.6: Genetic Instability of a Continuous Culture - p. 919 127. Example 15.7: Stability of a Mixed Culture - p. 927 128. Problems - p. 939 129. Chapter 16: Mass Transfer Effects: Immobilized and Heterogeneous Reaction Systems - p. 947 130. Abstract - p. 949 131. 16.1 How Does Transformation Occur in a Heterogeneous System? - p. 950 132. 16.2 Molecular Diffusion and Mass Transfer Rate - p. 952 133. 16.3 External Mass Transfer - p. 955 134. Example 16.1: External Mass Transfer Effect on Reaction Rate - p. 959 135. Example 16.2: Maneuvering a Space Satellite - p. 961 136. Example 16.3: Particle Size Effect - p. 981 137. Example 16.4: Isothermal Internal Effectiveness Factor for Different Kinetics - p. 983 138. Example 16.5: Mass Transfer Effects in a CSTR - p. 986 139. Problems - p. 999 140. Chapter 17: Bioreactor Design Operation - p. 1005 141. Abstract - p. 1007 142. 17.1 Bioreactor Selection - p. 1008 143. 17.2 Reactor Operational Mode Selection - p. 1014 144. 17.3 Aeration, Agitation, and Heat Transfer - p. 1016 145. 17.4 Scale-Up - p. 1020 146. Example 17.1 - p. 1021 147. Example 17.2: Holding Time and Tube Length Requirement for a Continuous Sterilizer - p. 1034 148. Example 17.3: Continuous Sterilizer - p. 1035 149. Example 17.4 - p. 1050 150. Problems - p. 1055 151. Chapter 18: Combustion, Reactive Hazard, and Bioprocess Safety - p. 1058 152. Abstract - p. 1059 153. 18.1 Biological Hazards - p. 1060 154. 18.2 Identifying Chemical Reactivity Hazards - p. 1066 155. 18.3 Heat, Flames, Fires, and Explosions - p. 1081 156. 18.4 Probabilities, Redundancy, and Worst-Case Scenarios - p. 1083 157. 18.5 Chain Reactions - p. 1084 158. 18.6 Autooxidation and Safety - p. 1086 159. 18.7 Combustion - p. 1090 160. 18.8 Premixed Flames - p. 1098 161. 18.9 Heat Generation - p. 1101 162. 18.10 Combustion of Liquids and Solids - p. 1102 163. Example 18.1: Burning of Wood - p. 1107 164. 18.11 Solid and Liquid Explosives - p. 1112 165. 18.12 Explosions and Detonations - p. 1114 166. 18.13 Reactor Safety - p. 1115 167. Example 18.2: Reactor Runaway (This Is a Story Retold Based on Fogler (1999)) - p. 1117 168. Solution - p. 1118 169. 18.14 Summary - p. 1122 170. Problems - p. 1125 171. Index - p. 1129
Bioprocess Engineering: Kinetics, Sustainability, and Reactor Design, Second Edition, provides a comprehensive resource on bioprocess kinetics, bioprocess systems, sustainability, and reaction engineering. Author Dr. Shijie Liu reviews the relevant fundamentals of chemical kinetics, batch and continuous reactors, biochemistry, microbiology, molecular biology, reaction engineering, and bioprocess systems engineering, also introducing key principles that enable bioprocess engineers to engage in analysis, optimization, and design with consistent control over biological and chemical transformations.
The quantitative treatment of bioprocesses is the central theme in this book, with more advanced techniques and applications being covered in depth. This updated edition reflects advances that are transforming the field, ranging from genetic sequencing, to new techniques for producing proteins from recombinant DNA, and from green chemistry, to process stability and sustainability.
The book introduces techniques with broad applications, including the conversion of renewable biomass, the production of chemicals, materials, pharmaceuticals, biologics, and commodities, medical applications, such as tissue engineering and gene therapy, and solving critical environmental problems.
1. Chapter 1: Introduction - p. xix 2. Chapter 2: An Overview of Biological Basics - p. 20 3. Chapter 3: An Overview of Chemical Reaction Analysis - p. 80 4. Abstract - p. 81 5. 3.1 Chemical Species - p. 81 6. 3.2 Chemical Reactions - p. 83 7. 3.3 Reaction Rates - p. 86 8. Example 3.1: Is Sodium Hydroxide Reacting? - p. 88 9. Example 3.2: Arrhenius Law - p. 94 10. Example 3.3: Elemental Balance - p. 97 11. Example 3.4: Yield Factors - p. 99 12. Example 3.5: Fermented Rice - p. 114 13. Example 3.6: Cooling of Fermentation Medium - p. 118 14. Example 3.7: Heat and Material Balances in Combustion - p. 120 15. Example 3.8: Economic Analysis - p. 127 16. Problems - p. 133 17. Chapter 4: Batch Reactor - p. 137 18. Abstract - p. 139 19. 4.1 Isothermal Batch Reactors - p. 140 20. Example 4.1: Constant Volume Batch Reactor - p. 143 21. Example 4.2: Variable Volume Batch Reactor - p. 145 22. Example 4.3: Concentration Profile for a Series Reaction - p. 147 23. Example 4.4: Batch Reactor Sizing - p. 154 24. Example 4.5: Optimum Batch Reactor Size - p. 154 25. Example 4.6: H-Factor - p. 158 26. Example 4.7: Hot Water Extraction of Woodchips - p. 161 27. Example 4.8: Concentration Profile for a Series Reaction With Feedback Regulation - p. 164 28. Problems - p. 174 29. Chapter 5: Ideal Flow Reactors - p. 178 30. Abstract - p. 179 31. 5.1 Flow Rate, Residence Time, Space Time, Space Velocity, and Dilution Rate - p. 180 32. 5.2 Plug Flow Reactor - p. 182 33. Example 5.1: Constant Density PFR - p. 187 34. Example 5.2: Variable Density PFR - p. 188 35. Example 5.3: Constant Density CSTR - p. 199 36. Example 5.4: CSTR Process Optimization - p. 204 37. Example 5.5: Reactor Arrangement for Autocatalytic Reaction - p. 209 38. Example 5.6: Autocatalytic Reaction in PFR With Recycle - p. 214 39. Example 5.7: Reactor Feeding Pattern - p. 217 40. Example 5.8: Optimization for Intermediate Product Production - p. 228 41. Example 5.9: Temperature Effect in a CSTR - p. 232 42. Example 5.10: Temperature Effect in a PFR - p. 234 43. Problems - p. 245 44. Chapter 6: Kinetic Theory and Reaction Kinetics - p. 257 45. Chapter 7: Enzymes - p. 295 46. Abstract - p. 297 47. 7.1 How Enzymes Work - p. 302 48. 7.2 Simple Enzyme Kinetics - p. 308 49. Example 7.1: Specific Activity - p. 314 50. Example 7.2: Allosteric Inhibition - p. 327 51. Example 7.3: Batch Enzyme Reaction - p. 340 52. Example 7.4: Batch Enzymatic Reactor Optimization - p. 341 53. Example 7.4 - p. 343 54. Example 7.5: Enzymatic Reaction in a CSTR - p. 343 55. Problems - p. 365 56. Chapter 8: Chemical Reactions on Solid Surfaces - p. 373 57. Abstract - p. 375 58. 8.1 Catalysis - p. 376 59. 8.2 How Does Reaction With Solid Occur? - p. 379 60. 8.3 Adsorption and Desorption - p. 382 61. Example 8.1: Adsorption of Phenol on Activated Carbon From Aqueous Solutions. A Comparison of a Nonideal Isotherm and Ideal Isotherm - p. 391 62. Example 8.2: Adsorption of Water Vapor on Silica Gel - p. 401 63. Example 8.3: Temkin and Freundlich Isotherms - p. 409 64. Example 8.4: The reaction network of isomerization on a solid catalyst follows the following scheme - p. 421 65. Problems - p. 445 66. Chapter 9: Cell Metabolism - p. 450 67. Abstract - p. 451 68. 9.1 The Central Dogma - p. 452 69. 9.2 DNA Replication: Preserving and Propagating the Cellular Message - p. 455 70. 9.3 Transcription: Sending the Message - p. 457 71. 9.4 Translation: Message to Product - p. 464 72. 9.5 Metabolic Regulation - p. 471 73. Example 9.1: Diauxic Growth - p. 477 74. Example 9.2: Sequential Feedback Control of Branched Pathways - p. 480 75. Example 9.3: Fluxes in Sequential Feedback Control of Branched Pathways - p. 484 76. 9.6 How a Cell Senses Its Extracellular Environment - p. 488 77. Example 9.4 - p. 491 78. 9.7 Major Metabolic Pathways - p. 494 79. 9.8 Overview of Biosynthesis - p. 514 80. 9.9 Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism - p. 515 81. 9.10 Interrelationships of Metabolic Pathways - p. 518 82. 9.11 Overview of Autotrophic Metabolism - p. 520 83. 9.12 The Monod Equation: FES Approximation Through Metabolic Pathways - p. 522 84. 9.13 Summary - p. 526 85. Problems - p. 529 86. Chapter 10: Interactive Enzyme and Molecular Regulation - p. 533 87. Abstract - p. 535 88. 10.1 Protein Oligomerization and Interactive Enzyme - p. 538 89. 10.2 Ligand Binding and Cooperativity - p. 563 90. 10.3 Competitive Multiligand Binding on an Interactive Enzyme - p. 581 91. 10.4 Catalytic Reaction Rate on Interactive Enzymes - p. 598 92. 10.5 Kinetics of Polymorphic Catalysis and Allosteric Modulation - p. 604 93. 10.6 Influence of a Competitive Effector on Interactive Enzymes - p. 615 94. 10.7 Summary - p. 618 95. Problems - p. 624 96. Chapter 11: How Cells Grow - p. 628 97. Abstract - p. 629 98. 11.1 Quantifying Biomass - p. 630 99. 11.2 Batch Growth Patterns - p. 633 100. 11.3 Biomass Yield - p. 638 101. Example 11.1: Simplistic Growth Kinetics Calculation - p. 640 102. Example 11.2: Growth Kinetic Modeling - p. 647 103. Example 11.3: Selective Uptake Model Kinetics - p. 684 104. Problems - p. 692 105. Chapter 12: Cell Cultivation - p. 697 106. Abstract - p. 699 107. 12.1 Batch Culture - p. 700 108. Example 12.1: Optimum Batch Reactor Size - p. 703 109. Example 12.2: Kinetic Parameter Estimation From Chemostat Data - p. 713 110. Example 12.3: Chemostat With Recycle - p. 722 111. Example 12.4: Continuous Secondary Metabolite Production Reactor Design Based on Batch Data - p. 728 112. Example 12.5: Continuous Wastewater Treatment - p. 736 113. Example 12.6: Fermentation in a PFR - p. 743 114. Example 12.7: Fed-Batch Reactor - p. 764 115. Problems - p. 769 116. Chapter 13: Evolution and Genetic Engineering - p. 782 117. Chapter 14: Sustainability: Humanity Perspective - p. 828 118. Chapter 15: Sustainability and Stability - p. 870 119. Abstract - p. 871 120. 15.1 Feed Stability of a CSTR - p. 873 121. Example 15.1: Multiple Steady States - p. 881 122. Example 15.2: Multiple Steady States in a Bioreaction System - p. 884 123. Example 15.3: Thermal Hysteresis: Ignition/Extinction Curve - p. 897 124. Example 15.4: Changing Steady State Operations - p. 902 125. Example 15.5: Segregational Loss - p. 910 126. Example 15.6: Genetic Instability of a Continuous Culture - p. 919 127. Example 15.7: Stability of a Mixed Culture - p. 927 128. Problems - p. 939 129. Chapter 16: Mass Transfer Effects: Immobilized and Heterogeneous Reaction Systems - p. 947 130. Abstract - p. 949 131. 16.1 How Does Transformation Occur in a Heterogeneous System? - p. 950 132. 16.2 Molecular Diffusion and Mass Transfer Rate - p. 952 133. 16.3 External Mass Transfer - p. 955 134. Example 16.1: External Mass Transfer Effect on Reaction Rate - p. 959 135. Example 16.2: Maneuvering a Space Satellite - p. 961 136. Example 16.3: Particle Size Effect - p. 981 137. Example 16.4: Isothermal Internal Effectiveness Factor for Different Kinetics - p. 983 138. Example 16.5: Mass Transfer Effects in a CSTR - p. 986 139. Problems - p. 999 140. Chapter 17: Bioreactor Design Operation - p. 1005 141. Abstract - p. 1007 142. 17.1 Bioreactor Selection - p. 1008 143. 17.2 Reactor Operational Mode Selection - p. 1014 144. 17.3 Aeration, Agitation, and Heat Transfer - p. 1016 145. 17.4 Scale-Up - p. 1020 146. Example 17.1 - p. 1021 147. Example 17.2: Holding Time and Tube Length Requirement for a Continuous Sterilizer - p. 1034 148. Example 17.3: Continuous Sterilizer - p. 1035 149. Example 17.4 - p. 1050 150. Problems - p. 1055 151. Chapter 18: Combustion, Reactive Hazard, and Bioprocess Safety - p. 1058 152. Abstract - p. 1059 153. 18.1 Biological Hazards - p. 1060 154. 18.2 Identifying Chemical Reactivity Hazards - p. 1066 155. 18.3 Heat, Flames, Fires, and Explosions - p. 1081 156. 18.4 Probabilities, Redundancy, and Worst-Case Scenarios - p. 1083 157. 18.5 Chain Reactions - p. 1084 158. 18.6 Autooxidation and Safety - p. 1086 159. 18.7 Combustion - p. 1090 160. 18.8 Premixed Flames - p. 1098 161. 18.9 Heat Generation - p. 1101 162. 18.10 Combustion of Liquids and Solids - p. 1102 163. Example 18.1: Burning of Wood - p. 1107 164. 18.11 Solid and Liquid Explosives - p. 1112 165. 18.12 Explosions and Detonations - p. 1114 166. 18.13 Reactor Safety - p. 1115 167. Example 18.2: Reactor Runaway (This Is a Story Retold Based on Fogler (1999)) - p. 1117 168. Solution - p. 1118 169. 18.14 Summary - p. 1122 170. Problems - p. 1125 171. Index - p. 1129
