Part of the highly regarded Biopsy Interpretation Series, Biopsy Interpretation of the Bladder, 4th Edition, provides practical, highly illustrated information on the diagnosis and prognosis of the full range of biopsies of the urothelial tract. Practical, well-organized, and highly readable, this fully revised volume by Drs. Jonathan I. Epstein, Victor E. Reuter, and Mahul B. Amin addresses both common and unusual issues that arise in the day-to-day interpretation of bladder biopsies, teaching the best diagnostic practices as well as how to avoid the most common pitfalls.
1. Cover - p. Cover 2. Title Page - p. i 3. Copyright - p. ii 4. Contributors - p. iii 5. Preface - p. v 6. Contents - p. vii 7. 1 Normal Bladder Anatomy and Variants of Normal Histology - p. 1 8. VARIANTS OF NORMAL HISTOLOGY - p. 10 9. 2 Flat Urothelial Lesions - p. 17 10. APPROACH TO THE EVALUATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF FLAT LESIONS - p. 17 11. HISTOLOGIC FEATURES OF FLAT INTRAUROTHELIAL LESION CATEGORIES - p. 19 12. PROBLEMS AND PITFALLS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF FLAT LESIONS WITH ATYPIA - p. 41 13. 3 Papillary Urothelial Neoplasms and Their Precursors - p. 53 14. PAPILLARY UROTHELIAL HYPERPLASIA - p. 53 15. PAPILLARY UROTHELIAL NEOPLASMS - p. 57 16. TREATMENT OF PAPILLARY UROTHELIAL NEOPLASMS - p. 85 17. MIMICKERS OF PAPILLARY UROTHELIAL NEOPLASMS - p. 86 18. 4 Urothelial Neoplasms With Inverted Growth Patterns - p. 93 19. INVERTED UROTHELIAL PAPILLOMA - p. 93 20. UROTHELIAL NEOPLASMS WITH INVERTED GROWTH PATTERNS (EXCLUDING INVERTED PAPILLOMAS) - p. 101 21. 5 Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma - p. 110 22. USUAL OR CONVENTIONAL TYPE OF UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA - p. 110 23. UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA WITH DIVERGENT DIFFERENTIATION - p. 112 24. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF INFILTRATING UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA - p. 114 25. IMMUNOPROFILE OF INFILTRATING UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA - p. 114 26. STAGING OF BLADDER CANCER - p. 115 27. DIAGNOSIS OF LAMINA PROPRIA INVASION - p. 117 28. GRADING OF INVASIVE UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA - p. 134 29. SUBSTAGING OF T1 DISEASE - p. 137 30. PERTINENT EMERGING MOLECULAR ASPECTS IN DIAGNOSTIC PATHOLOGY - p. 140 31. 6 Histologic Subtypes of Urothelial Carcinoma - p. 145 32. DECEPTIVELY BENIGN VARIANTS OF UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA - p. 146 33. INVERTED PAPILLOMA–LIKE GROWTH PATTERN OF UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA - p. 156 34. MICROPAPILLARY SUBTYPE OF UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA - p. 157 35. LYMPHOEPITHELIOMALIKE CARCINOMA - p. 164 36. SARCOMATOID CARCINOMA (CARCINOSARCOMA) - p. 166 37. SMALL CELL CARCINOMA - p. 171 38. UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA WITH PSEUDOANGIOSARCOMATOUS FEATURES - p. 175 39. UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA WITH UNUSUAL CYTOPLASMIC FEATURES - p. 175 40. UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA WITH TROPHOBLASTIC DIFFERENTIATION - p. 181 41. UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA WITH UNUSUAL STROMAL REACTIONS - p. 183 42. OSTEOCLAST-RICH POORLY DIFFERENTIATED CARCINOMA OF THE URINARY BLADDER - p. 186 43. GIANT CELL CARCINOMA/POORLY DIFFERENTIATED CARCINOMA - p. 187 44. REPORTING RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUMMARY - p. 189 45. 7 Morphologic, Prognostic, and Predictive Factors and Reporting of Bladder Cancer - p. 202 46. NONINVASIVE PAPILLARY TUMORS - p. 202 47. UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA IN SITU - p. 204 48. INVASIVE UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA - p. 205 49. MULTIFOCALITY AND CARCINOMA IN SITU OF URETHRA OR URETERS - p. 209 50. EMERGING PROGNOSTIC AND PREDICTIVE MOLECULAR MARKERS - p. 209 51. REPORTING OF BLADDER CANCER - p. 212 52. 8 Glandular Lesions - p. 217 53. CYSTITIS GLANDULARIS (INTESTINAL TYPE) - p. 217 54. VILLOUS ADENOMA - p. 221 55. CARCINOMA IN SITU (CIS) WITH GLANDULAR DIFFERENTIATION - p. 224 56. INFILTRATING ADENOCARCINOMA - p. 228 57. URACHAL CARCINOMA - p. 236 58. CARCINOMAS WITH DIVERGENT DIFFERENTIATION - p. 238 59. CLEAR CELL ADENOCARCINOMA - p. 240 60. MESONEPHRIC ADENOCARCINOMA AND MESONEPHRICLIKE ADENOCARCINOMA - p. 242 61. ENDOMETRIOSIS, ENDOCERVICOSIS, AND MÜLLERIANOSIS - p. 243 62. NEPHROGENIC ADENOMA - p. 245 63. 9 Squamous Lesions - p. 257 64. SQUAMOUS METAPLASIA - p. 257 65. VERRUCOUS SQUAMOUS HYPERPLASIA - p. 258 66. CONDYLOMA ACUMINATA - p. 260 67. SQUAMOUS PAPILLOMA - p. 261 68. SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA - p. 263 69. VERRUCOUS CARCINOMA - p. 267 70. 10 Cystitis - p. 272 71. INFECTIOUS - p. 272 72. NONINFECTIOUS - p. 279 73. TREATMENT RELATED - p. 288 74. INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS/BLADDER PAIN SYNDROME - p. 298 75. 11 Mesenchymal Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions - p. 306 76. LEIOMYOMA - p. 306 77. LEIOMYOSARCOMA - p. 306 78. RHABDOMYOSARCOMA - p. 309 79. MYOFIBROBLASTIC PROLIFERATIONS OF THE BLADDER: INFLAMMATORY MYOFIBROBLASTIC TUMOR AND REACTIVE PSEUDOSARCOMATOUS MYOFIBROBLASTIC PROLIFERATION - p. 313 80. MISCELLANEOUS BENIGN MESENCHYMAL TUMORS - p. 320 81. SOLITARY FIBROUS TUMOR - p. 325 82. MISCELLANEOUS MALIGNANT MESENCHYMAL TUMORS - p. 327 83. 12 Miscellaneous Nontumors and Tumors - p. 332 84. NONTUMORS - p. 332 85. TUMORS - p. 339 86. 13 Secondary Tumors of the Bladder - p. 352 87. TUMORS INVOLVING THE BLADDER PRIMARILY BY DIRECT EXTENSION - p. 352 88. METASTASES TO THE BLADDER - p. 362 89. 14 Biopsy of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter - p. 370 90. VARIANTS/SUBTYPES - p. 370 91. NEPHROURETERECTOMY OR URETERECTOMY WITHOUT BIOPSY - p. 371 92. DIFFICULTY IN OBTAINING DIAGNOSTIC TISSUE - p. 372 93. NONDIAGNOSTIC SPECIMENS - p. 374 94. CORRELATION OF GRADE BETWEEN BIOPSY AND RESECTION - p. 374 95. CORRELATION OF BIOPSY GRADE AND STAGE AT RESECTION - p. 375 96. CORRELATION OF STAGE BETWEEN BIOPSY AND RESECTION - p. 375 97. SPECIAL HISTOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 375 98. OVERDIAGNOSIS OF TUMOR - p. 377 99. ESTABLISHING A DEFINITIVE TUMOR DIAGNOSIS - p. 380 100. CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL CORRELATION - p. 382 101. MOLECULAR CONSIDERATIONS - p. 387 102. 15 Urinary Tract Cytopathology - p. 392 103. BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS OF URINARY TRACT CYTOPATHOLOGY - p. 393 104. HIGH-GRADE UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA - p. 394 105. NEGATIVE FOR HIGH-GRADE UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA - p. 398 106. SUSPICIOUS FOR HIGH-GRADE UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA - p. 409 107. ATYPICAL UROTHELIAL CELLS - p. 410 108. OTHER DIAGNOSES - p. 411 109. SPECIMEN PROCUREMENT AND PREPARATION - p. 416 110. ADEQUACY - p. 417 111. ANCILLARY TESTING - p. 418 112. Quiz, Biopsy Interpretation of the Bladder - p. 426 113. Index - p. 427
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Part of the highly regarded Biopsy Interpretation Series, Biopsy Interpretation of the Bladder, 4th Edition, provides practical, highly illustrated information on the diagnosis and prognosis of the full range of biopsies of the urothelial tract. Practical, well-organized, and highly readable, this fully revised volume by Drs. Jonathan I. Epstein, Victor E. Reuter, and Mahul B. Amin addresses both common and unusual issues that arise in the day-to-day interpretation of bladder biopsies, teaching the best diagnostic practices as well as how to avoid the most common pitfalls.
1. Cover - p. Cover 2. Title Page - p. i 3. Copyright - p. ii 4. Contributors - p. iii 5. Preface - p. v 6. Contents - p. vii 7. 1 Normal Bladder Anatomy and Variants of Normal Histology - p. 1 8. VARIANTS OF NORMAL HISTOLOGY - p. 10 9. 2 Flat Urothelial Lesions - p. 17 10. APPROACH TO THE EVALUATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF FLAT LESIONS - p. 17 11. HISTOLOGIC FEATURES OF FLAT INTRAUROTHELIAL LESION CATEGORIES - p. 19 12. PROBLEMS AND PITFALLS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF FLAT LESIONS WITH ATYPIA - p. 41 13. 3 Papillary Urothelial Neoplasms and Their Precursors - p. 53 14. PAPILLARY UROTHELIAL HYPERPLASIA - p. 53 15. PAPILLARY UROTHELIAL NEOPLASMS - p. 57 16. TREATMENT OF PAPILLARY UROTHELIAL NEOPLASMS - p. 85 17. MIMICKERS OF PAPILLARY UROTHELIAL NEOPLASMS - p. 86 18. 4 Urothelial Neoplasms With Inverted Growth Patterns - p. 93 19. INVERTED UROTHELIAL PAPILLOMA - p. 93 20. UROTHELIAL NEOPLASMS WITH INVERTED GROWTH PATTERNS (EXCLUDING INVERTED PAPILLOMAS) - p. 101 21. 5 Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma - p. 110 22. USUAL OR CONVENTIONAL TYPE OF UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA - p. 110 23. UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA WITH DIVERGENT DIFFERENTIATION - p. 112 24. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF INFILTRATING UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA - p. 114 25. IMMUNOPROFILE OF INFILTRATING UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA - p. 114 26. STAGING OF BLADDER CANCER - p. 115 27. DIAGNOSIS OF LAMINA PROPRIA INVASION - p. 117 28. GRADING OF INVASIVE UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA - p. 134 29. SUBSTAGING OF T1 DISEASE - p. 137 30. PERTINENT EMERGING MOLECULAR ASPECTS IN DIAGNOSTIC PATHOLOGY - p. 140 31. 6 Histologic Subtypes of Urothelial Carcinoma - p. 145 32. DECEPTIVELY BENIGN VARIANTS OF UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA - p. 146 33. INVERTED PAPILLOMA–LIKE GROWTH PATTERN OF UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA - p. 156 34. MICROPAPILLARY SUBTYPE OF UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA - p. 157 35. LYMPHOEPITHELIOMALIKE CARCINOMA - p. 164 36. SARCOMATOID CARCINOMA (CARCINOSARCOMA) - p. 166 37. SMALL CELL CARCINOMA - p. 171 38. UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA WITH PSEUDOANGIOSARCOMATOUS FEATURES - p. 175 39. UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA WITH UNUSUAL CYTOPLASMIC FEATURES - p. 175 40. UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA WITH TROPHOBLASTIC DIFFERENTIATION - p. 181 41. UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA WITH UNUSUAL STROMAL REACTIONS - p. 183 42. OSTEOCLAST-RICH POORLY DIFFERENTIATED CARCINOMA OF THE URINARY BLADDER - p. 186 43. GIANT CELL CARCINOMA/POORLY DIFFERENTIATED CARCINOMA - p. 187 44. REPORTING RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUMMARY - p. 189 45. 7 Morphologic, Prognostic, and Predictive Factors and Reporting of Bladder Cancer - p. 202 46. NONINVASIVE PAPILLARY TUMORS - p. 202 47. UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA IN SITU - p. 204 48. INVASIVE UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA - p. 205 49. MULTIFOCALITY AND CARCINOMA IN SITU OF URETHRA OR URETERS - p. 209 50. EMERGING PROGNOSTIC AND PREDICTIVE MOLECULAR MARKERS - p. 209 51. REPORTING OF BLADDER CANCER - p. 212 52. 8 Glandular Lesions - p. 217 53. CYSTITIS GLANDULARIS (INTESTINAL TYPE) - p. 217 54. VILLOUS ADENOMA - p. 221 55. CARCINOMA IN SITU (CIS) WITH GLANDULAR DIFFERENTIATION - p. 224 56. INFILTRATING ADENOCARCINOMA - p. 228 57. URACHAL CARCINOMA - p. 236 58. CARCINOMAS WITH DIVERGENT DIFFERENTIATION - p. 238 59. CLEAR CELL ADENOCARCINOMA - p. 240 60. MESONEPHRIC ADENOCARCINOMA AND MESONEPHRICLIKE ADENOCARCINOMA - p. 242 61. ENDOMETRIOSIS, ENDOCERVICOSIS, AND MÜLLERIANOSIS - p. 243 62. NEPHROGENIC ADENOMA - p. 245 63. 9 Squamous Lesions - p. 257 64. SQUAMOUS METAPLASIA - p. 257 65. VERRUCOUS SQUAMOUS HYPERPLASIA - p. 258 66. CONDYLOMA ACUMINATA - p. 260 67. SQUAMOUS PAPILLOMA - p. 261 68. SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA - p. 263 69. VERRUCOUS CARCINOMA - p. 267 70. 10 Cystitis - p. 272 71. INFECTIOUS - p. 272 72. NONINFECTIOUS - p. 279 73. TREATMENT RELATED - p. 288 74. INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS/BLADDER PAIN SYNDROME - p. 298 75. 11 Mesenchymal Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions - p. 306 76. LEIOMYOMA - p. 306 77. LEIOMYOSARCOMA - p. 306 78. RHABDOMYOSARCOMA - p. 309 79. MYOFIBROBLASTIC PROLIFERATIONS OF THE BLADDER: INFLAMMATORY MYOFIBROBLASTIC TUMOR AND REACTIVE PSEUDOSARCOMATOUS MYOFIBROBLASTIC PROLIFERATION - p. 313 80. MISCELLANEOUS BENIGN MESENCHYMAL TUMORS - p. 320 81. SOLITARY FIBROUS TUMOR - p. 325 82. MISCELLANEOUS MALIGNANT MESENCHYMAL TUMORS - p. 327 83. 12 Miscellaneous Nontumors and Tumors - p. 332 84. NONTUMORS - p. 332 85. TUMORS - p. 339 86. 13 Secondary Tumors of the Bladder - p. 352 87. TUMORS INVOLVING THE BLADDER PRIMARILY BY DIRECT EXTENSION - p. 352 88. METASTASES TO THE BLADDER - p. 362 89. 14 Biopsy of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter - p. 370 90. VARIANTS/SUBTYPES - p. 370 91. NEPHROURETERECTOMY OR URETERECTOMY WITHOUT BIOPSY - p. 371 92. DIFFICULTY IN OBTAINING DIAGNOSTIC TISSUE - p. 372 93. NONDIAGNOSTIC SPECIMENS - p. 374 94. CORRELATION OF GRADE BETWEEN BIOPSY AND RESECTION - p. 374 95. CORRELATION OF BIOPSY GRADE AND STAGE AT RESECTION - p. 375 96. CORRELATION OF STAGE BETWEEN BIOPSY AND RESECTION - p. 375 97. SPECIAL HISTOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS - p. 375 98. OVERDIAGNOSIS OF TUMOR - p. 377 99. ESTABLISHING A DEFINITIVE TUMOR DIAGNOSIS - p. 380 100. CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL CORRELATION - p. 382 101. MOLECULAR CONSIDERATIONS - p. 387 102. 15 Urinary Tract Cytopathology - p. 392 103. BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS OF URINARY TRACT CYTOPATHOLOGY - p. 393 104. HIGH-GRADE UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA - p. 394 105. NEGATIVE FOR HIGH-GRADE UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA - p. 398 106. SUSPICIOUS FOR HIGH-GRADE UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA - p. 409 107. ATYPICAL UROTHELIAL CELLS - p. 410 108. OTHER DIAGNOSES - p. 411 109. SPECIMEN PROCUREMENT AND PREPARATION - p. 416 110. ADEQUACY - p. 417 111. ANCILLARY TESTING - p. 418 112. Quiz, Biopsy Interpretation of the Bladder - p. 426 113. Index - p. 427
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