Photobiomodulation in the Brain: Low-Level Laser (Light) Therapy in Neurology and Neuroscience presents the fundamentals of photobiomodulation and the diversity of applications in which light can be implemented in the brain. It will serve as a reference for future research in the area, providing the basic foundations readers need to understand photobiomodulation’s science-based evidence, practical applications and related adaptations to specific therapeutic interventions. The book covers the mechanisms of action of photobiomodulation to the brain, and includes chapters describing the pre-clinical studies and clinical trials that have been undertaken for diverse brain disorders, including traumatic events, degenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders.
1. Cover image - p. Cover 2. Title page - p. iii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Dedication - p. v 6. List of Contributors - p. xix 7. Preface - p. xxv 8. Part I: Basic considerations and in vitro - p. xxvi 9. Chapter 1. Photobiomodulation therapy and the brain: an innovative tool for therapy and discovery - p. 3 10. Chapter 2. Theoretical neuroscience - p. 9 11. Chapter 3. Photobiomodulation of cultured primary neurons: role of cytochrome c oxidase - p. 21 12. Chapter 4. Photobiomodulation on cultured cortical neurons - p. 35 13. Chapter 5. Safety and penetration of light into the brain - p. 49 14. Chapter 6. Near-infrared photonic energy penetration—principles and practice - p. 67 15. Chapter 7. Light sources and dosimetry for the brain and whole body - p. 89 16. Chapter 8. Mechanisms of photobiomodulation in the brain - p. 97 17. Part II: Studies in animal models - p. 106 18. Chapter 9. Transcranial photobiomodulation for stroke in animal models - p. 113 19. Chapter 10. Photobiomodulation in photothrombotic stroke - p. 125 20. Chapter 11. Remote photobiomodulation as a neuroprotective intervention—harnessing the indirect effects of photobiomodulation - p. 139 21. Chapter 12. Photobiomodulation for traumatic brain injury in mouse models - p. 155 22. Chapter 13. Photobiomodulation and mitochondria for traumatic brain injury in mouse models - p. 169 23. Chapter 14. Photobiomodulation for depression in animal models - p. 189 24. Chapter 15. Transcranial photobiomodulation treats Alzheimer’s disease in amyloid-β protein precursor transgenic mice - p. 207 25. Chapter 16. Low-level laser therapy to the bone marrow: a new therapeutic approach to neurodegenerative diseases - p. 213 26. Chapter 17. The experimental evidence for photobiomodulation-induced cellular and behavioral changes in animal models of Parkinson’s disease: a template for translation to patients - p. 219 27. Chapter 18. Effects of near-infrared low-level laser stimulation on neuronal excitability - p. 233 28. Chapter 19. Photobiomodulation for multiple sclerosis in animal models - p. 241 29. Chapter 20. Hepatic encephalopathy and photobiomodulation: experimental models and clinical features - p. 253 30. Chapter 21. Photobiomodulation in animal models of retinal injury and disease - p. 265 31. Chapter 22. Transcranial photobiomodulation therapy for pain: animal models, dosimetry, mechanisms, perspectives - p. 275 32. Part III: Cinical studies - p. 285 33. Chapter 23. The challenge of effectively translating transcranial near-infrared laser therapy to treat acute ischemic stroke - p. 289 34. Chapter 24. Effects of photobiomodulation on traumatic brain injury: proposed clinical assessment - p. 299 35. Chapter 25. Transcranial, red/near-infrared light-emitting diode therapy for chronic traumatic brain injury and poststroke aphasia: clinical studies - p. 309 36. Chapter 26. Photobiomodulation as a potential therapeutic strategy for improving cognitive and functional outcomes in traumatic brain injury - p. 333 37. Chapter 27. Advanced neuroimaging methods for assessment of low-level light therapy - p. 363 38. Chapter 28. Treatment of traumatic brain injury with near-infrared light - p. 377 39. Chapter 29. Photobiomodulation: a novel approach to treating Alzheimer’s disease - p. 401 40. Chapter 30. Electroencephalography as the diagnostic adjunct to transcranial photobiomodulation - p. 419 41. Chapter 31. Can photobiomodulation enhance brain function in older adults? - p. 427 42. Chapter 32. Noninvasive neurotherapeutic treatment of neurodegeneration: integrating photobiomodulation and neurofeedback training - p. 447 43. Chapter 33. Transcranial photobiomodulation therapy: observations from four movement disorder patients - p. 463 44. Chapter 34. Cerebral blood flow in the elderly: impact of photobiomodulation - p. 473 45. Chapter 35. Transcranial photobiomodulation for major depressive and anxiety disorders and for posttraumatic stress disorder - p. 479 46. Chapter 36. Action at a distance: laser acupuncture and the brain - p. 489 47. Chapter 37. Signature wounds of war: a case study - p. 503 48. Chapter 38. Transcatheter intracerebral photobiomodulation in degenerative brain disorders: clinical studies (Part 1) - p. 515 49. Chapter 39. Transcatheter intracerebral photobiomodulation in ischemic brain disorders: clinical studies (Part 2) - p. 529 50. Chapter 40. Russian low level laser therapy techniques for brain disorders - p. 545 51. Chapter 41. Laser treatment of central nervous system injuries: an update and prospects - p. 573 52. Chapter 42. Photobiomodulation treatment for brain disorders: posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dementia - p. 589 53. Chapter 43. What we don’t know and what the future holds - p. 599 54. Index - p. 615
Photobiomodulation in the Brain: Low-Level Laser (Light) Therapy in Neurology and Neuroscience presents the fundamentals of photobiomodulation and the diversity of applications in which light can be implemented in the brain. It will serve as a reference for future research in the area, providing the basic foundations readers need to understand photobiomodulation’s science-based evidence, practical applications and related adaptations to specific therapeutic interventions. The book covers the mechanisms of action of photobiomodulation to the brain, and includes chapters describing the pre-clinical studies and clinical trials that have been undertaken for diverse brain disorders, including traumatic events, degenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders.
1. Cover image - p. Cover 2. Title page - p. iii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Dedication - p. v 6. List of Contributors - p. xix 7. Preface - p. xxv 8. Part I: Basic considerations and in vitro - p. xxvi 9. Chapter 1. Photobiomodulation therapy and the brain: an innovative tool for therapy and discovery - p. 3 10. Chapter 2. Theoretical neuroscience - p. 9 11. Chapter 3. Photobiomodulation of cultured primary neurons: role of cytochrome c oxidase - p. 21 12. Chapter 4. Photobiomodulation on cultured cortical neurons - p. 35 13. Chapter 5. Safety and penetration of light into the brain - p. 49 14. Chapter 6. Near-infrared photonic energy penetration—principles and practice - p. 67 15. Chapter 7. Light sources and dosimetry for the brain and whole body - p. 89 16. Chapter 8. Mechanisms of photobiomodulation in the brain - p. 97 17. Part II: Studies in animal models - p. 106 18. Chapter 9. Transcranial photobiomodulation for stroke in animal models - p. 113 19. Chapter 10. Photobiomodulation in photothrombotic stroke - p. 125 20. Chapter 11. Remote photobiomodulation as a neuroprotective intervention—harnessing the indirect effects of photobiomodulation - p. 139 21. Chapter 12. Photobiomodulation for traumatic brain injury in mouse models - p. 155 22. Chapter 13. Photobiomodulation and mitochondria for traumatic brain injury in mouse models - p. 169 23. Chapter 14. Photobiomodulation for depression in animal models - p. 189 24. Chapter 15. Transcranial photobiomodulation treats Alzheimer’s disease in amyloid-β protein precursor transgenic mice - p. 207 25. Chapter 16. Low-level laser therapy to the bone marrow: a new therapeutic approach to neurodegenerative diseases - p. 213 26. Chapter 17. The experimental evidence for photobiomodulation-induced cellular and behavioral changes in animal models of Parkinson’s disease: a template for translation to patients - p. 219 27. Chapter 18. Effects of near-infrared low-level laser stimulation on neuronal excitability - p. 233 28. Chapter 19. Photobiomodulation for multiple sclerosis in animal models - p. 241 29. Chapter 20. Hepatic encephalopathy and photobiomodulation: experimental models and clinical features - p. 253 30. Chapter 21. Photobiomodulation in animal models of retinal injury and disease - p. 265 31. Chapter 22. Transcranial photobiomodulation therapy for pain: animal models, dosimetry, mechanisms, perspectives - p. 275 32. Part III: Cinical studies - p. 285 33. Chapter 23. The challenge of effectively translating transcranial near-infrared laser therapy to treat acute ischemic stroke - p. 289 34. Chapter 24. Effects of photobiomodulation on traumatic brain injury: proposed clinical assessment - p. 299 35. Chapter 25. Transcranial, red/near-infrared light-emitting diode therapy for chronic traumatic brain injury and poststroke aphasia: clinical studies - p. 309 36. Chapter 26. Photobiomodulation as a potential therapeutic strategy for improving cognitive and functional outcomes in traumatic brain injury - p. 333 37. Chapter 27. Advanced neuroimaging methods for assessment of low-level light therapy - p. 363 38. Chapter 28. Treatment of traumatic brain injury with near-infrared light - p. 377 39. Chapter 29. Photobiomodulation: a novel approach to treating Alzheimer’s disease - p. 401 40. Chapter 30. Electroencephalography as the diagnostic adjunct to transcranial photobiomodulation - p. 419 41. Chapter 31. Can photobiomodulation enhance brain function in older adults? - p. 427 42. Chapter 32. Noninvasive neurotherapeutic treatment of neurodegeneration: integrating photobiomodulation and neurofeedback training - p. 447 43. Chapter 33. Transcranial photobiomodulation therapy: observations from four movement disorder patients - p. 463 44. Chapter 34. Cerebral blood flow in the elderly: impact of photobiomodulation - p. 473 45. Chapter 35. Transcranial photobiomodulation for major depressive and anxiety disorders and for posttraumatic stress disorder - p. 479 46. Chapter 36. Action at a distance: laser acupuncture and the brain - p. 489 47. Chapter 37. Signature wounds of war: a case study - p. 503 48. Chapter 38. Transcatheter intracerebral photobiomodulation in degenerative brain disorders: clinical studies (Part 1) - p. 515 49. Chapter 39. Transcatheter intracerebral photobiomodulation in ischemic brain disorders: clinical studies (Part 2) - p. 529 50. Chapter 40. Russian low level laser therapy techniques for brain disorders - p. 545 51. Chapter 41. Laser treatment of central nervous system injuries: an update and prospects - p. 573 52. Chapter 42. Photobiomodulation treatment for brain disorders: posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dementia - p. 589 53. Chapter 43. What we don’t know and what the future holds - p. 599 54. Index - p. 615
